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Cardinal electors for the March–April 1605 conclave

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Engraving of Pope Leo XI who was elected pope at the March 1605 conclave.
Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, thecardinal-bishop of Palestrina, was elected Pope Leo XI on 1 April 1605.[1]

Thepapal conclave of March–April 1605 was convened on the death ofPope Clement VIII and ended with the election of Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici asPope Leo XI on 1 April 1605. It was the first of two papal conclaves in 1605, with Leo dying on 27 April 1605, twenty-six days after he was elected, and theconclave to elect his successor being held in May. The conclave saw conflict regarding whetherCesare Baronius should be elected pope, andPhilip III of Spain, the Spanish king,excluded both Baronius and the eventually successful candidate, Medici.[2][3] Philip's exclusion of Medici was announced by Cardinal Ávila after his election to the papacy, and the other cardinals did not view it as valid since Medici had already been elected pope.[4]

Pope Nicholas II had reserved the right to elect the pope to the cardinal bishops, priests, and deacons of Rome in 1059.[5] Thecardinal bishops were the highest rank, being the bishops of the ancientsuburbicarian dioceses, the priests ranked next, who served as the titular head of historically important churches in Rome, and last ranked the cardinal deacons, who were nominally assigned one of the ancient diaconia where traditionally deacons had administered the temporal property of the Church of Rome. Cardinals were required to have been ordained at least to the rank of their order within theCollege of Cardinals, but could also be ordained to a higher order as well.[6]

In 1586, Pope Sixtus V mandated that the maximum number of cardinals would be seventy.[7] Of these, the College of Cardinals had sixty-nine total members at the time of Clement VIII's death, but only sixty were present for the first conclave of 1605 when it opened, and sixty-one total electors were present for the election of Leo XI.[1][8] The electors present had been created by six different popes:Pius IV,Gregory XIII,Sixtus V,Gregory XIV,Innocent IX, andClement VIII. Of these, Clement's creations were the most numerous, having created thirty-eight of the cardinal electors. Innocent IX had created one of the conclave's electors, Gregory XIV had created five, Sixtus V had created eleven, Gregory XIII had created four, and Pius IV had created one.[9][i]

Pietro Aldobrandini, thecardinal-nephew of Clement VIII, was the elector who controlled the largest number of votes with twenty-two of Clement's thirty-eight creations following his instructions.Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, the nephew of Sixtus V, controlled eight votes. Thirteen of the cardinal electors were loyal to the Spanish monarchy, and these electors and the faction loyal to Montalto were aligned. In addition to these groups, eight of the electors formed a faction that were loyal to the French crown.[10]

List of cardinal electors

[edit]
Painting of Caesar Baronius, one of the major candidates in the March 1605 conclave.
Caesar Baronius was one of the leading candidates in the March 1605 conclave, but was excluded by the Spanish monarchy.
NameRank[11][ii]Created cardinal by[9]NationalitySources
Tolomeo GallioBishopPius IVItalian[12]
Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici[iii]BishopGregory XIIIItalian[1]
François de JoyeuseBishopGregory XIIIFrench[13]
Domenico PinelliBishopSixtus V[iv]Italian[14]
Girolamo BernerioBishopSixtus V[iv]Italian[14]
Agostino ValierPriestGregory XIIIItalian[15]
Antonio Maria GalloPriestSixtus VItalian[14]
Antonmaria SauliPriestSixtus VItalian[16]
Benedetto GiustinianiPriestSixtus VItalian[17]
Giovanni Evangelista PallottaPriestSixtus VItalian[16]
Federico BorromeoPriestSixtus VItalian[16]
Francesco Maria del MontePriestSixtus VItalian[16]
Gregorio PetrocchiniPriestSixtus VItalian[18]
Mariano Pierbenedetti [it]PriestSixtus VItalian[18]
Paolo Emilio SfondratiPriestGregory XIVItalian[19]
Ottavio ParaviciniPriestGregory XIVItalian[19]
Ottavio Acquaviva d'AragonaPriestGregory XIVItalian[19]
Flaminio Piatti [it]PriestGregory XIVItalian[20]
Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce [it][v]PriestInnocent IXItalian[21]
Pietro AldobrandiniPriestClement VIIIItalian[22]
Francesco Maria TarugiPriestClement VIIIItalian[22]
Ottavio BandiniPriestClement VIIIItalian[22]
Anne d'Escars de GivryPriestClement VIIIFrench[22]
Giovanni Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio AldobrandiniPriestClement VIIIItalian[23]
Camillo BorghesePriestClement VIIIItalian[23]
Caesar BaroniusPriestClement VIIIItalian[23]
Lorenzo BianchettiPriestClement VIIIItalian[23]
Francisco de Ávila [es]PriestClement VIIISpanish[23]
Francesco ManticaPriestClement VIIIItalian[23]
Pompeio ArrigoniPriestClement VIIIItalian[23]
Bonifazio Bevilacqua AldobrandiniPriestClement VIIIItalian[23]
Alfonso ViscontiPriestClement VIIIItalian[24]
Domenico ToschiPriestClement VIIIItalian[24]
Girolamo AgucchiPriestClement VIIIItalian[1]
Paolo Emilio Zacchia [it]PriestClement VIIIItalian[25]
Franz von Dietrichstein[vi]PriestClement VIIIGerman[vii][24][26]
Robert BellarminePriestClement VIIIItalian[24]
François de SourdisPriestClement VIIIFrench[24]
Séraphin Olivier-RazaliPriestClement VIIIFrench[27]
Filippo SpinelliPriestClement VIIIItalian[24]
Carlo ContiPriestClement VIIIItalian[24]
Carlo Gaudenzio MadruzzoPriestClement VIIIGerman[viii][27]
Jacques Davy DuperronPriestClement VIIIFrench[24]
Innocenzo del Bufalo-CancellieriPriestClement VIIIItalian[24]
Giovanni DelfinoPriestClement VIIIItalian[24]
Giacomo SannesioPriestClement VIIIItalian[1]
Girolamo PamphiliPriestClement VIIIItalian[1]
Ferdinando TavernaPriestClement VIIIItalian[1]
Anselmo MarzatoPriestClement VIIIItalian[1]
Erminio ValentiPriestClement VIIIItalian[1]
Francesco SforzaDeaconGregory XIIIItalian[13]
Alessandro Peretti di MontaltoDeaconSixtus VItalian[28]
Odoardo FarneseDeaconGregory XIVItalian[29]
Cinzio Passeri AldobrandiniDeaconClement VIIIItalian[22]
Bartolomeo CesiDeaconClement VIIIItalian[23]
Andrea Baroni Peretti MontaltoDeaconClement VIIIItalian[23]
Alessandro d'EsteDeaconClement VIIIItalian[24]
Giovanni Battista DetiDeaconClement VIIIItalian[24]
Silvestro Aldobrandini [it]DeaconClement VIIIItalian[22]
Giovanni Andrea DoriaDeaconClement VIIIItalian[1]
Carlo Emanuele Pio di SavoiaDeaconClement VIIIItalian[1]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Pastor lists Gregory XIII as having six electors, attributing Bernerio and Pinelli to him, and Sixtus V as having nine. Eubel counts them as being created by Sixtus V, and gives specific dates for their creations as cardinals.
  2. ^Refers to rank within the College of Cardinals, and is not reflective of whether or not the individual had been ordained or consecrated to other Holy Orders
  3. ^Elected Pope Leo XI
  4. ^abPastor lists as a creation of Gregory XIII, but Eubel lists as created by Sixtus V.
  5. ^NotPope Innocent IX, born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, who died in 1591
  6. ^Entered the conclave on 19 March 1605
  7. ^Dietrichstein had a Spanish mother; some sources also describe him asCzech.
  8. ^Madruzzo was bishop of Trent, in modern Italy. Gauchat classifies him as German, and does not simply list the city as he does for Italians.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijkGauchat 1960, p. 8.
  2. ^Freiherr von Pastor 1952, p. 8.
  3. ^Baumgartner 2003, pp. 139–140.
  4. ^Freiherr von Pastor 1952, p. 17.
  5. ^Pattenden 2017, p. 14.
  6. ^Encyclopædia Britannica 1911, pp. 321–322.
  7. ^Pattenden 2017, p. 18.
  8. ^Freiherr von Pastor 1952, p. 4.
  9. ^abFreiherr von Pastor 1952, p. 5.
  10. ^Freiherr von Pastor 1952, pp. 5–7.
  11. ^Gauchat 1960, p. 9.
  12. ^Eubel & van Gulik 1913, p. 40.
  13. ^abEubel & van Gulik 1913, p. 47.
  14. ^abcEubel & van Gulik 1913, p. 51.
  15. ^Gauchat 1960, p. 47.
  16. ^abcdEubel & van Gulik 1913, p. 52.
  17. ^Squarzina 1997, p. 766.
  18. ^abEubel & van Gulik 1913, p. 53.
  19. ^abcEubel & van Gulik 1913, p. 54.
  20. ^Giannini 2015.
  21. ^Cardella 1793, p. 324.
  22. ^abcdefGauchat 1960, p. 4.
  23. ^abcdefghijGauchat 1960, p. 5.
  24. ^abcdefghijklGauchat 1960, p. 6.
  25. ^Herbermann et al. 1913, p. 529.
  26. ^Freiherr von Pastor 1952, p. 13.
  27. ^abGauchat 1960, p. 7.
  28. ^Eubel & van Gulik 1913, p. 50.
  29. ^The British Museum.

References

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