Cape Sable Island, locally referred to asCape Island, is a smallCanadian island at the southernmost point of theNova Scotia peninsula. It is sometimes confused withSable Island. Historically, theArgyle, Nova Scotia region was known as Cape Sable and encompassed a much larger area than simply the island it does today. It extended fromCape Negro throughChebogue.
The island is situated inShelburne County south ofBarrington Head, separated from the mainland by the narrowstrait ofBarrington Passage, but has been connected since 1949 by acauseway. The largest community on the island is the town ofClark's Harbour. Other communities are listed below. At the extreme southern tip is Cape Sable.
Cape Sable was first inhabited by theMi'kmaq, who called the area and generally the island itself "Kespoogwitik", meaning "where the land ends".[1] Cape Sable Island was charted by explorers fromPortugal who named it "Beusablom", meaning "Sandy Bay".[1]
Cape Sable andCape Negro, Nova Scotia were first settled by the Acadians who migrated fromPort Royal, Nova Scotia in 1620.[2] The French governor of Acadia,Charles de la Tour, colonized Cap de Sable giving it the present name, meaning Sandy Cape.[3] La Tour built up a strong post at Cap de Sable beginning in 1623, called Fort Lomeron in honour of David Lomeron who was his agent in France. (The fur trading post called Fort Lomeron was later renamed Fort La Tour although identified as Fort Saint-Louis in the writings of Samuel de Champlain.) Here he carried on a sizable trade in furs with the Mi'kmaq and farmed the land.
During theAnglo-French War (1627–1629), underCharles 1, by 1629 theKirkes tookQuebec City, Sir James Stewart of Killeith,Lord Ochiltree planted a colony onCape Breton Island atBaleine, and Alexander's son,William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling established the first incarnation of"New Scotland" atPort Royal, Nova Scotia. This set of British triumphs in what had otherwise been a disastrous war was not destined to last. Charles 1's haste to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant that the new North American gains would be bargained away in theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632).[4] There were three battles in Nova Scotia during the colonization of Scots: one atSaint John; another battle atBalene, Cape Breton; and one on Cape Sable Island.
In 1629, as a result of these Scottish victories, Cape Sable was the only major French holding in North America.[5] There was a battle between Charles and his father at Fort St. Louis (SeeNational Historic Site - Fort St. Louis), the latter supporting the Scottish who had taken Port Royal. The battle lasted two days. Claude was forced to withdraw in humiliation to Port Royal.[6]
As a result, La Tour appealed to the King of France for assistance and was appointed lieutenant-general in Acadia in 1631.[7]
By 1641, La Tour lost Cape Sable Island, Pentagouet (Castine, Maine), andPort Royal to Governor of AcadiaCharles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay.[8]
La Tour retired to Cap de Sable with his third wifeJeanne Motin, wed in 1653, and died in 1666.[9]
DuringFather Rale's War, there were numerous attacks on New England fishing vessels. As an important landfall and base for seasonal New England fishing vessels working the rich fishing banks of Southwestern Nova Scotia, Cape Sable attracted several waves of pirate attacks in theGolden Age of Piracy. PiratesNed Low andJohn Phillips raided fishing vessels off Cape Sable and Phillips met his death off the Cape in 1723.[10]
In 1725 the British signed a treaty (or "agreement") with the Mi'kmaq of Cape Sable and other parts of Nova Scotia but the rights of the Mi'kmaq defined in it to hunt and fish on their lands have often been disputed by the authorities.[11][12]
The BritishConquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period, Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.[13] The Acadians and Mi'kmaq from Cape Sable Island raided the Protestants atLunenburg, Nova Scotia numerous times.
During theFrench and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg bydeporting Acadians from Acadia.[14] In April 1756, MajorJedidiah Preble and his New England troops, on their return to Boston, raided a settlement nearPort La Tour and captured 72 men, women and children.[15]
In the late summer of 1758, the British launched three large offensives against the Acadians. One was theSt. John River Campaign, another was thePetitcodiac River Campaign, and the other was against the Acadians at Cape Sable Island. Major Henry Fletcher led the35th Regiment and a company ofJoseph Gorham's Rangers to Cape Sable Island. He cordoned off the cape and sent his men through it. One hundred Acadians and Father Jean Baptiste de Gray surrendered, while about 130 Acadians and seven Mi'kmaq escaped. The Acadian prisoners were taken toGeorges Island in Halifax Harbour.[16]
En route to theSt. John River Campaign in September 1758, Moncton sent Major Roger Morris, in command of two men-of-war and transport ships with 325 soldiers, to deport more Acadians. On October 28, his troops sent the women and children to Georges Island. The men were kept behind and forced to work with troops to destroy their village. On October 31, they were also sent to Halifax.[17] In the spring of 1759, Joseph Gorham and his rangers arrived to take prisoner the remaining 151 Acadians. They reached Georges Island with them on June 29.[18]
Following theAcadian Expulsion in the 1750s, the island was settled by theNew England Planters from Cape Cod and nearby Nantucket Island. The waters off southwestern Nova Scotia had been well known to them since the days of French settlement in the early 17th century. While the tides of the Gulf of Maine may have brought a few exploring fishermen from Nantucket to the island, it was an entirely different tide that spawned the eventual permanent English settlement—a political tide.
Many Cape New Englanders took advantage of the offer of 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land to each male adult who would leave his home and live on those vacated lands in Atlantic Canada. Cape Sable Island was well known to Cape Cod fishermen and they moved north in 1760 to take advantage of a new life. The Cape Sable settlement soon became, and remains today, an important base for inshore fisheries. It is famous as the birthplace of theCape Islander fishing boat, a motor fishing boat which emerged about 1905.[19] Ferry service provided transportation to the island in the early 20th century. Acauseway was eventually constructed for pedestrian and automobile traffic, opening on August 5, 1949. Today thelobster fishery is the island's biggest industry.
During theAmerican Revolution, American Privateers threatened Cape Sable Island. On September 4, 1778, the light infantry company of the84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants), under the command of Cpt.Ranald MacKinnon, surprised the ship in the night and destroyed it. For his aggressive action, MacKinnon was praised highly by Brigadier GeneralEyre Massey. In response, one of his friends, Cpt. MacDonald, wrote to MajorJohn Small, "McKinnon was embarrassed by the praise of the General and requested it not be inserted in the record since he only did his duty."[20]
The following communities are included within the Community of Cape Sable Island:[21]
Cape Sable is the centre of a busy fishing area and an important landfall for shipping in theAge of Sail. This traffic produced many shipwrecks such as the SSHungarian in 1860 and the schoonerCodseeker in 1877.
Cape Sable Island has anoceanic climate (Köppen climate classificationCfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm, or awarm-summer humid continental climate (KöppenDfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. The surrounding waters result in cooler summers, but milder winters, with less snowfall, than the rest of Nova Scotia. Summer temperatures are very low for the latitude (the same latitude asToulouse), and the climate borders thesubpolar oceanic (KöppenCfc) orsubarctic climate (KöppenDfc) type. At the peak of summer, in late August and early September, daily average high temperatures is around 15 °C. Winters are wet and windy, but warm for Atlantic Canada. Snowfall is moderately heavy, but winter brings less snow than in most other locations in Atlantic Canada, which commonly average much more snow per winter season (for example,Sydney, Nova Scotia [283 cm] andSt. John's, Newfoundland [335 cm]). Summers on Cape Sable Island are cool with much more stable weather when compared to winters. Due to surrounding cool ocean waters, summer thunderstorms are very rare, but low clouds and fog are common. The strong influence of the Atlantic Ocean also produces exceptionally strongseasonal lag. On average, the coldest month is February, while the warmest month is September, coming in slightly warmer than August, and October is slightly warmer than June.
The island lies in the path ofNor'easters, which reach maximum frequency and intensity in winter, meaning this area's wettest months on average are December and January. Tropical weather systems, including, rarely,hurricanes can occur occasionally, generally entering the area from the south or southwest, with the greatest risk in September and October. Cape Sable Island is also prone to bouts of thick fog. Over the years the Cape's storms, and the close proximity of the island to shipping routes, has led to a substantial number of shipwrecks. The most tragic was the wreck of the SSHungarian in February 1860 with the loss of over 200 lives. Alighthouse was established at the tip of Cape Sable in the next year.[22]
| Climate data for Cape Sable Island (1948-1986) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.0 (53.6) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.0 (60.8) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 17.2 (63.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 24.0 (75.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | 3.0 (37.4) | 5.7 (42.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 13.8 (56.8) | 14.9 (58.8) | 15.1 (59.2) | 12.3 (54.1) | 8.7 (47.7) | 4.6 (40.3) | 8.4 (47.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) | −2.1 (28.2) | 0.6 (33.1) | 3.6 (38.5) | 6.8 (44.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 11.3 (52.3) | 12.4 (54.3) | 12.7 (54.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 6.2 (43.2) | 1.4 (34.5) | 5.9 (42.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) | −5.0 (23.0) | −1.9 (28.6) | 1.4 (34.5) | 4.6 (40.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | 8.7 (47.7) | 9.9 (49.8) | 10.3 (50.5) | 7.6 (45.7) | 3.6 (38.5) | −1.8 (28.8) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −17.2 (1.0) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −14.5 (5.9) | −6.7 (19.9) | −1.1 (30.0) | 2.8 (37.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 5.6 (42.1) | 0.6 (33.1) | −3.0 (26.6) | −7.8 (18.0) | −19.0 (−2.2) | −19.0 (−2.2) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 140.4 (5.53) | 112.7 (4.44) | 104.8 (4.13) | 98.7 (3.89) | 86.4 (3.40) | 76.2 (3.00) | 68.3 (2.69) | 104.6 (4.12) | 73.4 (2.89) | 89.8 (3.54) | 122.2 (4.81) | 139.6 (5.50) | 1,217.1 (47.92) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 86.5 (3.41) | 71.5 (2.81) | 83.5 (3.29) | 94.6 (3.72) | 86.1 (3.39) | 76.2 (3.00) | 68.3 (2.69) | 104.6 (4.12) | 73.4 (2.89) | 89.1 (3.51) | 120.8 (4.76) | 113.3 (4.46) | 1,067.9 (42.04) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 53.9 (21.2) | 41.2 (16.2) | 21.2 (8.3) | 4.2 (1.7) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.7 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.5) | 26.3 (10.4) | 149.0 (58.7) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2 mm) | 17 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 138 |
| Average rainy days(≥ 0.2 mm) | 8 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 112 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.2 cm) | 11 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 32 |
| Source:Environment Canada[23] | |||||||||||||
The island is a notablebirding destination, being an importantmigratory stopping point for birds such as the Atlanticbrant andpiping plover. The unique climate, abundant tidal marshes, and geographical location on the north–south flight path of numerous migratory waterfowl have led to it being designated anImportant Bird Area. The annual brant geese flyby occurs during March and April. Tens of thousands pass over at dusk after spending the day feeding in local marshes, spending the night in the Atlantic to the east of the island.[24]
Texts
Endnotes
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
43°27′24.41″N65°36′50.86″W / 43.4567806°N 65.6141278°W /43.4567806; -65.6141278
