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Caroxazone

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chemical compound

Pharmaceutical compound

Caroxazone
Clinical data

Pregnancy category	?
Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	none
Legal status
Legal status	BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances)^[1] In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
IUPAC name 2-(2-oxo-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-3-yl)acetamide
CAS Number	18464-39-6
PubChemCID	29083
ChemSpider	27057
UNII	807N226MNL
ChEMBL	ChEMBL2104164
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)	DTXSID10171598
ECHA InfoCard	100.038.481
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₀H₁₀N₂O₃
Molar mass	206.201 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES O=C(N)CN2C(=O)Oc1ccccc1C2

Caroxazone (Surodil,Timostenil) is anantidepressant which was formerly used for the treatment ofdepression but is now no longer marketed.^[2]^[3] It acts as areversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (RIMA) of bothMAO-A andMAO-B subtypes, with five-fold preference for the latter.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Synthesis

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Synthesis starts byreductive amination ofsalicylaldehyde andglycinamide to give3. The synthesis is completed by reaction withphosgene andNaHCO₃.

References

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^Anvisa (2023-03-31)."RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04).Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved2023-08-16.
^Dictionary of organic compounds. London: Chapman & Hall. 1996.ISBN 0-412-54090-8.
^Cecchini S, Petri P, Ardito R, Bareggi SR, Torriti A (1978). "A comparative double-blind trial of the new antidepressant caroxazone and amitriptyline".The Journal of International Medical Research.6 (5):388–94.doi:10.1177/030006057800600507.PMID 359383.S2CID 40464443.
^Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in neurological diseases. New York: M. Dekker. 1994.ISBN 0-8247-9082-0.
^Moretti A, Caccia C, Martini A, Bonollo L, Amico A, Sega R, et al. (May 1981)."Effect of caroxazone, a new antidepressant drug, on monoamine oxidases in healthy volunteers".British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.11 (5):511–5.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01158.x.PMC 1401585.PMID 7272163.
^Moretti A, Caccia C, Calderini G, Menozzi M, Amico A (October 1981). "Studies on the mechanism of action of caroxazone, a new antidepressant drug".Biochemical Pharmacology.30 (19):2728–31.doi:10.1016/0006-2952(81)90549-9.PMID 6170295.
^Martini A, Bonollo L, Nicolis FB, Sega R, Palermo A (June 1981)."Effects of caroxazone, a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, on the pressor response to oral tyramine in man".British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.11 (6):611–5.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01178.x.PMC 1402186.PMID 7272178.
^Martini A, Bonollo L, Nicolis FB, Sega R, Palermo A, Braibanti E (June 1981)."Effects of caroxazone, a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor, on the pressor response to intravenous tyramine in man".British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.11 (6):605–10.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01177.x.PMC 1402193.PMID 7272177.
^Bernardi L, Coda S, Nicolella V, Vicario GP, Gioia B, Minghetti A, et al. (1979). "Radioisotopic and synthetic studies related to caroxazone metabolism in man".Arzneimittel-Forschung.29 (9):1412–6.PMID 583252.
^Bernardi L, Coda S, Pegrassi L, Suchowsky GK (August 1968). "Pharmacological properties of some derivatives of 1,3-benzoxazine".Experientia.24 (8):774–5.doi:10.1007/bf02144859.PMID 5683159.S2CID 30917127.
^Bernardi L, Coda S, Bonsignori A, Pegrassi L, Suchowsky GK (August 1969). "Central depressant properties of 3,1-benzoxazine derivates".Experientia.25 (8):787–8.doi:10.1007/bf01897874.PMID 5348526.S2CID 5347811.
^GB 1115759, "Carboxamidoalkyl-1,3-benzoxazines", published 1968-05-29, assigned to Societa Farmaceutici Italia
^L. Bernardi et al.,U.S. patent 3,427,313 (1969 to Soc. Farma. Italia).

Antidepressants (N06A)

Specificreuptake inhibitors orreceptor modulators

SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	Citalopram^# Escitalopram^# Fluoxetine^# Fluvoxamine^# Indalpine^‡ Paroxetine^# Sertraline^# Zimelidine^‡
SNRIsTooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors	Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Levomilnacipran Milnacipran Tofenacin Venlafaxine
NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors	Atomoxetine Reboxetine Viloxazine
NDRIsTooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors	Amineptine^‡ Bupropion Nomifensine^‡
NaSSAsTooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants	Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline
SARIsTooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors	Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone
SMSTooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators	Vilazodone Vortioxetine
Others	Agomelatine Amisulpride Dextromethorphan/bupropion Esketamine Etryptamine^‡ Gepirone Indeloxazine Flupentixol Ketamine^§ Medifoxamine^‡ Metryptamine^‡ Oxaflozane^‡ Pivagabine^‡ Tandospirone Teniloxazine Tianeptine

Tricyclic andtetracyclic antidepressants

TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants	Amineptine^‡ Amitriptyline^# Amitriptylinoxide Amoxapine Butriptyline^‡ Clomipramine^# Demexiptiline^‡ Desipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine^‡ Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Imipraminoxide^‡ Iprindole^‡ Lofepramine Melitracen Metapramine^‡ Nitroxazepine Nortriptyline Noxiptiline Opipramol Pipofezine Propizepine^‡ Protriptyline Quinupramine^‡ Tianeptine Trimipramine
TeCAsTooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants	Maprotiline Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline
Others	Tiazesim

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Non-selective	Irreversible:Benmoxin^‡ Iproclozide^‡ Iproniazid^‡ Isocarboxazid Isoniazid^# Linezolid^# Mebanazine^‡ Nialamide^‡ Octamoxin^‡ Phenelzine Pheniprazine^‡ Phenoxypropazine^‡ Pivhydrazine^‡ Safrazine^‡ Tedizolid Tranylcypromine Reversible:Caroxazone^‡ Mixed:Bifemelane
MAO_ATooltip Monoamine oxidase A-selective	Reversible:Eprobemide Metralindole Minaprine^‡ Moclobemide Pirlindole Tetrindole Toloxatone
MAO_BTooltip Monoamine oxidase B-selective	Irreversible:Selegiline

Adjunctive therapies
Atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole,brexpiprazole,lurasidone,olanzapine,quetiapine,risperidone) Buspirone Lithium (lithium carbonate,lithium citrate) Thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T₃),levothyroxine (T₄))

Miscellaneous
Ademetionine (SAMe) GABAkine neurosteroids (brexanolone,zuranolone) Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) Oxitriptan (5-HTP) Rubidium chloride (RbCl) Tryptophan

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

v t e Anxiolytics (N05B)
5-HT_1ARTooltip 5-HT1A receptoragonists	Buspirone Gepirone Tandospirone
GABA_ARTooltip GABAA receptor PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators	Benzodiazepines:Adinazolam Alprazolam Bromazepam Camazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Diazepam^# Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam Fludiazepam Halazepam Ketazolam Lorazepam^# Medazepam Nordazepam Oxazepam Pinazepam Prazepam;Others:Alpidem^‡ Barbiturates (e.g.,phenobarbital) Carbamates (e.g.,meprobamate) Carisoprodol Chlormezanone^‡ Ethanol (alcohol) Etifoxine
Gabapentinoids (α₂δ VDCC blockers)	Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Phenibut Pregabalin
Antidepressants	SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g.,escitalopram) SNRIsTooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g.,duloxetine) SARIsTooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (e.g.,trazodone) TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g.,clomipramine^#) TeCAsTooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g.,mirtazapine) MAOIsTooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g.,phenelzine);Others:Agomelatine Bupropion Tianeptine Vilazodone Vortioxetine
Sympatholytics (Antiadrenergics)	Alpha-1 blockers (e.g.,prazosin) Alpha-2 agonists (e.g.,clonidine,dexmedetomidine,guanfacine) Beta blockers (e.g.,propranolol,atenolol,betaxolol,nadolol,oxprenolol,pindolol)
Others	Benzoctamine Cycloserine Fabomotizole Hydroxyzine Lorpiprazole Mebicar Mepiprazole Nicotine (tobacco) Opipramol Oxaflozane^‡ Phenaglycodol Phenibut Picamilon Selank Tiagabine Tofisopam Validolum
^#WHO-EM ^‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: ^†Phase III ^§Never to phase III

Monoamine metabolism modulators

Non-specific

AAADTooltip Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

Substrates→Products:L-DOPA (levodopa)→Dopamine
5-HTP→Serotonin
L-Histidine→Histamine
Phenylalanine→Phenethylamine
L-Tyrosine→Tyramine
Tryptophan→Tryptamine

MAOTooltip Monoamine oxidase

Substrates→Products (with ALDHTooltip Aldehyde dehydrogenase/ALRTooltip ALR):Epinephrine (adrenaline)→DHMA Metanephrine→MHPG/VMA Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)→DHMA Normetanephrine→MHPG/VMA Dopamine→DOPAC 3-Methoxytyramine→HVA Serotonin→5-HIAA Inhibitors:Non-selective:Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Guineesine Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine
Inhibitors:MAO-A-selective:Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline CX157 (Tyrima) Eprobemide Esuprone Harmala alkaloids (e.g.,harmine,harmaline,harman,norharman,tetrahydroharmine,6-methoxyharman) Methylene blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone
Inhibitors:MAO-B selective:Adarigiline Almoxatone D-Deprenyl Desmethylselegiline Ethanol 4-Fluorodeprenyl 4-Fluoroselegiline Ladostigil Lazabemide Milacemide Mofegiline Nicotine Pargyline^‡ Rasagiline Safinamide Selegiline (L-Deprenyl) Sembragiline Tisolagiline Vafidemstat 2-chloro-2-phenylethylamine

Phenethylamines
(dopamine,epinephrine,
norepinephrine)

PAHTooltip Phenylalanine hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Phenylalanine→Tyrosine Inhibitors:3,4-Dihydroxystyrene α-Methylphenylalanine
THTooltip Tyrosine hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Tyrosine→L-DOPA (levodopa) Inhibitors:2-Hydroxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestrone 3-Iodotyrosine α-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (α-Me-5-HTP) α-Methylphenylalanine Aquayamycin Bulbocapnine Methyldopa (α-methyl-L-DOPA) Metirosine (α-methyl-p-tyrosine) Oudenone
DBHTooltip Dopamine beta-hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Dopamine→Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Inhibitors:Bupicomide Disulfiram Dopastin Etamicastat Fusaric acid Nepicastat Phenopicolinic acid Tropolone Zamicastat 2-chloro-2-phenylethylamine
PNMTTooltip Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Substrates→Products:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)→Epinephrine (adrenaline) Inhibitors:CGS-19281A SKF-64139 SKF-7698
COMTTooltip Catechol-O-methyl transferase	Substrates→Products:Dopamine→3-Methoxytyramine DOPAC→Homovanillic acid Norepinephrine→Normetanephrine Epinephrine→Metanephrine DOPEG→MOPEG DOMA→VMA 2-Hydroxyestradiol→2-Methoxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestrone→2-Methoxyestrone 4-Hydroxyestradiol→4-Methoxyestradiol 4-Hydroxyestrone→4-Methoxyestrone Inhibitors:2-Hydroxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestrone Entacapone Nebicapone Neluxicapone Nitecapone Opicapone Quinalizarin Tolcapone

Tryptamines
(serotonin,melatonin)

TPHTooltip Tryptophan hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Tryptophan→5-HTP Inhibitors:AGN-2979 Fenclonine (PCPA) Telotristat ethyl
AANATTooltip Serotonin N-acetyl transferase	Substrates→Products:Serotonin→N-Acetylserotonin
ASMTTooltip Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase	Substrates→Products:N-Acetylserotonin→Melatonin

Histamine

HDCTooltip Histidine decarboxylase	Substrates→Products:L-Histidine→Histamine Inhibitors:Catechin Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine Histidine methyl ester Meciadanol Naringenin Tritoqualine
HNMTTooltip Histamine N-methyltransferase	Substrates→Products:Histamine→N-Methylhistamine Inhibitors:Amodiaquine Diphenhydramine Harmaline Metoprine Quinacrine SKF-91488 Tacrine
DAOTooltip Diamine oxidase	Substrates→Products:Histamine→Imidazole acetic acid Inhibitors:Pimagedine (aminoguanidine)

See also:Receptor/signaling modulators •Adrenergics •Dopaminergics •Melatonergics •Serotonergics •Monoamine reuptake inhibitors •Monoamine releasing agents •Monoamine neurotoxins

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