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Carl Grünberg | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1861-02-10)10 February 1861 |
| Died | 2 February 1940(1940-02-02) (aged 78) Frankfurt, Germany |
| Relatives | Jean Gruenberg (grandson) |
Carl Grünberg (Austrian German:[ˈɡryːnbɛrɡ]; 10 February 1861 – 2 February 1940) was an AustrianMarxist economist, economic historian and sociologist. He is considered the father ofAustromarxism and was the founding director of the FrankfurtInstitute for Social Research.
Born inFocșani,Romania, into aJewish-Bessarabia German family, Grünberg attendedGymnasium (grammar school) inCzernowitz, the main town ofBukovina, then part of theAustro-Hungarian Empire. In 1881 he moved to Vienna, where he studied law, in particular underLorenz von Stein andAnton Menger, graduating with aDoctor of Law degree in 1886. After working as a legal clerk, he received the attorney's certificate in 1890. Then he went toStrasbourg (Alsace was then part of the German Empire), where he studied economics withGeorg Friedrich Knapp andGustav Schmoller. In 1892, Grünberg was baptised a Catholic. After his return to Vienna, he practised as a lawyer before joining the judiciary as a district judge in 1897.
At the same time, he completed hishabilitation inpolitical economy in 1894 and became an unpaid lecturer (Privatdozent) at theUniversity of Vienna. Only in 1899 did he receive a paid teaching position and could give up his breadwinning judiciary job. In 1909 he obtained a full professorship and in 1912 he was, against strong opposition, appointed to the chair of modern economic history. Carl Grünberg was the father[1] ofAustromarxism. Among his students wereMax Adler,Friedrich Adler,Otto Bauer,Rudolf Hilferding andKarl Renner. After Austria was proclaimed a republic and the Social Democrats entered the government, Grünberg was appointed to the chair of political economy and national economic policy in 1919.
In 1924 he became the first director of theInstitute for Social Research, later known as theFrankfurt School.[2] He established and edited a journal of labour andsocialist history, theZeitschrift für Social- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1893) and theArchiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der sozialen Bewegung (1911), a journal that is known today as theGrünberg-Archiv (Archive for the History of Socialism and the Workers' Movement). Under his leadership the institute worked closely with theMarx–Engels Institute in Moscow. After having suffered from a stroke, he retired in 1929 and left the Institute toMax Horkheimer. In 1931 he became an honorary member of theAcademy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.[3]
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