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Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 16

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Coordinates:28°30′06″N80°33′06″W / 28.5017°N 80.5518°W /28.5017; -80.5518

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Launch site at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station

"Launch Complex 16" redirects here. For the rocket launch complex at Plesetsk, seePlesetsk Cosmodrome Site 16.

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Launch Complex 16

Titan I launch from LC-16

Interactive map of Launch Complex 16

Launch site

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station

Location

28°30′06″N80°33′06″W / 28.5017°N 80.5518°W /28.5017; -80.5518

Time zone

UTC−05:00 (EST)

• Summer (DST)

UTC−04:00 (EDT)

Short name

LC-16

Operator

United States Space Force (owner)
Relativity Space (tenant)

Total launches

150

Launch pad

Orbital inclination
range

28° – 57°

Launch history
Status	Undergoing renovation
First launch	December 12, 1959 HGM-25A Titan I
Last launch	March 23, 2023 Terran 1 ("Good Luck, Have Fun")
Associated rockets	Future:Terran R Retired:HGM-25A Titan I,LGM-25C Titan II,Pershing 1a,Pershing II,Terran 1

Launch sites atCape Canaveral Space Force Station andKennedy Space Center

4km
2.5miles

19 SLC-46
(Various)

17 LC-36
(New Glenn)

5 SLC-40 (Falcon 9)

4 SLC-41
(Atlas,Vulcan)

2 LC-39A (F9,FH)

1 LC-39B (SLS)

Active pads

Active pads not used for launches

Inactive leased pads

Inactive unleased pads

LC-1,LC-2,LC-3, andLC-4

SLC-46

LC-21 andLC-22

LC-31 andLC-32

LC-5 andLC-6

Launch Complex 16 (LC-16) is a launch pad site located atCape Canaveral Space Force Station inFlorida. Part of theMissile Row lineup of launch pads, it was originally built for use byLGM-25 Titan missiles in the early 1960s, a variety ofNASA functions in the late 1960s, and later saw tests ofMGM-31 Pershing missiles in the 1970s and 1980s.

As of August 2025, LC-16 is leased toRelativity Space, during which it is undergoing large-scale renovations for future use by theirTerran R launch vehicle.

History

[edit]

LC-16 was originally built by theUnited States Air Force in the late 1950s as a way to test launches of theirHGM-25A Titan I ICBMs, complementingLC-15 to the south andLC-19 andLC-20 to the north in accomplishing that task. Six Titan I missiles were launched from the complex between December 1959 and May 1960. These were followed by sevenLGM-25C Titan II missiles, starting with the type's maiden flight on March 16, 1962. The last Titan II launch from LC-16 was conducted on May 29, 1963.

Following the end of its involvement with the Titan missile, LC-16 was released toNASA on September 16, 1964 ,^[1] which used it forGemini crew processing, andstatic firing tests of theApollo Service Module's propulsion engine. Following its return to the Air Force in 1972, it was handed over to theUnited States Army and was converted for use by theMGM-31 Pershing missile, which made its first flight from the complex on May 7, 1974. Seventy-ninePershing 1a and 49Pershing II missiles were launched from LC-16. The last Pershing launch from the facility was conducted on March 21, 1988. It was deactivated the next day and subsequently decommissioned under theIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

Following a 30 year period of inactivity, it was announced on January 17, 2019 thatRelativity Space had entered a 5-year agreement with the Air Force to use LC-16 to launch their in-development lifters, thesmallsat-focusedTerran 1 and the heavy-liftTerran R.^[2]^[3] After spending a couple years renovating the pad to be launch-capable, Relativity performed the first orbital launch attempt from the complex with the maiden flight of Terran 1 on March 23, 2023, which resulted in a failure after the second stage failed to ignite.^[4]^[5] Following this failure, Relativity announced that they opted to retire the Terran 1 in pursuit of developing the Terran R, thereby resuming construction work on LC-16 to support the launcher. Relativity currently expects the maiden flight of Terran R to be no earlier than 2026.^[6]

Launch statistics

[edit]

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

2020

2025

Titan

[edit]

All launches operated by theUnited States Air Force.

No.	Date	Time (UTC)	Launch vehicle	Payload	Result	Remarks
1	12 December 1959	17:11	HGM-25A Titan I	Suborbital test	Failure	First launch from LC-16. Vibrations unintentionally activatedrange safety destruction charges during liftoff, destroying the missile.
2	5 February 1960	21:46	HGM-25A Titan I	Suborbital test	Failure	Guidance compartment suffered structural failure, leading to missile self-destruction 56 seconds after launch.
3	8 March 1960	18:00	HGM-25A Titan I	Suborbital test	Failure	Stuck valve caused gas generator failure, leading to failure of second stage start.
4	8 April 1960	Unknown	HGM-25A Titan I	Suborbital test	Success	First successful launch from LC-16.
5	28 April 1960	20:18	HGM-25A Titan I	Suborbital test	Success
6	27 May 1960	17:20	HGM-25A Titan I	Suborbital test	Success
7	16 March 1962	18:09	LGM-25C Titan II	Suborbital test	Success	Maiden flight of the Titan II.
8	25 July 1962	16:17	LGM-25C Titan II	Suborbital test	Success
8	12 October 1962	16:24	LGM-25C Titan II	Suborbital test	Success
9	6 December 1962	20:31	LGM-25C Titan II	Suborbital test	Failure	Pogo oscillation reduction experiment failed, leading to premature first stage shutdown thanks to increased vibrations.
10	10 January 1963	Unknown	LGM-25C Titan II	Suborbital test	Failure	Second stage suffered from reduced thrust, leading to impact point being well short of target.
11	9 May 1963	Unknown	LGM-25C Titan II	Suborbital test	Success
12	29 May 1963	16:56	LGM-25C Titan II	Suborbital test	Failure	Containedpogo oscillation reduction experiment. Fuel leak led to fire in thrust section, leading to loss of control and missile self destruction 52 seconds after launch. Final Titan launch from LC-16.

Pershing

[edit]

All launches operated by theUnited States Army.

No.	Date	Time (UTC)	Launch vehicle	Payload	Result	Remarks
13	7 May 1974	19:00	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success	First Pershing test flight performed from LC-16, and first Pershing 1a test flight performed at Cape Canaveral.
14	7 May 1974	19:15	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
15	7 May 1974	20:05	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
16	7 May 1974	20:21	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
17	21 May 1974	Unknown	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Failure
18	21 May 1974	13:04	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
19	21 May 1974	13:18	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
20	21 May 1974	14:28	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
21	31 May 1974	19:00	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Failure
22	31 May 1974	19:15	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
23	31 May 1974	20:05	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
24	31 May 1974	20:21	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
25	23 July 1975	15:04	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
26	23 July 1975	16:38	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
27	23 July 1975	16:53	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
28	24 July 1975	18:49	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
29	5 August 1975	16:04	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Failure
30	5 August 1975	16:20	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
31	5 August 1975	18:16	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
32	5 August 1975	18:32	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
33	25 August 1975	15:54	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Failure
34	25 August 1975	17:32	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
35	26 August 1975	18:32	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
36	26 August 1975	18:49	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Failure
37	26 October 1976	18:06	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
38	26 October 1976	19:12	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
39	26 October 1976	20:21	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
40	26 October 1976	20:39	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
41	17 February 1977	18:12	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
42	2 March 1977	18:28	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
43	2 March 1977	18:53	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Failure
44	2 March 1977	20:31	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
45	2 March 1977	21:42	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Failure
46	13 July 1978	14:37	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
47	13 July 1978	16:57	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
48	13 July 1978	18:09	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
49	25 July 1978	14:30	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
50	25 July 1978	14:48	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
51	25 July 1978	15:06	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
52	25 August 1978	13:06	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
53	25 August 1978	13:23	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
54	25 August 1978	13:53	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
55	22 February 1979	14:43	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
56	22 February 1979	15:00	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
57	22 February 1979	15:19	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
58	25 April 1979	15:03	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
59	25 April 1979	15:17	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
60	25 April 1979	15:40	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
61	9 May 1979	17:00	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
62	9 May 1979	18:29	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
63	9 May 1979	18:50	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
64	12 February 1980	15:51	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
65	12 February 1980	16:27	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
66	23 April 1980	15:04	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
67	23 April 1980	15:22	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
68	23 April 1980	15:39	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
69	23 April 1980	16:05	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
70	7 May 1980	14:40	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
71	7 May 1980	14:59	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
72	7 May 1980	15:58	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
73	15 May 1980	14:51	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
74	4 February 1981	15:00	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
75	4 February 1981	15:33	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
76	4 February 1981	15:53	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
77	17 February 1981	17:15	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
78	17 February 1981	17:51	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
79	17 February 1981	19:17	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
80	7 April 1981	14:00	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
81	7 April 1981	14:19	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
82	7 April 1981	14:40	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
83	20 January 1982	14:59	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
84	20 January 1982	15:19	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
85	20 January 1982	19:06	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
86	24 February 1982	14:04	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
87	24 February 1982	14:55	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
88	24 February 1982	15:14	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
89	10 March 1982	15:01	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
90	10 March 1982	15:17	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
91	10 March 1982	16:26	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
92	22 July 1982	14:49	Pershing II	Missile test	Failure	Maiden flight of the Pershing II.
93	21 January 1983	14:48	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
94	9 February 1983	15:06	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
95	28 March 1983	15:29	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
96	10 April 1983	19:55	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
97	27 May 1983	14:48	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
98	2 June 1983	14:46	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
99	17 July 1983	14:15	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
100	7 September 1983	17:04	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
101	23 September 1983	12:05	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
102	23 September 1983	13:21	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
103	23 September 1983	14:34	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
104	23 September 1983	14:55	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
105	23 September 1983	16:17	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
106	13 October 1983	16:25	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
107	13 October 1983	16:50	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
108	13 October 1983	17:13	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success
109	13 October 1983	17:43	Pershing 1a	Missile test	Success	Last Pershing 1 test launch from Cape Canaveral, with all remaining tests being performed atFort Bliss.
110	16 May 1984	14:31	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
111	7 August 1984	12:00	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
112	20 September 1984	14:30	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
113	3 October 1984	14:22	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
114	16 December 1985	13:03	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
115	17 December 1985	16:02	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
116	17 December 1985	21:37	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
117	24 June 1986	13:56	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
118	24 June 1986	15:23	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
119	24 June 1986	16:33	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
120	26 June 1986	13:05	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
121	26 June 1986	16:47	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
122	24 March 1987	13:33	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
123	24 March 1987	13:52	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
124	24 March 1987	14:13	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
125	24 March 1987	15:34	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
126	24 March 1987	15:54	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
127	24 March 1987	16:17	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
128	21 May 1987	02:00	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
129	21 May 1987	02:19	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
130	21 May 1987	02:40	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
131	21 May 1987	04:00	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
132	21 May 1987	04:33	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
133	21 May 1987	04:51	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
134	27 July 1987	12:38	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
135	27 July 1987	12:57	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
136	27 July 1987	15:20	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
137	27 July 1987	15:37	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
138	13 January 1988	14:01	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
139	15 February 1988	13:03	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
140	15 February 1988	13:21	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
141	15 February 1988	13:42	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
142	15 February 1988	15:16	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
143	15 February 1988	15:42	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
144	15 February 1988	16:01	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
145	21 March 1988	13:01	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
146	21 March 1988	13:19	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
147	21 March 1988	14:13	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
148	21 March 1988	15:45	Pershing II	Missile test	Success
149	21 March 1988	16:53	Pershing II	Missile test	Success	Final Pershing launch from Cape Canaveral. Final Pershing II test flight before their elimination in theIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

Terran

[edit]

All launches operated byRelativity Space.

No.	Date	Time (UTC)	Launch vehicle	Mission name	Payload	Result	Remarks
150	23 March 2023	03:25	Terran 1	"Good Luck, Have Fun"	N/A	Failure	First launch performed by Relativity Space, and only flight of the Terran 1. First orbital launch attempt from LC-16. Second stage failed to ignite after staging.

References

[edit]

^Ertel, I.D. (1973).The Apollo Spacecraft: Through November 7, 1962. NASA SP. Scientific and Technical Information Division, Office of Technology Utilization,National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 224. RetrievedNovember 4, 2024.
^Sheetz, Michael (January 17, 2019)."3D printer Relativity Space gets Air Force contract for Florida launch pad".www.cnbc.com. RetrievedJanuary 19, 2019.
^Burghardt, Thomas (June 8, 2021)."Relativity Space reveals fully reusable medium lift launch vehicle Terran R".www.nasaspaceflight.com. RetrievedJune 9, 2021.
^Iemole, Anthony (March 23, 2023)."Relativity overachieves Terran 1 debut objectives".NASASpaceFlight. RetrievedMarch 23, 2023.
^Baylor, Michael."Terran-1 - Good Luck, Have Fun".Next Spaceflight. RetrievedJanuary 20, 2023.
^"Terran R".Relativity Space. RetrievedFebruary 20, 2024.

Sources

[edit]

Wade, Mark."Cape Canaveral LC16".Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived fromthe original on September 10, 2003. RetrievedApril 23, 2009.

Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch and landing sites

Launch sites

Active	LC-11^† LC-12^† LC-36 LC-39A LC-39B SLC-40 SLC-41 SLC-46
Inactive (leased)	LC-13 LC-14^‡ LC-16^‡ SLC-20 SLC-37^‡
Inactive (not leased)	LC-1 LC-2 LC-3 LC-4 LC-5^† LC-6^† LC-9 LC-15 SLC-17 LC-18 LC-19 LC-21 LC-22 LC-23/24 LC-25^‡ LC-26^† LC-29^‡ LC-30 LC-31 LC-32 LC-34 LC-39C LC-47 LC-48
Permanently removed	LC-10 LC-43 LC-44 LC-45