Cardigan
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 High Street, Cardigan | |
  Cardigan Location withinCeredigion | |
| Population | 4,216 (2021)[1] |
| OS grid reference | SN175465 |
| Principal area | |
| Preserved county | |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CARDIGAN |
| Postcode district | SA43 |
| Dialling code | 01239 |
| Police | Dyfed-Powys |
| Fire | Mid and West Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
| UK Parliament | |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament | |
52°05′03″N4°39′29″W / 52.08417°N 4.65792°W /52.08417; -4.65792 Community map
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Cardigan (Welsh:Aberteifi,pronounced[abɛrˈtei̯vi]ⓘ)[2] is a town andcommunity in thecounty ofCeredigion,Wales.[3] Positioned on the tidal reach of theRiver Teifi at the point where Ceredigion meetsPembrokeshire, Cardigan was thecounty town of thehistoric county ofCardiganshire. Cardigan is the second-largest town in Ceredigion. The largest town,Aberystwyth, is one of the two administrative centres; the other isAberaeron. The town is bypassed by theA487 road along the coast, whose junction with theA478 road toTenby lies to the south of the town.[4]
The settlement at Cardigan was developed around the Norman castle built in the late 11th or early 12th century. The castle was the location of the1176 Cardigan eisteddfod, precursor of the present-dayNational Eisteddfod. The town became an important port in the 18th century, but had declined by the early 20th century owing to reduced navigability of the river, and transfer of trade elsewhere.[3] The castle underwent restoration in 2014.
The population in 2001 was 4,203, reducing slightly to 4,184 at the 2011 census.
Cardigan is ananglicisation of the WelshCeredigion ("Ceredig's land"), the surrounding territory itsNorman castle once controlled. Ceredig was supposedly one of the sons ofCunedda Wledig, whoWelsh legend records invaded from the north to recover lands inRoman Britain from invadingIrishmen inlate antiquity.[3]
The Welsh nameAberteifi refers to its position by the mouth (aber) of theRiver Teifi.
The nearest knownRoman forts were atLoventium andBremia at the gold mines nearLlanio above the River Teifi on theSarn Helenroad.
The present town grew up near the medieval forts established to control the access of the Teifi and its confluents toCardigan Bay on theIrish Sea.[3] A castle was built byRoger de Montgomery in 1093 after a Norman army conquered Ceredigion. Its hinterland was regained byOwain Gwynedd,Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, andGruffydd ap Rhys in October 1136 aftertheir victory at Crug Mawr over Norman forces army led byRobert fitz Martin andRobert fitz Stephen andMaurice FitzGerald.Rhys ap Gruffydd fortified the town and was credited with the establishment of the castle near the bridge over the Teifi.[3] In 1176, he institutedthe first eisteddfod. Contestants came from all over the British Isles to compete for chairs in music and poetry. Some years later, Rhys's grandsonMaelgwn razed the castle and sacked the town, but repairs were soon effected.[3]
Cardigan became an important trade centre. In 1227 a weekly market was established which continues to this day.[5][6] Welsh rule over Cardigan continued, for some periods under royal lordship, until it was annexed to the English crown in 1283 when the county of Cardiganshire was created. The town wall was built in the 1240s and the castle was rebuilt. St Mary's Church was established as a Benedictine Priory and parish church in mediaeval times and survived theDissolution of the Monasteries. The castle ceased being the administrative centre of the county with theAct of Union in 1536 and by the early 17th century was already falling into ruins.[6]
A smallBenedictinepriory operated until theReformation and the more importantabbey ofSt Dogmael's was also nearby.[3] With Wales formally annexed by England through theLaws in Wales Acts, political and domestic stability boosted economic prosperity through the increase in maritime trade.[5] At the end of the 16th century the port's principal trade was fishing, but over the next century trade expanded to include a range of imports and exports, and a Customs House was established to collect revenues.[7]
During theCivil War, the town's castle was held for a time by theRoyalists. In the 17th century, the residence erected around the old priory was famed as the home of Orinda (Catherine Philips), the friend ofJeremy Taylor.[3]
Theherring fishery developed and by the beginning of the 18th century there was a large merchant fleet. Exports included herring and salmon, slate, bark for tanning, corn and ale. Imports included oranges, manufactured goods, building materials and coal. Industries that developed included shipbuilding, brickworks, a foundry, ropemakers and sailmakers.[5]
A county jail was erected in 1793.[3]
In 1819, the shipAlbion left Cardigan forNew Brunswick, carrying the first Welsh settlers to Canada; on board were 27 Cardigan families, many of whom were farmers.[8]
In the 18th and early 19th century, Cardigan was the commercial centre of its county[3] and the most important port inSouth Wales, exporting slate, oats, barley, and butter. In 1815, it possessed 314 ships totaling 12,554 long tons (12,755 t). This was seven times as many vessels asCardiff and three times as many asSwansea.[9] It had a thriving shipbuilding industry, with over 200 vessels being built both in Cardigan and downstream in the village ofLlandudoch (St Dogmaels).[5] By mid-century, it was connected with the Welsh rail network but its harbour was obstructed by asand bar that made it dangerous for vessels over 300 tons burden except during the high spring tides.[3]
Rural industries and craftsmen were an important part of life in a country town. Information recorded inTrade Directories show that in 1830 there wereThirteenboot makers, threebakers, onemiller, fourblacksmiths, sevencarpenters, twocoopers, sixtailors, fivedressmakers andmilliners, two straw hat makers, twoweavers, threecurriers, threesaddlers, twowhitesmiths, fourglaziers, five maltsters, twoprinters, twotanners and onestonemason.[5] The houses were mostly of slate and the streets narrow, steep, and irregular, with a grammar school erected in 1804 and a national school in 1848.[3] The town also had a public library.
Cardigan Guildhall was built between 1858 and 1860 on the site of the old grammar school and a house with a coach-house owned by Abraham Morgan. The cost of building was £1,880 5s for the front buildings, and £2,174 15s for the markets.[10]
By the mid-19th century there were more than 60 taverns in the town. The decline of the port was hastened by the coming of the railway in 1886.[7] The river silted up and larger vessels could no longer reach the port, which had largely become inactive by the early part of the 20th century. Some test dredging was carried out in 2009.[11]
For the last 40 years of the 20th century, a factory in the town made 35,000 pairs of jeans per week forMarks & Spencer, but closed in 2002 with the loss of 400 jobs when M&S sourced from overseas. A new jeans manufacturer—the Hiut Denim Company—opened in 2012, employing some of the original staff[12] and in 2017 became globally recognised for its connection withMeghan Markle.[13]
In 2006 and 2008, the town undertook a coordinated programme of building works, sympathetically restoring many of the shop facades in the town centre. The quayside has been rebuilt with a new civic area and landing stage.
Until 2011, traders in Cardigan were represented by the Chamber of Commerce. Cardigan Traders' Group was set up in that year, attracting half of the members of the Chamber of Commerce. The new group was set to meet in February 2011 to decide how to proceed.[14]
Cardigan was named one of the best places to live in Wales in 2017.[15]
Cardigan and District Community Hospital closed in 2019, after outpatient services were transferred toCardigan Integrated Health Centre.[16] The future of the former hospital site is under discussion.[17][18]
Cardigan lies astride the Afon Teifi and is the last bridging point of the river before the sea 3 miles (5 km) northwest. It is 77 miles (120 km) northwest ofCardiff and 198 miles (319 km) from London. The majority of the town was north of the river before the 20th century. Afon Mwldan which flows south to the west of the town centre has suffered from pollution.[19] The town and rivers are prone to flooding.[20] An earthquake of magnitude 4.4 was felt in the community on 17 February 2018; this was the biggest UK earthquake in ten years.[21]
Glaciolacustrine clay from local brick pits in Bath House Road and on the site of King George's field was used for brick-making until the early 20th century.[22]
Cardigan experiences amaritime climate with comfortable summers and cold winters. The nearestMet Officeweather station for which online records are available is atAberporth approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) east-northeast.[23]
Typically, fewer than 3 days[24] of the year will reach a value above 25.0 °C (77.0 °F).[25] The highest temperature recorded at Aberporth was 32.7 °C (90.9 °F), on 19 July 2006.[26]On average 18.3 nights will report air frost and the coldest night of the year should fall to −4.45 °C (23.99 °F).[27] The coldest month was January 1963, with a mean minimum temperature of −9.9 °C (14.2 °F).[28]
Rainfall averages around 890 mm (35 in) per year, with at least 1 mm (0.04 in) falling on 146.4 days.
| Climate data for Aberporth 133 m (436 ft)amsl, 1981–2010. Extremes 1960–present (weather station 6 mi (9.7 km) ENE of Cardigan 10 m (33 ft) amsl) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) | 15.2 (59.4) | 21.0 (69.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 26.6 (79.9) | 31.5 (88.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 31.5 (88.7) | 25.2 (77.4) | 22.0 (71.6) | 17.0 (62.6) | 14.1 (57.4) | 32.7 (90.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) | 7.4 (45.3) | 9.1 (48.4) | 11.1 (52.0) | 14 (57) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 18.2 (64.8) | 16.4 (61.5) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.2 (50.4) | 8.1 (46.6) | 12.5 (54.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) | 2.7 (36.9) | 4.1 (39.4) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 10.4 (50.7) | 12.3 (54.1) | 12.5 (54.5) | 11 (52) | 8.6 (47.5) | 5.8 (42.4) | 3.6 (38.5) | 7.3 (45.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13 (9) | −7.5 (18.5) | −6.6 (20.1) | −2.0 (28.4) | 0.1 (32.2) | 1.7 (35.1) | 5.6 (42.1) | 5.5 (41.9) | 3.3 (37.9) | −0.9 (30.4) | −5.0 (23.0) | −6.0 (21.2) | −13 (9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 83.7 (3.30) | 57.7 (2.27) | 62.4 (2.46) | 52.9 (2.08) | 54.1 (2.13) | 58.3 (2.30) | 61.4 (2.42) | 68.5 (2.70) | 71.4 (2.81) | 112.1 (4.41) | 108.8 (4.28) | 96.4 (3.80) | 887.7 (34.96) |
| Average rainy days | 15 | 10.7 | 12.2 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 14.7 | 146.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 84 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 84 | 83 | 82 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 63.1 | 83 | 120 | 177.6 | 217.4 | 206.4 | 199.1 | 184.1 | 146.8 | 105.6 | 64.4 | 53.2 | 1,620.7 |
| Source 1:Met Office[29] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: weather 2 (January record low and humidity)[30] | |||||||||||||
In 1176,Cardigan Castle became the site of thefirst competitiveEisteddfod. Cardigan also hosted theNational Eisteddfod of Wales in 1942 and 1976. Thecastle was for many years privately owned and became run down and derelict. The town council itself showed little interest in saving it. However, a group of volunteers and the local Catholic priest, Seamus Cunane, working separately, did raise its profile.Ceredigion County Council bought it in 2003. The castle andhouse underwent restoration in 2014.
The castle is open to the public.[31] There is luxury accommodation for hire, a heritage centre with education facilities, a restaurant, an events and open-air concert area, and there are rooms for hire for classes.[32]
Including the castle (Grade I-listed[33]) and the old bridge (Grade II*[34]), there are over 100listed buildings in Cardigan community, most in the town itself.[35] These include theOld Shire Hall which is Grade II* listed.[36]
Cardigan is the second largesttown in Ceredigion with 4,203 inhabitants (2001),[37] reducing slightly to 4,184 at the 2011 census.
At the2001 census more than 69% of the residents were recorded as being able to speak or understand spoken Welsh, with 45% able to speak, read and write in the language.[38] In 2011 54.6% were able to speak Welsh.[39] In 1176, and again 800 years later, the National Eisteddfod was held in the town (also in 1942). In 2003 the community, together with theWelsh Language Board, set up a language action plan designed to provide opportunities for people of all ages to get together to speak Welsh.[40]
There are two tiers of local government covering Cardigan, atcommunity (town) andcounty level: Cardigan Town Council (Cyngor Tref Aberteifi) andCeredigion County Council (Cyngor Sir Ceredigion). The town council meets at Ty Cadwgan at Cardigan Castle, and has its offices at 36 Pendre.[41][42] Cardigan Town Council comprises thirteen councillors. Following the 2017 election the council was unique in Wales for having a female majority (seven women, six men).[43]
Cardigan was anancient parish, also known as St Mary's after its parish church.[44] The town was administered as aborough from 1284, when it received its firstmunicipal charter.[6]
In 1832, theCardigan constituency was enlarged to include the Bridgend and Abbeyhamlets of the parish ofSt Dogmaels on the south side of the River Teifi inPembrokeshire.[45] The borough of Cardigan was reformed to become amunicipal borough in 1836 under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country; as part of those reforms the borough was enlarged to match the constituency.[46][47] The borough then straddled Cardiganshire and Pembrokeshire until 1889, when theLocal Government Act 1888 directed that boroughs could no longer straddle county boundaries, and so the borough was placed entirely in Cardiganshire.[48]
The Cardiganshireassizes were held at Cardigan Castle until 1763 when they transferred toShire Hall on High Street.[49] In 1889,Cardiganshire County Council was formed; unlike the assizes, it chose to hold its meetings alternately atLampeter Town Hall andAberaeron Town Hall. Levi James, one of the town's two inaugural county councillors, was immediately made analderman and became the second chairman of the council.
The borough of Cardigan was abolished in 1974 under theLocal Government Act 1972. A community called Cardigan was created instead, covering the area of the abolished borough. District-level functions passed toCeredigion District Council, which was in turn replaced in 1996 by Ceredigion County Council.[50][51] Some of the parts of the old parish of St Dogmaels which had been included in Cardigan borough in 1836 were returned to Pembrokeshire in 2003.[52][53]
The town has several health centres, a college, modern arts centre (with three-screen cinema), theatre and recently refurbished 19th centuryguildhall housing market stalls. For shopping there are supermarkets, town centre shops and several trading estates.
Cardigan's college,Coleg Ceredigion, is located north of the town centre and educates 700 full-time and 2,000 part-time students in both Welsh and English languages, and is Ceredigion's only further education college.[54] The college became a constituent college of theUniversity of Wales Trinity Saint David. In a special ceremony at the guildhall, the university's vice-chancellor, ProfMedwin Hughes, chair of the university council, Ven Randolph Thomas and Dr. Brinley Jones, president of UWTSD officially welcomed Coleg Ceredigion to the UWTSD group.[55]
The college and Cardigan Secondary School,Ysgol Uwchradd Aberteifi share the same site.[56]Ysgol Gynradd Gymunedol Aberteifi was established in 2008 when the former Cardigan Infant and Cardigan Junior schools were combined. The school educates more than 300 pupils.[57]
The parish church is dedicated to St Mary.
Cardigan is the site ofOur Lady of Cardigan, aRoman Catholicshrine, also known as the shrine to Our Lady of the Taper.
Other churches include:
There is also a smallIslamic centre on Quay Street called the "Cardigan Islamic Cultural Centre". It serves the local Muslim community in the town.[61]
There is a leisure centre in the grounds of the college offering sport and fitness facilities, and a swimming pool and leisure complex (a registered charity opened in 1977)[62] in Napier Street. A public library was situated in 'Canolfan Teifi' near the guildhall, but, in July 2017 moved to the local Council Offices on Morgan Street.[63]
Cardigan Rugby Football Club was founded in 1876 and plays inWRU Division Two West.[64] It is afeeder club for theLlanelli Scarlets.
Cardigan Golf Club is a 6,500-yard 18 hole clifftop course atGwbert, north of the town. The current clubhouse was opened in 1977 but the links course originated with 9 holes in 1895.[65]
A blue plaque was put up at Cardigan Quay in 2018 to honour multiple powerboat champion, boat-builder and commentator Jonathan Jones in his home town.[66]
Moorings in the River Teifi are under the control of Afon Teifi Fairways[67] and there is some deepwater mooring on the south bank downstream of the old bridge. Other midstream moorings exist from Cardigan downstream to the estuary and there are occasional slipways on both sides of the river. There is an activity centre by the old bridge for kayaking in the river when tide and river conditions permit.
Cardigan Lifeboat Station is situated atPoppit Sands on the Teifi estuary, having been operational since 1849 apart from the period 1872–1931. Its boathouse and shop are open to the public during the summer months.[68]
Barley Saturday, an agricultural event, has been held in the town on the Saturday following the last Friday in April since the 19th century. Historically the farmers from the surrounding area would come to the town to hire workers and to inspect stallions that are put out to stud. In modern times the horses have become the centre of attention. After judging, the horses are paraded through the town followed by vintage tractors, cars and motorbikes.
In August there is a wine and food festival.
Each August (since 2014), British record labelFruits de Mer Records organizes a three-daypsychedelic music festival, The Dream of Dr. Sardonicus: A Festival of Psychedelia, which is held at The Cellar Bar in Cardigan.[69][70]
TheA487 coastal trunk road provides links to the northeast and southwest; theA478 south toNarberth andTenby and theA484 southeast toSwansea. Abypass was constructed to the southeast of the town in 1989–90, including a new concrete bridge (Priory Bridge) over the River Teifi. Bus services link Cardigan with most nearby towns and villages in Ceredigion, Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire.
Cardigan railway station was the terminus of theWhitland and Cardigan Railway. On 2 August 1877, theWhitland and Taf Vale Railway Company obtained an act of Parliament[which?] giving authorisation to extend the line to Cardigan. Completion to Cardigan was slow; the opening was finally achieved on 1 September 1886 and on the same day theGreat Western Railway took over the working of the line.[71]
The railway station closed to passengers prior to theBeeching Axe on 10 September 1962 but remained open to goods traffic until 27 May 1963. After that, the station remained open as a coal depot until April 1965, staffed byBritish Railways staff until November 1964. Final closure came on 6 September 1965.[72] The old goods shed marks the site of the former station. A localWelsh language newspaper uses the nickname of the line,Cardi bach,[73] as does the shuttle bus service between Cardigan andNew Quay.[74]
The section of old trackbed between Cardigan andCilgerran is now a footpath and cycle track to theTeifi estuary woodlands and marshes and theWelsh Wildlife Centre.
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