| Rosefinches | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Pallas's rosefinch (Carpodacus roseus) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Fringillidae |
| Subfamily: | Carduelinae |
| Genus: | Carpodacus Kaup, 1829 |
| Type species | |
| Fringilla rosea[1] Pallas, 1776 | |
| Species | |
See text. | |
Therosefinches are agenus,Carpodacus, ofpasserine birds in thefinch familyFringillidae. Most are called "rosefinches" and as the word implies, have various shades of red in theirplumage. Thecommon rosefinch is frequently called the "rosefinch". The genus name is from theAncient Greek termskarpos, "fruit", anddakno, "to bite".
TheCarpodacus rosefinches occur throughout Eurasia, but the greatest diversity is found in the Sino-Himalayas suggesting that the species originated in this region.[2]
The genusCarpodacus was introduced in 1829 by the German naturalistJohann Jakob Kaup.[3] Thetype species was designated byGeorge Gray in 1842 asFringilla roseaPallas, 1776,Pallas's rosefinch.[4][5] The genus name combines theAncient Greek karpos meaning "fruit" withdakos meaning "biter".[6]
In 2012, Zuccon and colleagues published a comprehensive molecularphylogenetic analysis of the finch family. Based both on their own results and those published earlier by other groups, they proposed a series of changes to the taxonomy.[7] They found that the three North American rosefinches, namelyCassin's finch,purple finch, andhouse finch, formed a separate clade that was not closely related to the Palearctic rosefinches. They proposed moving the three species to a separate genusHaemorhous.[7] This proposal was accepted by theInternational Ornithological Committee and theAmerican Ornithologists' Union.[8][9] Zuccon and colleagues also found that thecommon rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) fell outside the core rosefinch clade and was asister to thescarlet finch (at the timeHaematospiza sipahi). They recommended that the common rosefinch should be moved to a newmonotypic genus with the resurrected name ofErythrina. TheBritish Ornithologists' Union accepted this proposal,[10] but theInternational Ornithological Union chose instead to adopt a more inclusiveCarpodacus which incorporatedHaematospiza as well as the monotypic genusChaunoproctus containing the extinctBonin grosbeak. Thelong-tailed rosefinch that had previously been included in the monotypic genusUragus was also moved intoCarpodacus.[8]
Two species that were formerly included in the genus,Blanford's rosefinch and thedark-breasted rosefinch, were shown to not be closely related to the other species in the group. They were moved to separatemonotypic genera, Blanford's rosefinch toAgraphospiza and the dark-breasted rosefinch toProcarduelis.[7][8]Sillem's rosefinch originally had the common name "Sillem's mountain finch" and was assigned to the genusLeucosticte but a phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2016 found that the species belonged to the genusCarpodacus.[11]
There have been a number of rosefinch radiations. First to split off were the ancestors of the North American species, the common rosefinch, and thescarlet finch, generally placed in its own genus. These groups, which may be related, diverged in the MiddleMiocene (about 14–12mya) from the proto-rosefinches. Each of these groups probably should constitute a distinct genus; in the case of the North American species, this isHaemorhous. The types of the generaErythrina Brehm 1829 andCarpodacus Kaup 1829 are frequently considered to be the common rosefinch, but both refer toPallas's rosefinch.[12]
Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown thatHawaiian honeycreepers are closely related to the rosefinches in the genusCarpodacus.[7][13] Themost recent common ancestor has been variously estimate at 7.24 million years ago (mya)[13] and 15.71 mya.[2]
Przewalski's "rosefinch" (Urocynchramus pylzowi) has been determined to be not a rosefinch, and indeed not a true finch at all, but to constitute a monotypicfamily Urocynchramidae.[14]
The genusCarpodacus contains 28 species. They all include 'rosefinch' in their English names apart from thescarlet finch, thecrimson-browed finch and the extinctBonin grosbeak.[8]
| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) | Common rosefinch | Carpodacus erythrinus | Asia and Europe. |
.jpg) | Scarlet finch | Carpodacus sipahi | the Himalayas from Uttarakhand state in the Indian Himalayas eastwards across Nepal, stretching further east to the adjacent hills of Northeast India and Southeast Asia as far south as Thailand. |
| †Bonin grosbeak | Carpodacus ferreorostris (extinct) | Chichi-jima in the Ogasawara Islands. | |
 | Streaked rosefinch | Carpodacus rubicilloides | Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal. |
 | Great rosefinch | Carpodacus rubicilla | Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan and east to China |
 | Blyth's rosefinch | Carpodacus grandis | northern Afghanistan to the western Himalayas. |
.jpg) | Red-mantled rosefinch | Carpodacus rhodochlamys | in Afghanistan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, and Tajikistan. |
.jpg) | Himalayan beautiful rosefinch | Carpodacus pulcherrimus | mid-western China and the northern Himalayas. |
| Chinese beautiful rosefinch | Carpodacus davidianus | China | |
| Pink-rumped rosefinch | Carpodacus waltoni | central China and eastern Tibet | |
 | Pink-browed rosefinch | Carpodacus rodochroa | Bhutan, Tibet, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. |
 | Dark-rumped rosefinch | Carpodacus edwardsii | Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. |
| Spot-winged rosefinch | Carpodacus rodopeplus | India and Nepal | |
| Sharpe's rosefinch | Carpodacus verreauxii | central China and far northern Myanmar. | |
 | Vinaceous rosefinch | Carpodacus vinaceus | Nepal, China and far northern Myanmar. |
 | Taiwan rosefinch | Carpodacus formosanus | Taiwan |
.jpg) | Sinai rosefinch | Carpodacus synoicus | Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. |
| Pale rosefinch | Carpodacus stoliczkae | Afghanistan and China | |
 | Tibetan rosefinch | Carpodacus roborowskii | Xinjiang Autonomous Region. |
| Sillem's rosefinch | Carpodacus sillemi | China, Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, and Russia. | |
 | Siberian long-tailed rosefinch | Carpodacus sibiricus | Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. |
| Chinese long-tailed rosefinch | Carpodacus lepidus | China | |
| Pallas's rosefinch | Carpodacus roseus | China, Japan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. |
| Three-banded rosefinch | Carpodacus trifasciatus | central China and far northeastern India. | |
_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Sikkim_India_17.04.2015.jpg) | Himalayan white-browed rosefinch | Carpodacus thura | Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. |
 | Chinese white-browed rosefinch | Carpodacus dubius | central China and eastern Tibet. |
 | Red-fronted rosefinch | Carpodacus puniceus | Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan |
.jpg) | Crimson-browed finch | Carpodacus subhimachalus | Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. |
