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Captaincy General of Chile

Coordinates:33°27′00″S70°40′00″W / 33.45°S 70.666667°W /-33.45; -70.666667
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1541–1818 territory of the Spanish Empire

33°27′00″S70°40′00″W / 33.45°S 70.666667°W /-33.45; -70.666667

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General Captaincy of Chile
Kingdom of Chile
Capitanía General de Chile
Reino de Chile
 (Spanish)
1541–1810
1814–1818
Flag of Chile
Anthem: Marcha Real
"Royal March"
Maximum approximate extent of general captaincy.
  Under effective control in 1786.
  Territories belonging to until 1786.
Franks: Spanish possessions without effective control (see Limits).
Territory legally belonging (with or without effective control) to the General Captaincy or Kingdom of Chile in 1775.[1][2][3][4][5]
Territory legally belonging (with or without effective control) to the General Captaincy or Kingdom of Chile in 1775.[1][2][3][4][5]
StatusKingdoms of Indies of theHispanic Monarchy
CapitalSantiago
Common languagesCastilian Spanish (official)
Indigenous languages (Quechuan languages,Aymara,Mapudungun,Kawésqar,Yaghan)
Religion
Roman Catholicism
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 1541–1556
Charles I
• 1808–1810
Joseph I
• 1814–1818
Ferdinand VII
Royal Governor 
• 1541–1553
Pedro de Valdivia
• 1808–1810
Francisco García Carrasco
• 1815–1818
Casimiro Marcó del Pont
Historical eraSpanish Empire
• Established
1541
September 18, 1810
October 2, 1814
February 12 1818
CurrencySpanish Real
ISO 3166 codeCL
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Viceroyalty of Peru
Prehispanic history of Chile
Old Fatherland
New Fatherland
Today part of

TheGeneral Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile[kapitaˈni.axeneˈɾaldeˈtʃile]),Governorate of Chile, orKingdom of Chile,[6] was a territory of theSpanish Empire from 1541 to 1818 that was, initially, part of theViceroyalty of Peru. It comprised most of modern-dayChile and southern parts ofArgentina in thePatagonia region. Its capital wasSantiago de Chile. In 1810 it declared itself independent, with the Spanishreconquering the territory in 1814, but in 1818 it gained independence as theRepublic of Chile. It had a number ofSpanish governors over its long history and severalkings.

Name

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The Captaincy General of Chile was incorporated to theCrown of Castile as were all the other Spanish possessions in theNew World. The Captaincy General of Chile was first known asNew Extremadura (a name subsequently given to a part of Mexico) and then asIndianFlanders.

Kingdom of Chile Alonso de Ovalle, year 1603-1651.
Kingdom of Chile

Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna noted that Chile has always been officially and unofficially the Kingdom of Chile.[7] In the 16th century Pedro Marino de Lobera, “Corregidor de Valdivia”, 1575 wrote the Chronicles of the Kingdom of Chile.[8] Other publications of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries confirm the name and/or status of what is known as the Kingdom.[9] However, although the status of kingdom was officially used and recognised in Court the jurisdiction of the kingdom was still under Spanish control for most of its existence, later it became a republic.[10]

The administrative apparatus of the Captaincy General of Chile was subordinate to theCouncil of the Indies and theLaws of the Indies, like the other Spanish colonial possessions. The day-to-day work was handled mostly byviceroys and governors, who represented the king in the overseas territories. The areas of theAmericas, which had been the site of complex civilizations or became rich societies were usually referred to by the Spanish as "kingdoms".

History

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Exploration and conquest

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Main article:Conquest of Chile
Founding ofSantiago in 1541.

In 1536Diego de Almagro formed the first expedition to explore the territories to the south of theInca Empire, which had been granted to him as the Governorship of New Toledo. After Almargo's death,Pedro de Valdivia solicited and was granted in 1539 the right to explore and conquer the area withFrancisco Pizarro's approval. Valdivia founded the city ofSantiago del Nuevo Extremo and a few months later itscabildo (municipal council) appointed him governor andCaptain General of New Extremadura on June 11, 1541. Other cities founded during Valdivia's administration wereConcepción in 1550,La Imperial in 1551,Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica andSanta María la Blanca de Valdivia in 1552, and the following yearLos Confines andSantiago del Estero on the eastern side of theAndes. In 1553 Valdivia also founded a series of forts for protection of the settled areas:San Felipe de Araucan,San Juan Bautista de Purén andSan Diego de Tucapel. After Valdivia's death that same year, these last forts, Villarica and Concepcion were lost. they were recovered following the war withLautaro andCaupolicán. Following the defeat of the Mapuche byGarcía Hurtado de Mendoza, settlements continued to grow and more cities were founded:Cañete de la Frontera on the site of the former Fort San Diego de Tucapel andVilla de San Mateo de Osorno in 1558,San Andrés de Angol in 1560,Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja in 1561,San Luis de Loyola Nueva Medina de Rioseco andSan Juan de la Frontera in 1562, andSantiago de Castro in 1567.Martín García Óñez de Loyola founded a last city south of the Bio Bio River,Santa Cruz de Coya, in 1595.

Collapse of southern Chile

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Illustration of theArauco War inJerónimo de Vivar's bookCrónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reynos de Chile (1558).
Main article:Destruction of Seven Cities

AMapuche revolt was triggered following the news of thebattle of Curalaba on the 23 of December 1598, where the vicetoquiPelantaru and his lieutenantsAnganamon and Guaiquimilla with three hundred men ambushed and killed the Spanish governor Martín García Óñez de Loyola and nearly all his companions.

Over the next few years the Mapuche were able to destroy or force the abandonment of seven Spanish cities in Mapuche territory:Santa Cruz de Coya (1599),Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia (1599),San Andrés de Los Infantes (1599),La Imperial (1600),Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica (1602),San Mateo de Osorno (1602), andSan Felipe de Araucan (1604).

17th century: Consolidation of the kingdom

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This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(April 2011)

In the 17th century, the Spanish overseas territory of Chile saw a rearrangement of its population center. While in the 16th century, most of the cities founded by the Spanish were located fromBio-Bio southward, with only Santiago, La Serena and some transandine cities located north of it, in the 17th century, Spanish authority and settlements were abandoned down south of Bío-Bío Region. The kingdom went from being a gold exporter with potential for expanding to theStrait of Magellan to being one of the Spanish Empire's most problematic and poor in natural resources. The Spanish Empire had to divert silver fromPotosí to finance a standing army in Chile to fight in theArauco War. Since the raids ofFrancis Drake in Chilean waters more seaborne assaults followed in the 17th century, mostly fromDutchcorsairs. The Spanish Empire's attempts to block the entrance to thePacific Ocean by fortifying the Straits of Magellan were abandoned after the discovery ofHoces Sea, focusing then on fortifying the coastal cities of Chile, a tactic that later was proven to be more affordable and effective in combating piracy while keeping the area under Spanish rule.

18th century: Reforms and development

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[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(April 2011)
Territory legally belonging (with or without effective control) to the Captaincy General or Kingdom of Chile in 1776 according to Chilean historiography. That year theViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created and the territorios of the cities ofMendoza andSan Juan were transferred from Chile to the new entity.[1][11][12][13]

Political history

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Part ofa series on the
History ofChile
Chili, from Atlas Van der Hagen
TimelineYears in Chile
Parliamentary period
See also:Army of Arauco

As noted, the area had been designated agovernorship (gobernación) during the initial exploration and settlement of the area, but because the local Amerindian peoples demonstrated fierce resistance, a more autonomous, military-based governmental authority was needed. Thus, the governor was given command of the local military and the title ofcaptain general. This arrangement was seen in many places of the Spanish Empire.

The greatest setback the Spanish settlements suffered was theDisaster of Curalaba in 1598, which nearly wiped them out. All cities south of theBiobío River with the exception of Castro were destroyed. The river becameLa Frontera the de facto border between Spanish and Native areas for the next century. (SeeArauco War.)

Chile lost an important part of its territory with theBourbon reforms ofCharles III, the territories of the city ofMendoza andSan Juan from theprovince of Cuyo were transferred to the domain of the newly createdViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776.[1][11] Chile gained twointendancies,Santiago andConcepción in 1786 and became a Bourbon-styleCaptaincy General in 1789.

Society

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Societal groups

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"Baile del Santiago antiguo" byPedro Subercaseaux. Chile's colonial high society were made up by landowners and government officials.

The Chilean colonial society was based on acaste system. TheCriollos (American born Spaniards) enjoyed privileges like theownership ofencomiendas (Indian labor jurisdictions) and were allowed limited access to government and administrative positions such ascorregidor oralférez.Mestizos made up initially a small group, but with time grew to become a majority in Chilean society becoming more numerous than native indigenous peoples.[14] Mestizos were not a homogeneous group and were judged more by appearance and education than by actual ancestry.[14] Native peoples experienced the most discrimination among societal groups in colonial Chile; many of them were used as cheap labor in encomienda, causing their numbers to decrease over time due todisease.Pehuenches,Huilliches and Mapuches living south ofLa Frontera were not part of the colonial society since they were outside thede facto borders of Chile. Black slaves made up a minority of the population in colonial Chile and had a special status due to their high cost of import and maintenance.[14] Black slaves were often used ashousekeepers and other posts of confidence.[14] Peninsulares, Spaniards born in Spain, were a rather small group in late colonial times, some of them came as government officials and some other as merchants. Their role in high government positions in Chile led to resentment among local criollos.[14] Mixing of different groups was not uncommon althoughmarriage between members of the different groups was rare.

During late colonial times new migration pulses took off leading to large numbers ofBasque people settling in Chile mingling with landowning criollos, forming anew upper class.[14] Scholar Louis Thayer Ojeda estimates that during the 17th and 18th centuries fully 45% of all immigrants inChile were Basques.[15]

Sex and marriage

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Native indigenous peoples in colonial society appeared, to the average Catholic Spaniard, to be somewhat liberal in their approach to sexual relationships.[16]

16th century Spaniards are known to have been pessimistic about marriage.[16] Many of the initialconquistadores left their own families behind in Spain and started new relationships in Chile.[16] Examples of this isPedro de Valdivia who heldInés de Suárez as a common law wife while in Chile.[16] Adultery was explicitly forbidden for Catholics and theCouncil of Trent (1545–1563) made the climate prone for accusations of adultery.[16] Over the course of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries marital fidelity increased in Chile.[16]

The main indigenous group in the Aconcagua Valley was thePicunche people, which was the main etnicity to be mixed with the Spaniards are the territory controlled by the Monarchy was mainly concentrated those lands.

Chilean Antarctica in the Hispanic Monarchy times

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World Map by Abraham Ortelius (1570), where appears theTerra Australis Incognita.
Main articles:Chilean Antarctic Territory andGovernorate of Terra Australis

For many years, cartographers and European explorers speculated about the existence of theTerra Australis Incognita, a vast territory located in the south of theStrait of Magellan andTierra del Fuego and reached theSouth Pole.

TheTreaty of Tordesillas, signed on June 7 of 1494, set the areas of influence ofSpain andPortugal, west and east, respectively, of a line running from pole to pole that was never demarcated (at 46° 37 'W in the Spanish classical interpretation, and further west, according to the Portuguese interpretation), so the Antarctic areas claimed by Chile today, while still unknown at that time, fell within the control of Spain. The treaty, backed by the papal bullEa quae pro bono pacis in 1506 was made mandatory for all Catholic countries, was not recognized by European non-Catholic states and even by some that were, likeFrance. ForBritain,Dutch,Russia and other countries, the Antarctic areas were consideredres nullius, a no man's land not subject to the occupation of any nation.

In 1534, The EmperorCharles V divided in three governorates the South American territory :

In 1539, a new governorate was formed south of New León calledTerra Australis toPedro Sanchez de la Hoz. In 1554, the conquerorPedro de Valdivia, who led the Governorate of Chile, he talked to theCouncil of the Indies to give the rights of New León and theTerra Australis toJeronimo de Alderete, which, after the death of Valdivia the following year, became governor of Chile and annexed the Chilean colonial territory.

Proof of this are numerous historical documents, among which include a Royal Decree of 1554:

Because it was personally consulted, we will grant, to the Captain Jeronimo de Alderete the land across the Magellan Strait

Later, in 1558, the Royal Decree ofBrussels it prompted the Chilean colonial government totake ownership in our name from the lands and provinces that fall in the demarcation of the Spanish crown in Referring to the landacross the Strait, because at that time it was thought thatTierra del Fuego was an integral part of theTerra Australis.

One of the most important works of Spanish literature, theepic poemLa Araucana byAlonso de Ercilla (1569), is also considered by Chile as favorable to their argument, as you can read in the seventh stanza of his Canto I:

Is Chile North South very long,
new sea coast of the south called;
will from East to West of wide
one hundred miles, so wider taken,
under the Antarctic Pole height
twenty-seven degrees,
prolonged until the sea Ocean and Chilean
mix their waters within narrow.

In the fourth stanza of his Canto III:

This was the one who found the sections
Indians of Antarctic regions.

There are also stories and maps, both Chilean and Europeans, indicating the membership of theTerra Australis Antarctica as part of the Captaincy General of Chile.

The Spanish navigatorGabriel de Castilla sailed fromValparaiso in March 1603 in command of three ships in an expedition entrusted by his brother cousinviceroy of Peru,Luis de Velasco y Castilla, to repress the incursions of Dutch privateers in the Southern Seas, reaching 64 degrees south latitude. There have not founded in the Spanish archives documents confirming the reached latitude and sighted land; however, the story of the Dutch sailor Laurenz Claesz (is a testimony dateless, but probably after 1607), documents the latitude and time. Claesz said:

Sailed under the Admiral don Gabriel of Castile with three ships along the coasts of Chile towards Valparaiso, and from there to the strait. In March of 1603 he reached 64 degrees and they had a lot of snow there. In the following April they returned back to the coast of Chile

Another Dutch document, published inAmsterdam in three languages in 1622, says that at 64°S there are "very high and mountainous, snow cover, like the country of Norway, all white, land It seemed to extend to the Solomon Islands" This confirms a previous sighting of the lands would be theSouth Shetland Islands.

Other historians attribute the first sighting of Antarctic land to the Dutch marineDirk Gerritsz, which would have found the islands now known as South Shetland. According to his account, his ship was diverted from course by a storm after transposing theStrait of Magellan, in the journey of a Dutch expedition to theEast Indies in 1599. There are doubts about the veracity of Gerritsz.

At this time was already known the existence of a white continent in south of theDrake Passage, separated from theTierra del Fuego. In 1772, theBritishJames Cook circumnavigated the waters of theSouthern Ocean.[17] which was granted toPedro Sancho de la Hoz[18][19][20]

Economy

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Further information:Economic history of Chile

The Spanish conquest of Chile was carried out by private enterprises rather than directly by the Spanish Crown.[21] The settlers established cities, granting land and indigenous labor to Spaniards for economic activities.[22]

Gold extraction and agriculture were key economic activities, though the exploitation of indigenous labor led to conflicts with Jesuits, Spanish officials, and Mapuche resistance.[23] The Spanish city network collapsed after thebattle of Curalaba (1598), leading to an economic shift towardshacienda-based agriculture and livestock farming.[24]

In the 17th century, Chilean exports toViceroyalty of Peru includedsuet,charqui, andleather, making the period known as the "century of suet."[25] Additionally, wood fromChiloé Archipelago andValdivia supplied Peruvian markets.[26]

By the 18th century, Chile had become a key wheat supplier to Peru, especially after the 1687 earthquake and stem rust epidemic in Peru devastated local production.[27] Chileanlatifundia focused on international exports rather than local markets.[28] The century also saw a mining revival, with gold and silver production increasing significantly.[29]

Shipbuilding peaked inValdivia,Concepción, and Chiloé, constructing vessels includingfrigates for Spanish trade.[30] Meanwhile, smuggling became widespread, weakening Spain's trade monopoly.[31]

The Chilean Independence War (1810–1818) disrupted trade and devastated the countryside. The post-war economy struggled with heavy debt, and a 1822 loan from London burdened the new Chilean state for decades.[32] Despite these challenges, new trade relations with the United States, France, and the United Kingdom emerged.[33]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcEyzaguirre, Jaime (1967).Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile. Editorial Universitaria.
  2. ^Lagos Carmona, Guillermo (1985).Los títulos históricos; Historia de las fronteras de Chile. Andrés Bello.(p. 197) Acotamos nosotros que el río Loa está en 22 grados y que Baleato, en 1793, indicó 21,5 grados para el comienzo del Reino de Chile, con el Loa en su desembocadura en el Pacífico. (...) (p. 540) de conformidad con el Mapa de Cano y Olmedilla, el límite del reino de Chile "(...) a través del desierto de Atacama (...) Desde aquí tuerce al S. , SE., y S. conservando en general este último rumbo hasta las cercanías del paralelo 29°, desde donde toma dirección S.E., rodeando por el oriente la 'Provincia de Cuyo' que, por supuesto, aparece incluida en el territorio del Reino de Chile. En la latitud de 32°30' la línea tuerce al S.O. hasta alcanzar el río Quinto, que, como dice la leyenda 'se comunica por canales con el Saladillo en tiempo de inundaciones'. Sigue el río hacia abajo hasta el meridiano 316°, contando al E. de Tenerife, donde desvía un trecho hasta llegar al río Hueuque-Leuvu (o río Barrancas) en 371/2° de latitud. De aquí corre acompañando el río un trecho al S.E., para desviar en seguida al E. y caer en el mar Atlántico en las cercanía del paralelo 37° entre el cabo de Lobos y el cabo Corrientes", "poco al norte de Mar del Plata actual". (...) (p. 543) En este documento se vé que los de la provincia de Cuyo terminan al Sur en el origen del Río Diamante , y que de ese punto hacia el Este , parte la línea divisoria hasta aquel en que el Río Quinto atraviesa el camino que se dirige de Santiago a Buenos Aires.
  3. ^Morla Vicuña, Carlos (1903).Estudio histórico sobre el descubrimiento y conquista de la Patagonia y de la Tierra del Fuego. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
  4. ^González Carrera, Benjamín.HISTORIA CARTOGRÁFICA RESUMIDA DE LOS LÍMITES DE CHILE(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 November 2022. Retrieved14 November 2022.
  5. ^Amunátegui, Miguel Luis (1853).Títulos de la República de Chile a la soberanía i dominio de la Estremidad.
  6. ^"Descripción Histórico-Geográfica del Reino de Chile - Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile".
  7. ^¿Por qué se Illamó “Reino” a Chile?
  8. ^"Crónica del reino de Chile - Memoria Chilena".
  9. ^The Grand Araucanian Wars (1541-1883) In The Kingdom Of Chile
  10. ^"El Reino de Chile".Genealogía y Pueblos. 10 October 2020.
  11. ^abLagos Carmona, Guillermo (1985).Los Títulos Históricos: Historia de Las Fronteras de Chile. Andrés Bello.(p. 197) We note that the Loa river is at 22 degrees and that Baleato, in 1793, indicated 21.5 degrees for the beginning of the Kingdom of Chile, with the Loa at its mouth in the Pacific. (...) (p. 540) According to the Map of Cano y Olmedilla, the limit of the Kingdom of Chile "(...) through the desert of Atacama (...) From here it turns to the S., S.E., S.E., and S., keeping in general this last course until near the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction. SE. and S., generally keeping this last course until the vicinity of the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction, skirting to the east the 'Province of Cuyo' which, of course, appears to be included in the territory of the Kingdom of Chile. In the latitude of 32°30' the line turns to the S.W. until reaching the Quinto river, which, as the legend says 'communicates by channels with the Saladillo in time of floods'. It follows the river down to the meridian 316°, counting to the E. of Tenerife, where it turns a stretch until it reaches the Hueuque-Leuvu river (or Barrancas river) at 371/2° latitude. From here it runs along the river for a stretch to the S.E., and then turns to the E. and falls into the Atlantic Sea in the vicinity of parallel 37° between Cape Lobos and Cape Corrientes", "a little north of the current Mar del Plata". (...) (p. 543) In this document it is seen that those of the province of Cuyo end to the south at the source of the Diamante River, and that from that point to the east, the dividing line goes to the point where the Quinto River crosses the road that goes from Santiago to Buenos Aires.
  12. ^Amunátegui, Miguel Luis (1985).Títulos de la República de Chile a la soberanía i dominio de la Estremidad.
  13. ^Morla Vicuña, Carlos (1903).Estudio histórico sobre el descubrimiento y conquista de la Patagonia y de la Tierra del Fuego. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
  14. ^abcdefVillalobos R., Sergio;Silva G., Osvaldo; Silva V., Fernando; Patricio, Estelle M., eds. (1974).Historia de Chile [History of Chile] (in Spanish) (14th ed.).Santiago de Chile:Editorial Universitaria.ISBN 978-956-11-1163-9.LCCN 75527429.OCLC 1259676.
  15. ^William A. Douglass, Jon Bilbao (2005). "Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World".University of Nevada Press. p.81.ISBN 0-87417-625-5
  16. ^abcdefHistoria de la vida privada en Chile. El Chile tradicional. De la conquista a 1840. 2005. Aguilar Chilena de Ediciones S.A. pp. 53-63.
  17. ^Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar (November 1944).La Antártica Chilena (in Spanish). Editorial Andrés Bello.
  18. ^Calamari, Andrea (June 2022)."El conjurado que gobernó la Antártida" (in Spanish). Jot Down.
  19. ^Mancilla González, Pablo (July 1, 2011)."Antecedentes históricos sobre el Territorio Antártico Chileno conocidos hacia la década de 1950" (in Spanish).Punta Arenas: Repositorio Antártica, Universidad de Magallanes. Retrieved25 August 2022.
  20. ^Francisco Orrego Vicuña; Augusto Salinas Araya (1977).Desarrollo de la Antártica (in Spanish).Santiago de Chile: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad de Chile; Editorial Universitaria.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^Villaloboset al. 1974, p. 87.
  22. ^Villaloboset al. 1974, pp. 109–113.
  23. ^Salazar 1985, pp. 23–25.
  24. ^Salazar & Pinto 2002, p. 15.
  25. ^(in Spanish) Villalobos, Retamal Ávila, Serrano 2000.Historia del pueblo Chileno. Vol 4. p. 154.
  26. ^Torrejónet al. 2011.Magallania. Vol. 39(2):75–95.
  27. ^Villaloboset al. 1974, pp. 155–160.
  28. ^Salazar 1985, p. 88.
  29. ^Villaloboset al. 1974, pp. 226–227.
  30. ^León Sáenz 2009.Diálogos, Revista Electrónica de Historia. Vol. 10(1):44–90.
  31. ^Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 16–17.
  32. ^Villaloboset al. 1974, pp. 416–420.
  33. ^Villaloboset al. 1974, pp. 406–413.

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