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Canton 10, Herzeg-Bosnian County Kanton 10, Hercegbosanska Županija | |
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 Flag  Coat of arms | |
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| Status | Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Capital | Livno (executive) Tomislavgrad (legislative) |
| Largest city | Livno |
| Official languages | CroatianSerbianBosnian |
| Ethnic groups (2013[1]) | 77.05%Croats 13.01%Serbs 9.58%Bosniaks |
| Government | Parliamentary system |
• Premier | Ivan Vukadin (HNP) |
• President of Assembly | Jozo Ćosić (HDZ 1990) |
| Legislature | Assembly of Canton 10 |
| Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
• Establishment | 12 June 1996 |
| Area | |
• Total | 4,934.9 km2 (1,905.4 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2013 census | 83,844 |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Per capita | $14,983 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $155.642 million |
• Per capita | $5,762 |
| HDI (2023) |  0.803very high |
| Currency | BAM |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
Website vladahbz | |
Canton 10 or theHerzeg-Bosnian County (Croatian:Hercegbosanska županija,lit. 'Herzeg-Bosnian County',Serbian:Кантон 10 or Херцегбосанска жупанија,Bosnian:Kanton 10) is afederated state and one of the tencantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity ofBosnia and Herzegovina. It is the largest canton by area and eighth by population. The local government seat is inLivno, while the assembly is inTomislavgrad. It is divided into five municipalities:Bosansko Grahovo,Drvar,Glamoč,Kupres,Tomislavgrad and one city,Livno.
The canton was established in 1996, following theWashington Agreement of 1994, which ended theCroat-Bosniak War. The majority of the population is ethnically Croat, living in the southern part of the canton, while the second-largest Serbs live in the northern part.
During theBosnian War, theCroatian Defence Council (HVO) controlled the southern parts of the canton, while other parts, mostly in the north, were controlled by the SerbArmy of Republika Srpska until 1994 when they were re-taken by the HVO with the support from theCroatian Army. Per the Washington Agreement, the territories were incorporated into the Croat-BosniakFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. From 1996 to 2005, only Croats and Bosniaks were considered to be constituent nations within the canton, but since 2005, the Serbs are included among the constituent nations as well and are mentioned as such before the less numerous Bosniaks.
In Croatian, the termžupanija is used, while inSerbian andBosnian, the term iskanton. The canton is officially referred to by theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Canton 10 (Kanton 10 orŽupanija 10).[2] The local government refers to it as theHerzeg-Bosnia County and uses that name in the local constitution.[3][4] This name was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of the Federation because the name is a characteristic shared by all the cantons in the sense that all of them are within Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2] Other names used at the national level includeNorth Herzegovina Canton (Sjevernohercegovački kanton,Sjevernohercegovačka županija) andLivno Canton (Livanjski kanton), after its capital.[5][6][7]
The coat of arms of the canton under its constitution is a variant of the historicalCroatian coat of arms. The flag is a horizontal tricolour of red, white and blue, with the coat of arms in the middle.[8] These symbols were used by the formerCroatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia. TheWest Herzegovina Canton also uses this flag and coat of arms. Their use as the official symbols of the canton was deemed unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of the Federation, because "they only represented one constituent nation".[2] The local government continues to use the flag and the coat of arms at plates at the official institutions.[9][10]
Since 2005, the constitution lists the "languages spoken by Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks" as the official languages, without naming them, with both theLatin and theCyrillic script having equal status.[8]
Originally occupied by theDalmatae, the area of Canton 10 was annexed in 15 AD by theRoman Empire and formed part of the Roman province ofDalmatia. After the introduction ofChristianity,Delminium (Tomislavgrad) is the seat of the bishopric.
These years also see the creation of the city ofLivno. The first written appearance of the name of Livno was in 892 when it was mentioned as a seat of one of the counties of theKingdom of Croatia. The region was attached in the ninth century to the Kingdom of the Croats and later in the 14th century to theKingdom of Bosnia. After the death of the king of Bosnia,Tvrtko I in 1391, the power of the Kingdom of Bosnia gradually declined and the region was taken over by the Kingdom of Croatia, the state associated with the Kingdom of Hungary by apersonal union.
In the 16th century, the region was fully integrated for four centuries within theOttoman Empire. Under the Ottoman Empire, peasants who remained Catholic or Orthodox were hostile to Turkish officials and Islamised landowners.
In the nineteenth century, several uprisings and rebellions against Muslim authorities erupted in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Suffering under oppression by the authorities and furious after the Muslim authorities had killed the Catholic spiritual leader of this region, Lovro Karaula, Franciscan priest, the Catholics of Livno rose up against Ottoman rule on July 20, 1875. Soon, the Catholics from across the region joined this uprising. The rebel leaders were two Franciscan priests, Stjepan Krešić and Bonaventura Šarić-Drženjak. For three years, the insurgency controlled the mountainous regions ofGlamoč,Livno,Kupres andGrahovo. When the Austrian army arrived in the Livno region in 1878, the insurgents handed over their arms to the Austrians. The Austro-Hungarian troops met in this region an opposition, both of the Muslim population and the Orthodox population, fighting battles in the vicinity of Livno. The region was liberated at the end of the summer of 1878.
Austria-Hungary occupied the region militarily and Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1878Berlin Congress. This period is marked by industrialization and Westernization. Architecturally, many public buildings were built and many Catholic religious buildings were erected that were banned during the Ottoman era.
AfterWorld War I, the area of Herzeg-Bosnia county was in theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later Yugoslavia.[11] Most of the present-day area of Herzeg-Bosnia County belonged to the then-Travnik area in 1922, while the smaller northern parts belonged to the Bišćan area. After the introduction of the January 6 dictatorship and the division of the state intobanovinas in 1929, most of the Croatian areas of Herzeg-Bosnia county became part of Primorska banovina with headquarters in Split, while the northern Serbian areas were annexed to Vrbas banovina, with headquarters in Banja Luka. With the creation of Croatian Banovina in 1939, all of Primorska Banovina became part of it, including the majority of Croat areas of Canton 10.
After the creation of the NDH and its administrative division, most of the area of today's Herzeg-Bosnia County was part of the Great Parish of Pliva and Rama with its seat in Jajce, while the smaller northern part belonged to the Great Parish of Krbava and Psata with its seat in Bihać. After the defeat of theAxis powers in 1945, the area of Herzeg-Bosnia County became part of the then-federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the democratic process, most of the Croatian municipalities in the county, Kupres, Livno and Tomislavgrad, became part of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.
With theindependence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the northern and western part of Herzeg-Bosnia County under the leadership of the SDS, the Serb majority areas sided with the Army of Republika Srpska killing Croats and Bosniaks in Drvar, Grahovo, Glamoč, attacking Kupres and shelling Livno and surrounding settlements. After the formation of HVO military units, first, the Kupres area was liberated. Croats and Bosniaks formed the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina through the Washington Agreement,[12] which included the entire area of Herzeg-Bosnia County under HVO control, and a little later, in the summer of 1995, HVO and HVdefeated Serb forces decisively. They attacked and captured Grahovo, Glamoč[13] and Drvar, which, together with other victories of the HVO, HV and the RBiH Army, created the conditions for the signing of theDayton Peace Agreement. After the war, Herzeg-Bosnia was self-abolished in 1996 and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was organized into counties. Herzeg-Bosnia County was the largest county in FBiH when it was created.
The Constitution of Herzeg-Bosnia Canton was adopted by the Cantonal Assembly on 19 December 1996.
The total area of the canton is approximately 4,934 square kilometres (1,910 sq mi), a tenth of the surface of Bosnia-Herzegovina and c. 19% of the Federation.[14] The region is located betweenDalmatia to the west,Una-Sana Canton to the north,Central Bosnia Canton to the east andWest Herzegovina Canton andHerzegovina-Neretva Canton to the south and southeast.
The natural and geographical features of this area are diverse, ranging from fertile and vast fields and vast pastures,rivers and lakes to centuries-old deciduous and evergreen forests, and provide abundant opportunities for life andeconomic development based on agricultural production, livestock and the timber industry. The ecologically clean and unspoiled nature, the mild continental climate, the geographical position and the proximity and good transport connections with neighboring Croatia, i.e. its gateway to the world,Central Dalmatia, and the connection with the whole of Herzegovina, are important factors for economic progress in this area.
The mountainous terrain of the region is a part of theDinaric Alps, linked from afold and thrust belt dating from the lateJurassic period, itself part of theAlpine orogeny, extending southeast from the southern Alps. The Dinarides form part of a chain of mountains that stretch across southern Europe and isolatePannonian Basin from theMediterranean Sea. The highest mountain of the Tropolje Dinarides is MountVran, located on the border of the municipalities of Tomislavgrad and Jablanica with the peak called Veliki Vran (Great Vran) at 2,074 metres (6,804 ft).
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Canton 10 includes five municipalities:Drvar,Bosansko Grahovo,Glamoč,Kupres, andTomislavgrad and one township:Livno.
| Coat of arms | Municipality | Population[15] | Area (km2)[15] |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Bosansko Grahovo | 2,449 | 780.0 |
 | Drvar | 7,036 | 589.3 |
 | Glamoč | 4,038 | 1033.6 |
 | Kupres | 5,573 | 569.8 |
 | Livno | 37,487 | 994.0 |
 | Tomislavgrad | 33,032 | 967.4 |
The canton is governed by the Government of Canton 10 (Croatian:Vlada Hercegbosanske županije;Serbian Cyrillic:Влада Кантона 10;Bosnian:Vlada Kantona 10). The current government is a coalition led by theCroatian National Shift.
The Government of the Canton 10 is led by theprime minister who has one deputy and it consists of seven ministries. The ministries have different seats, with two ministries being seated in Tomislavgrad, and the rest in Livno.
| Position | Portfolio | Seat | Officeholder | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prime Minister | Livno | Ivan Vukadin | HNP | ||
| Minister | Finance | Tomislavgrad | Ivan Ćubela | HNP | |
| Minister | Internal Affairs | Livno | Mario Lovrić | HNP | |
| Minister | Judiciary and Administration | Livno | Aleksandar Rodić | SNSD | |
| Minister | Economy | Livno | Miroslav Jaglica | SPS FBiH | |
| Minister | Construction, Urban Development, and Environment | Livno | Sead Hadžijahić | SDA | |
| Minister | Science, Education, Culture, and Sports | Livno | Ante Tadić | HNP | |
| Minister | Labour, Healthcare, Social Care, and Refugees | Tomislavgrad | Dijana Novković Pećanac | SNSD | |
| Minister | Agriculture, Water Management, and Forestry | Livno | Božo Perić | HDZ 1990 | |
The Cantonal Assembly (Croatian:Županijska skupština,Bosnian andSerbian:Kantonalna skupština/Кантонална скупштина) is the parliament of the Canton 10. It consists of 25 representatives elected byproportional representation for four-year terms of office.
| Political party | Assembly members | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2018 | 2022 | currently | |||||
| Croatian National Shift (HNP) | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 5 / 25 | ||||
| Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH) | 13 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 4 / 25 | ||||
| Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ 1990) | - | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 / 25 | ||||
| Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 / 25 | ||||
| Croatian Independent List (HNL) | - | - | - | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 / 25 | ||||
| Party of Democratic Action (SDA) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 / 25 | ||||
| Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 / 25 | ||||
| Serbian Progressive Party FBiH (SNS) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 / 25 | ||||
| Serb National Movement | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 / 25 | ||||
| Croatian Republican Party (HRS) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 / 25 | ||||
| Independent | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 / 25 | ||||
| Sources:[16][17][18][19] | |||||||||||
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According to the1991 census, 115.682 people inhabited the canton. Croats comprised 51.5%, Serbs comprised 35.7% andBosnian Muslims comprised 10.4% of the population. Croats overwhelmingly lived in the southeastern part of the canton (Livno, Kupres, Tomislavgrad), while Serbs lived in northwestern (Grahovo, Glamoč, Drvar). There was a significant population migration during the war (1992–95). In 1992,Serb forcescaptured Kupres and the surrounding area, pushing away most of the non-Serb population. Croats returned at the end of 1994, after their forces had retaken Kupres. AfterCroat forcescaptured Grahovo, Glamoč[13] and Drvar in the summer and fall of 1995, 12,000 to 14,000 Serbs fled to Banja Luka.[20] Refugee Croats from other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (fleeing Serb or Bosniak forces) settled in the abandoned area previously inhabited by the Serbs. After the war, under UN and peace implementation forces' pressure, Serb refugees returned to their homes.
In 2013, Canton's population included approximately 77%Croats, 13%Serbs and 9.6%Bosniaks; all other ethnicities combined made up the remaining <0.4%. Canton 10 had the largest share of ethnic Serbs in theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, their number has steadily decreased since the conclusion of theBosnian War.
| Municipality | Nationality | Total | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croats | % | Serbs | % | Muslims | % | Other | % | ||
| Livno | 29,324 | 72.22 | 3,913 | 9.63 | 5,793 | 14.26 | 1,570 | 3.87 | 40,600 |
| Tomislavgrad | 25,976 | 86.56 | 576 | 1.91 | 3,148 | 10.49 | 309 | 1.02 | 30,009 |
| Glamoč | 184 | 1.46 | 9,951 | 79.02 | 2,257 | 17.92 | 201 | 1.58 | 12,593 |
| Kupres | 3,812 | 43.19 | 4,081 | 46.23 | 802 | 9.08 | 131 | 1.47 | 8,826 |
| Bosansko Grahovo | 226 | 2.71 | 7,888 | 94.91 | 12 | 0.14 | 185 | 2.22 | 8,311 |
| Drvar | 31 | 0.20 | 14,846 | 96.76 | 29 | 0.18 | 437 | 2.86 | 15,343 |
| Canton | 59,553 | 51.48 | 41,255 | 35.66 | 12,041 | 10.41 | 2,833 | 2.45 | 115,682 |
| Municipality | Nationality | Total | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croats | % | Serbs | % | Bosniaks | % | Other | % | ||
| Livno | 29,273 | 85.76 | 438 | 1.28 | 4,047 | 11.85 | 216 | 0.63 | 34,133 |
| Tomislavgrad | 29,006 | 91.81 | 22 | 0.06 | 2,467 | 7.80 | 30 | 0.09 | 31,592 |
| Glamoč | 906 | 23.47 | 1,679 | 43.49 | 1,251 | 32.40 | 13 | 0.33 | 3,860 |
| Kupres | 4,474 | 88.47 | 318 | 6.28 | 255 | 5.04 | 5 | 0.09 | 5,057 |
| Bosansko Grahovo | 393 | 16.04 | 2,028 | 82.80 | 6 | 0.24 | 10 | 0.40 | 2,449 |
| Drvar | 552 | 7.85 | 6,420 | 91.24 | 11 | 0.15 | 24 | 0.34 | 7,036 |
| Canton | 64,604 | 76.79 | 10,905 | 12.96 | 8,037 | 9.55 | 581 | 0.69 | 84,127 |
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The pre-wareconomic recession, and certainly the war in this area, caused significant population fluctuations in the form of emigration to Western European countries or relocation to other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The natural and geographical features of this area are diverse, from fertile and vast fields and vast pastures, rivers and lakes to centuries-old deciduous and evergreen forests, and provide abundant opportunities for life and economic development based on agricultural production, livestock and the timber industry. The ecologically clean and intact nature, the temperate continental climate, the geographical position and the proximity and good transport connections with other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighboring Croatia, especiallyDalmatia, which traditionally and economically gravitate, are important factors for the economic development of this area. The canton suffered severe damage during the last war and is one of the worst affected areas in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The rebuilding process is slow and difficult, but the economy is already showing signs of recovery, mainly visible in the construction, wood processing industry, small business and handicrafts segment. Although commerce is still the dominant branch of the economy, in terms of the total number of companies (191 or 44.50% of the total of 429 active companies and 30% of total income).
Viewed from the revenue aspect of 1998 and 1999, there was a significant increase in construction, agriculture and forestry, as well as transportation, industry and mining. Commerce registered a decrease in income compared to 1998 by 2 index points, as well as a decrease in the participation in total income at the cantonal level from 44.80% in 1998 to 30% in 1999 in favor of other productive activities, and especiallyconstruction agriculture and forestry, especially if we take into account that the total income generated at the cantonal level in 1999 increased by 25% compared to 1998. All these are positive indicators of economic recovery and the basis of the expected future development.
The main economic branches of Canton 10 according to the number of employees are the wholesale and retail trade, the processing industry and agriculture, forestry andfishing.[21]
The average salary in Canton 10 is 1168 KM (2024). The highest average netsalary is paid in Livno (1269 KM) and the lowest in Drvar (928 KM).
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