Acardo (pl.:cardines) was a north–south street inancient Roman cities and militarycamps as an integral component ofcity planning. Thecardo maximus, or most often thecardo,[1] was the main or central north–south-oriented street.
“Cardo” is the Latin word for "hinge".[2] Being the hinge the turning point of the doors, the wordcardo would also be used to designate other “turning points”, like the North Pole of the sky, or the fourcardinal directions (quattuorcardines orbis terrarum).[3]Also the “the principal line laid down in surveying land was calledcardo",[4] which is also applied to the first street of a city: the street around which the city would be structured.
Most Roman cities also had adecumanus maximus, an east–west street that served as a secondary main street. Due to varying geography, in some cities thedecumanus is the main street and thecardo is secondary, but in general thecardo maximus served as the primary street. Theforum was normally located at, or close to, the intersection of thedecumanus and thecardo.
Thecardo maximus ofApamea, Syria, ran through the centre of the city directly from North to South, linked the principal gates of the city, and was originally surrounded by 1,200 columns with unique spiral fluting, each subsequent column spiralling in the opposite direction. The thoroughfare was about 1.85 kilometres long and 37 metres wide, as it was used for wheeled transport. The great colonnade was erected in the 2nd century and it was still standing until the 12th. The earthquakes of 1157 and 1170 demolished the colonnade. Thecardo was lined on both sides with civic and religious buildings.
Hohe Strasse andSchildergasse inCologne, Germany, are examples of streets that have maintained their course and function ofcardo anddecumanus maximus to this day.
The excavations atJerash, Jordan, have unearthed the remains of an ancient Roman city on the site, with the main feature of the city being a colonnadedcardo. The original road surface survived.
During the visit ofHadrian toJudea in the 130s AD, Jerusalem's ruins were surveyed, and Hadrian decided to build a Roman colony in its place, naming it ColoniaAelia Capitolina, after the Roman deitiesJupiter,Juno andMinerva (theCapitoline Triad), worshiped at theCapitoline Hill temple in Rome.[5] Like many Roman colonies, Aelia Capitolina was laid out with aHippodamiangrid plan of narrower streets and wider avenues.[6] Notably, the decision was one of the main causes of theBar Kokhba revolt, which shortly encompassed the region.
The main north–south thoroughfare, thecardo maximus, was originally a paved avenue approximately 22.5 meters wide (roughly the width of a six lane highway) which ran southward from the site of theDamascus Gate, terminating at an unknown point. The southern addition to thecardo, constructed underJustinian in the 6th century AD, extended the road further south to connect theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre with the newly builtZion Gate.[7] Along its length, the roadway was divided into three parts: two colonnaded covered walks flanking a 12 meter wide road.[8] The shaded porticoes provided separation of pedestrian traffic from wheeled carts, shelter from the elements, space for small-scale commerce, as well as opportunities for residents and visitors to gather and interact.[9] The central open pavement provided commercial access as well as ritual space. Thecardo's most striking visual feature was itscolonnade, clearly depicted on theMadaba Map.
Simple bases supported monolithic shafts, spaced 5.77 meters apart.[10] The shafts supported Byzantine-styleCorinthian capitals – intricately carved, but more stylized versions of their Classical counterparts. Although this combination of elements was uniform the preserved examples display some variation in the profile and size of the bases, and in the pattern of the capitals.[11] Despite aesthetic differences, the approximate height of the base, column, and capital units of the colonnade was five meters, a height which contributed to the spaciousness of the porticoes.[12] The wall of thecardo's eastern portico featured an arcade that housed various stalls and workshops leased by craftsmen and merchants.[13]
The line of thecardo maximus is still visible on the Jewish Quarter Street, though the original pavement lies several meters below the modern street level. In the 7th century, when Jerusalem fell under Muslim rule, thecardo became an Arab-style marketplace. Remains of the Byzantinecardo were found in the Jewish Quarter excavations beginning in 1969.[14]
In 1971, a plan for preserving the ancient street was submitted by architects Peter Bogod, Esther Krendel andShlomo Aronson.[15] Their proposal relied heavily on the sixth century Madaba Map, a mosaic map of Jerusalem found in 1897 inMadaba, Jordan. The map clearly showed the Romancardo as the main artery through the Old City. The architects proposed a covered shopping arcade that would preserve the style of an ancient Roman street using contemporary materials. Their plan was based on the hope that archeologists would find remains of the southern end of thecardo, an extension of the north–south Roman thoroughfare built during the Byzantine era (324–638).
Time was of the essence and mounting pressure to repopulate the Jewish Quarter led to the construction of a superstructure which allowed the residential buildings to be built. At the same time, the archaeologists continued to work below. The project was 180 meters in total and was divided into eight sections to allow for construction teams to move quickly from one section to another. By 1980, 37 housing units and 35 shops were built, incorporating archaeological finds such as aHasmonean wall from the second century BC and rows ofByzantine columns. The combination of old and new is also visible on the Street of the Jews, where the shops have been set into old vaults and the gallery is covered by an arched roof containing small apertures to allow for natural lighting.
Beit She'an was one of a group of 10Hellenistic cities known asDecapolis on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire in Syria and Judea. It was a self-governed city established by the Romans to promote Roman culture. It was built with a centralcardo, temples, theaters, baths and other public buildings, and minted its coins.[16]
Thecardo maximus was the main north–south street of RomanBerytus. A section of the street – 100 meters long or so – was discovered during excavation works, flanked by two rows of limestone pedestals. These pedestals once carried 6-meter-high columns supporting roofed colonnades on either side of the street. A stairway in the eastern colonnade gave access to a large building complex.
Thecardo maximus connected the forum to another complex that extended from the present Al-Azariyeh building toRiad Al Solh Square. Archaeological excavations uncovered two successive levels of the street, the oldest dating to the 2nd century CE. The later, wider street was laid out during the 4th century AD. The floors of the colonnades on both levels of thecardo maximus were embellished with mosaic pavements. These were covered, in the 6th century CE, with a thin coat of white lime plaster. Fragments of the floors remained in use until the 19th century. Roman columns were re-used in the foundations of later buildings constructed within the pavement of thecardo, reducing the main street of Roman Berytus into a small alley.[17]
In the seaside resort ofPoreč, Croatia, bothcardo maximus anddecumanus have retained their original names and still serve as the main streets of the historic town centre.
