Cantabria belongs toGreen Spain, the name given to the strip of land between theBay of Biscay and theCantabrian Mountains, so called because of its particularly lush vegetation, due to the wet and temperateoceanic climate. The climate is strongly influenced byAtlantic Ocean winds trapped by the mountains; the average annual precipitation is about 1,200 mm (47 inches).
The modern province of Cantabria was constituted on 28 July 1778 at Puente San Miguel,Reocín. The yearly Day of the Institutions holiday on 28 July celebrates this. TheOrganic Law of theAutonomy Statute of Cantabria, approved on 30 December 1981, gave the region its own institutions of self-government.[11]
Numerous authors, includingIsidore of Seville,Julio Caro Baroja,Aureliano Fernández Guerra andAdolf Schulten, have explored the etymology of the nameCantabria, yet its origins remain uncertain. The Online Etymology Dictionary states the rootcant- is said to come from theCeltic for "rock" or "rocky",[12] while-abr was a common suffix used in Celtic regions.[13] Thus,Cantabrian could mean "people who live in the rocks" or "highlanders", a reference to the steep and mountainous territory of Cantabria.[13]
The nameCantabria could also be related to the Celtic root "kant" or "cant" meaning edge or rim thus "coastal district," or "corner-land", "land on the edge" thus having the same probable derivation as the name of the English county ofKent andCanterbury, one of its major cities.[14]
During the Spanish liberal regimes of the 19th century, the term came to be increasingly associated to the province of Santander. However, in late medieval and Modern Period literature,Cantabria andCantabrians refer to the Basque Country, especially the lordship of Biscay, and theBasques.
Cantabria is a mountainous and coastal region, with important natural resources. It has two distinct areas which are well differentiated morphologically:
Coast. A coastal strip of low, wide and gently rolling valleys some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in width, the altitude of which does not rise above 500 metres (1,640 ft), and which meets the ocean in a line of abrupt cliffs broken by river estuaries, formingrias and beaches.Santander Bay is the most prominent indentation in the coastline. To the south, the coastal strip rises to meet the mountains.
Mountains. This is a long barrier made up of abruptly rising mountains parallel to the sea, which are part of theCantabrian Mountains. The mountains are mostly made oflimestone withkarst topography, and occupy most of Cantabria's area. They form deep valleys running north–south. The torrential rivers are short, fast flowing and of great eroding power, so the slopes are steep. The valleys define different natural regions, delimited physically by the intervening mountain ranges:Liébana,Saja-Nansa,Besaya,Pas-Pisueña,Miera,Asón-Agüera,Campoo. To the 'mountain' region belongs theEscudo Range, a mountain range of 600 to 1,000 metres (2,000 to 3,300 ft) high that covers 15 or 20 km (9+1⁄2 or12+1⁄2 mi) in a parallel line to the coast in the West part of Cantabria.
Towards the south are higher mountains, the tops of which form the watershed between the drainage basins of the RiversEbro,Duero and the rivers that flow into the Bay of Biscay. These peaks generally exceed 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) from the Pass of San Glorio in the west to the Pass of Los Tornos in the eastern part: Peña Labra,Castro Valnera and the mountain passes of Sejos, El Escudo and La Sía. The great limestone masses ofPicos de Europa also stand out in the southwest of the region: most of their summits exceed 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), and their topography is shaped by the former presence ofglaciers.
Panorama of the gateway to Alisas, in themunicipio ofRiotuerto, Cantabria
Due to theGulf Stream, Cantabria, as well as the rest of "Green Spain", has a much moretemperate climate than might be expected for its latitude. The region has a humidoceanic climate, with warm summers and mild winters. Annualprecipitation is around 1,200 millimetres (47 in) at the coasts and higher in the mountains. The mean temperature is about 14 °C (57.2 °F). Snow is frequent in the higher zones of Cantabria between the months of October and March. Some zones of Picos de Europa, over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) high, have analpine climate with snow persisting year-round. The driest months are July and August. The mountainous relief of Cantabria has a dominant effect on local microclimate in Cantabria. It is the main cause of the peculiar meteorologic situations like the so-called "suradas" (Ábrego wind), due to thefoehn effect: the southerly wind coming down from the mountains blows strongly and dry, increasing the temperature closer to the coast. This causes a decrease in air humidity and rainfall. These conditions are more frequent in autumn and winter, and the temperatures are commonly higher than 20 °C (68 °F). Fires are often helped by this type of wind: one example is thefire that destroyed part of the city of Santander in the winter of 1941. In these specific cases in the southern part of themountain range thedry adiabatic gradient produces different conditions to the rest of the region: the wind there is fresher and more humid, and there is more rain.
The rivers of Cantabria are short and rapid, descending steeply because the sea is so close to their source in the Cantabrian Mountains. They flow perpendicular to the coastline, except for theEbro. They also generallyflow year round due to constant rainfall. Nevertheless, the rate of flow is modest (20 m3/s annual average) compared to the other rivers of theIberian Peninsula. The rapidness of their waters, caused by their steep descents, gives them greaterosive power, creating the narrow V-shaped valleys characteristic of Green Spain. The environmental condition of the rivers is generally good, although increasing human activity due to rising population in the valleys continues to pose a challenge.
Cantabria is the only autonomous community whose rivers flow into every one of the seas which surround theIberian Peninsula: the Cantabrian Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
The variation in the altitude of the region, which in a short distance ranges from sea level to 2,600 meters in the mountains, leads to a great deal of diversity in vegetation and a large number ofbiomes. Cantabria has vegetation typical of the Atlantic side of the Iberian Peninsula. It is characterized by forests of leafydeciduous trees such as oak andEuropean beech. Nevertheless, human intervention dating back to ancient times has favored the creation of pastures, allowing the existence of large areas of grassland and prairies suitable for grazing cattle. These grasslands are mingled with plantations ofeucalyptus and native oak. The southern part of Cantabria, including thecomarca of Campoo the fringes of the Castilian plateau, is characterized by the transition to drier vegetation. Another diversifying factor which contributes to local variation within the region is the Mediterraneanecotone, giving rise to species unique to the region, such as theholm oak andarbutus trees, which are found in poor limestone soils with little moisture.
In Cantabria there are several zones of plant life:
The coastal strip, including sandy dunes with minimal vegetation. Adjacent to these are steep cliffs with plants unique to that type of terrain.
Hills and ria typical of a landscape from the maritime region
The maritime region, near the coast and including altitudes up to 500 metres. Originally it had mixed deciduous forests containingash,linden,bay laurel,hazel,maple,oak,poplar,birch,holm oak, and others. Theriparian parts were filled with forests ofalder andwillow. Today these native forests have almost completely disappeared, leaving only reserves in area of poor arability. In their place there are grasslands which are quite productive in the temperate climate and which sustain the economy of rural Cantabria. Next to these are very largemonoculture plantations ofeucalyptus for paper production, of disastrous ecological consequences to the biodiversity and climate of the region.
During the last two decades of the 20th century, and due mainly to European agricultural policies (CAP), many farmers substituted forestry for livestock farming, so as to avoid unemployment and poverty.[n 1] This provoked a surge ofeucalyptus –see eucalyptus article on Spanish Wikipedia – plantations (and to a less extent ofpines) which often hid the illegal destruction of native forests, just as the spread of livestock farming had done in the past by the endemic conversion of forest into prairie. These acts have been laxly controlled by the local councils or the central governments, in a process that clearly follows the saying: "Pan para hoy, hambre para mañana" (which translates as 'Bread for today, hunger for tomorrow'; i.e., "short-term gain, long-term pain").
Panorama of theCantabrian mountains to the left and the port city of Santander in the distant right. The peakAlto de Brenas inRiotuerto has a height of 579 metres.
The plantation of pines has given way in the last decades[when?] to that of eucalyptus because thisnon-indigenous species has no natural attacker within the European ecosystem (while pines are highly vulnerable to thepine processionary).Both in relative and absolute terms the use of woods for forestry has increased in Cantabria, and is now[when?] almost 70% of all woods in the region.[18]
The foothills, from 500 to 1,100 metres altitude are colonized by monoculture forests of oak (Quercus robur andQuercus petraea) on the sunnier slopes. In more shaded areas and especially from about 800 metres there are forests ofEuropean beech which are the main food source in winter for many animal species.
Brañas, or mountainprairies in the municipality ofArenas de Iguña. Tordías Peak is 968 metres high.
Thesubalpine plane, in this high country, the plant life is composed of birch, scrub, andgrasses which are especially important for the economy because during the summer they serve as pasture for grazing cattle and horses.
Along with these characteristics it would also be necessary to mention peculiarities of thecomarca ofLiébana, which has amicroclimate very similar to theMediterranean, allowing to growcork oaks,vines andolives, and which is still very well conserved from human activity.The other remarkablecomarca isCampoo, in southern Cantabria, with its Pyrenean oak.
Natural andnational parks in Cantabria: 1. Picos de Europa National Park 2. Collados del Asón Natural Park 3. Dunas de Liencres Natural Park 4. Macizo de Peña Cabarga Natural Park 5. Oyambre Natural Park 6. Saja-Besaya Natural Park 7. Santoña, Victoria and Joyel Marshes Natural Park
There are seven natural areas in this autonomous community designated asNatural ornational parks:
The most important of these is the Picos de Europa National Park, which affects Castile and León and Asturias in addition to Cantabria, the three autonomous communities sharing its management. Santoña, Victoria and Joyelmarshes are alsoSpecial Protection Areas for the birds (ZEPA[19]).
Furthermore, nineSites of Community Importance (LIC[20]) have been declared: Western Mountain, Eastern Mountain, Western Rias and Oyambre Dunes, Dunes ofLiencres and Estuary of the Pas, El Puntal Dunes and Estuary of the Miera, Ria de Ajo, Marshes ofNoja-Santoña,Escudo de Cabuérniga Range and several caves with importantbat colonies.
Population pyramid for Cantabria for 2006 from the municipal planning authority.Demographic map showing centres of population in 2005.
According to the 2009 census, the region has a population of 591,886[21] which constitutes 1.29% of the population of Spain, with the population density numbering 106.8 people per kilometer. The average life expectancy for male inhabitants is 75 years; for female inhabitants, it is 83 years. Eight years later in 2017 the population has fallen to 581,477 according to INE.
In relative contrast to other regions of Spain, Cantabria has not experienced much immigration. In 2007, only 4.7% of the population were immigrants. The predominant countries of origin for immigrants to Cantabria areColombia,Romania,Ecuador,Peru,Moldova, andMorocco.[22]
The majority of the population resides in the coastal area, particularly in two cities:Santander, with 183,000 people, andTorrelavega, the second largest urban and industrial centre in Cantabria, having a population of around 60,000. These two cities form aconurbation known as the Santander-Torrelavega metropolitan area.Castro Urdiales has an official population of 28,542,[23] making it the fourth largest in the region because of its proximity to theBilbao metropolitan area, there are a large number of people not registered in Castro Urdiales, and the true count may be double the official figure.[citation needed]
The most populated municipalities of Cantabria as of 2018 are the following:
Language groups ofPre-Roman IberiaCantabria during the Cantabrian Wars. This map shows the borders of the Cantabrian territory relative to modern Cantabria as well as the different tribes who inhabited it, the neighboring towns, and geographic features with their Latin names.
The first written reference to the name Cantabria emerges around 195 BC, in which the historianCato the Elder speaks in his bookOrigines about the source of the Ebro River in the country of theCantabri:
...The Ebro River starts in the land of theCantabri, large and beautiful, with abundant fish...
There are about 150 references to Cantabria or the Cantabri in survivingGreek andLatin texts. The Cantabri were used asmercenaries in various conflicts, both within the Iberian Peninsula and elsewhere. It is certain that they participated in theSecond Punic War, from references bySilius Italicus[24] andHorace.[25] WhenC. Hostilius Mancinus was besiegingNumantia, he withdrew upon learning that Cantabri andVaccaei were present among hisauxiliaries. TheCantabrian Wars began in29 BC.[26] They were defeated byAgrippa with great slaughter in19 BC, but they revolted again underTiberius and were never entirely subdued.[27]
Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, Cantabria regained its independence from the rule of theVisigoths. In 574, KingLiuvigild attacked Cantabria and managed to capture the south of the country, including the city ofAmaya, where he established a Visigothic province called theDuchy of Cantabria (see picture), which would serve as alimes or frontier zone to contain the Cantabri as well as their neighbors theVascones. To the north of this cordon, however, the Cantabri continued to live independently until the Arab invasion. In 714, a mixedArab/Berber army ofMuslim Moors invaded the upper valleys of the Ebro and succeeded in capturing Amaya, the Cantabrian capital, forcing the Cantabrians back to their traditional frontiers, where they joined forces with theKingdom of Asturias. In the first chronicles of theReconquista, Cantabria still appears to be acknowledged as a region. In theAlbendense Chronicle, when speaking ofAlfonso I, it says, "This was the son ofPeter, the duke of Cantabria".[n 4]
During the 9th century, on mentioning the monastery of Saint Zacharias, in a letter sent toWiliesind, bishop of Pamplona,Eulogius of Córdoba pinpoints it inSeburim (maybeZubiri) on theriver Arga, "waters all of Cantabria", suggesting a region stretching out far into the east. From this period on, source documents barely reference Cantabria by name, withAsturias featuring in names of thecomarcas calledAsturias de Santillana,Asturias de Trasmiera andAsturias de Laredo.
From a central core formed by theHermandad de las Cuatro Villas (Brotherhood of the Four Cities) (Santander, Laredo, Castro Urdiales andSan Vicente de la Barquera), theHermandad de las Marismas (Brotherhood of the Marshes) was created, thereby uniting all the important seaports to the East of Asturias. During the period of the Reconquista, the Four Cities actively participated in the re-settling of Andalusia, dispatching men and ships. The coastal port cities ofCádiz andEl Puerto de Santa María were settled by families from the Cantabrian Sea ports. Ships from the Four Cities took part in the taking ofSeville, destroying the ship bridge linkingTriana and Sevilla, a victory that is represented by theCarrack and theTorre del Oro of Sevilla in the coat of arms ofSantander,Coat of arms of Cantabria andAvilés (Asturias).
In the 16th century, the nameLa Montaña (The Mountain) was widespread in popular usage and in literature, as a designation of the Ancient Cantabria, as opposed toCastile, which referred solely to theCentral Plateau. This distinction has survived into modern times.
With the rise of theCatholic Monarchs, the Brethren of the Marshes disappeared, leaving the Coregiment of the Four Villas, which included the whole area of influence of the old Brethren of the Four Villas (almost all of Cantabria). During theancien régime, the greatest jurisdictional lordships of Cantabria were mainly under the control of three of theGrandee families of Spain: that ofMendoza (Dukes of Infantado, Marquises of Santillana), ofManrique de Lara (Marquises of Aguilar de Campoo,Counts of Castañeda), and to a lesser extent that ofVelasco (Dukes of Frías,Constables of Castile).[30]
From the 16th century on, there was renewed interest in studying Cantabria and the Cantabri, particularly concerning the precise location of the territory that this people had occupied. It was not until the 18th century that the debate about the location and size of Ancient Cantabria was settled in a series of works which described the history of the region such asLa Cantabria[31] by the Augustinian father and historian Enrique Flórez de Setién. Concurrent with the resurgence of this interest in the Cantabrians and the clarification of the aforementioned polemic, many institutions, organizations and jurisdictions in the mountainous territory received the name of "Cantabrian" or "of Cantabria".[citation needed]
In 1727, the first attempt to unify what would later become the province of Cantabria occurred. Despite this, the high level of autonomy that the small entities of the fractured estate of Cantabria enjoyed, combined with a lack of resources, continued to be the main reason for Cantabria's weakness, aggravated by the progressive advance of theBourboniccentralism and its administrative efficiency. The latter continually emphasised the impossibility of the smaller territories facing a multitude of problems on their own: from communications to the exercise of justice, from putting aside adequate reserves for hard times to the indiscriminatelevees for soldiers, and above all the progression of fiscal impositions. All of this led to an acceleration of contact between villas, valleys and jurisdictions, which tended to focus on the Assemblies of the provinces of the Nine Valleys, led by the deputies elected by the traditional entities of self-government.[citation needed]
There were two events that triggered the culmination of the integration process in this second attempt:
On the one hand, the collective interest in avoiding making contributions to the reconstruction of the bridge ofMiranda de Ebro, imposed by order of the Intendant ofBurgos on 11 July 1775, the same year that Cantabria suffered two tremendous floods, on 20 June and on 3 November. There was a need to face as the banditry that operated with impunity in Cantabria as a result of a lack of local juridical resources. After the General Deputy of Nine Valleys gathered the affected jurisdictions to the assembly that was to take place in Puente San Miguel on 21 March 1777, they sent their respective deputies with sufficient authority to join with the Nine Valleys.[citation needed]
In this General Assembly a framework was established and formal steps began to be taken, leading to administrative and legal unity in 1778. This all culminated in the success of the Assembly held in the Assembly House ofPuente San Miguel on 28 July 1778, where the province of Cantabria was constituted. It was achieved by passing the common ordinances which had been developed to that end, and which had been discussed and approved previously in councils of all the villas, valleys and subscribed jurisdictions. They were, in addition to the Nine Valleys: Rivadedeva, Peñamellera, the province of Liébana, Peñarrubia, Lamasón, Rionansa, the Villa of San Vicente de la Barquera, Coto de Estrada, Valdáliga, the Villa of Santillana del Mar, Lugar de Viérnoles, the Villa of Cartes and environs, the Valley of Buelna, the Valley of Cieza, the Valley of Iguña with the Villas of San Vicente and Los Llares, the Villa of Pujayo, the Villa of Pie de Concha y Bárcena, the Valley of Anievas, and the Valley of Toranzo.
Having learned lessons from the failed attempt of 1727, the first objective of the new entity was to obtain approval from KingCharles III for the union of all the Cantabrian jurisdictions into one province. The royal ratification was granted on 22 November 1779.
The 28 jurisdictions that initially comprised the province of Cantabria were clear in their intention that all the other jurisdictions that formed theParty and Baton of the Four Villas of the Coast should be included in the new province. To this end they set out the steps needed for this to happen as soon as those jurisdictions should request it. They would have to abide by the ordinances, having the same rights and duties as the founders, all on an equal footing. Thus, the following joined in quick succession: the Abbey ofSantillana, the Valleys ofTudanca,Polaciones,Herrerías,Castañeda, the Villa ofTorrelavega and environs,Val de San Vicente,Valle de Carriedo,Tresviso, and the Pasiegan Villas ofLa Vega,San Roque andSan Pedro, as well as the city of Santander with its abbey.
Competition between the townships of Laredo and Santander led to the latter, having initially allowed the name of Cantabria for the province created at the beginning of the 19th century, later retracting its consent and demanding that it bear the name of Santander, so there would be no doubt as to which was the capital. When in 1821 the Provincial Council presented before the constitutionalCourts its definitive plan for the provincial borders and legal entities, it proposed the name of province of Cantabria, to which the Township of Santander replied that "this province must retain the name of Santander". However, many newspapers still showed in their headings the name of Cantabria, or Cantabrian.
A statue in Santander erected in honor of Cantabrian artillery captainPedro Velarde y Santillán, hero of theSpanish war of independence, who died 2 May 1808, during the uprising against the French occupation of Madrid.
During theWar of Independence (1808–1814), Bishop Rafael Tomás Menéndez de Luarca, a strong defender of absolutism, promoted himself as the "Regent of Cantabria" and established theCantabrian Armaments in Santander, a section of the army whose purpose was to travel to all the mountain passes from the Central Plateau to detain any French troop.
Although defeated, he managed later to regroup in Liébana under the command of General Juan Díaz Porlier, calling his forces theCantabrian Division, in which there were various regiments and battalions, such as theHussars of Cantabria (cavalry) or theShooters of Cantabria (infantry). During theCarlist wars they formed a unit called theCantabrian Brigade.
The use of terms with ancestral resonance through the 18th and 19th centuries continued during the 20th century, taking on a political tone that was distinctly regionalist, until 1936. In fact, theRepublican Federal Party produced an autonomy statute for a Cantabrian-Castilian Federal State that year, which would include present-day Cantabria and any neighbouring areas fromCastile andAsturias willing to join it. It could not be passed because of theCivil War. Following the war and the subsequent marginalization of such efforts under theFrancoists regime, the use of the name of Cantabria decreased, to the point that for official purposes it was relegated to sports associations, the only arena in which Cantabria was noted as a region.
In 1963, the president of the Provincial Council, Pedro Escalante y Huidobro, proposed reapplying the name of Cantabria to theProvince of Santander, as suggested in an academic report written by the historian Tomás Maza Solano. Although further steps were taken and many of the townships were in favour of the move, the petition did not succeed, mostly due to the opposition of Santander City Council. On 30 December 1981, a process that had been started in April 1979 by the Council ofCabezón de la Sal, under the presidency of Ambrosio Calzada Hernández, culminated in the granting of self-rule to Cantabria, outlined in Article 143 of theSpanish Constitution.Cantabria based its claim to autonomy on the constitutional precept that made provision for self-government for "provinces with a historic regional character".
A Mixed Assembly formed out of provincial deputies and national members of parliament began the task of drawing up anAutonomy Statute on 10 September 1979. Following the approval of the General Courts on 15 December 1981, theKing of Spain signed the corresponding Organic Law of Autonomy Statute for Cantabria on 30 December of the same year. Thus, the province of Santander broke its link to Castile, and left the former region of Castile and León to which it had belonged up to that time, together with the provinces ofÁvila,Burgos,León,Logroño,Palencia,Salamanca,Segovia,Soria,Valladolid andZamora.
On 20 February 1982, the first Regional Assembly (now Parliament) was formed, with provisional status. From this time, the former province of Santander has been known as Cantabria and has thereby regained its historic name. The first home-rule elections were held in May 1983. The 4th Legislature (1995–1999) brought into effect the first great reform of the Autonomy Statute of Cantabria, approved by all the parliamentary groups.
TheAutonomy Statute of Cantabria[32] of 30 December 1981, established that Cantabria has in its institutions the desire to respect fundamental rights and public freedom, at the same time as consolidating and stimulating regional development through democratic channels. This document gathers all competences of the Autonomous Community that were transferred from theGovernment of Spain. As in other Autonomous Communities, some competences were not transferred, for example, Justice. The Statute also defines the symbols that should represent the region: Theflag, thecoat of arms and theanthem of Cantabria.
TheParliament of Cantabria[33] is the principal self-government institution of the Autonomous Community, being the representative body of the Cantabrians. Presently it is constituted by thirty-nine deputies elected by universal, equal, free, direct and secret suffrage. The primary functions of the Parliament are: to exercise thelegislative power, to approve the budgets of the Autonomous Community, to motivate and control the actions of the government, and to develop the rest of the competences that theSpanish Constitution, the Autonomy Statute and the rest of the legal order bestow on it. ThePresident of the Autonomous Community holds the highest representation of the Community and ordinary representation of the Country in Cantabria, and presides over the Government, coordinating its activities.[citation needed]
TheGovernment of Cantabria[34] is the body in charge of directing the political activities and exercising the executive and regulatory powers according to the Constitution, the Statute and the laws. The Government is made up of the President, the Vicepresident (in which the President can delegate his executive functions and representations) and the Councillors, who are appointed and ceased by the President.[citation needed]
After several legislatures presided by thePartido Popular or by Juan Hormaechea's UPCA, the Regional Government of Cantabria was directed by a coalition of theRegionalist Party of Cantabria andSpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from year 2003 until 2011. The President wasMiguel Ángel Revilla ofPartido Regionalista de Cantabria (PRC), and the Vice President was Dolores Gorostiaga of the PSOE. As a result of the absolute majority of thePartido Popular in the regional elections of 2011, the president from 2011 to 2015 wasIgnacio Diego Palacios, and the Vice President was also the healthcare Councillor, Maria José Sáenz de Buruaga. After the 2015 regional elections, Miguel Ángel Revilla of Partido Regionalista de Cantabria (PRC) was invested president for a third tenure with the support of PSOE.[citation needed]
There are 102 municipalities in Cantabria generally comprising several townships, and from these, several districts. A number of municipalities bear the name of one of their townships (be it its capital or not), but not all them do. Each municipality is governed by its owncity ormunicipal council, and two of them,Tresviso andPesquera, did it byconcejo abierto (open council) until 2011, having fewer than 250 inhabitants.[citation needed]
The Mancomunidad Campoo-Cabuérniga is not a municipality, but a communal property, singular for its size and characteristics, of shared management between the municipalities ofHermandad de Campoo de Suso,Cabuérniga,Los Tojos andRuente. This mountain estate is used as a grazing ground forTudanca cattle and also for horses in less amount, in itsbrañas or grass prairies, and even nowadaystranshumant cattle farming traditions survive in this region.[citation needed]
The Cantabrian legislation divides the autonomous community in administrative regions calledcomarcas, but traditionally, other subdivisions of the territory have been used.
Administrative regions
Law 8/1999 ofComarcas of the Autonomous Community of Cantabria of 28 April 1999 establishes that the comarca is a necessary entity, integral in the territorial organization of the region. This law opens the development of thecomarcalization in Cantabria promoting the creation ofcomarcal entities, which have barely begun to appear. The law establishes that the creation of comarcas will not become mandatory for the whole territory until at least the 70% of it had not beencomarcalized by its own will.[clarification needed] It also adds that Santander will not ruled by comarcalization and should establish its ownmetropolitan area instead.[citation needed]
Comarcas in Cantabria have not reached administrative nature and barely have definite borders. Only Liébana for its geographic position in Picos de Europa, Trasmiera and Campoo, in the Ebro basin are established are clearly definedcomarcas in the region. Nevertheless, functional differences in the territory can be distinguished, dividing it in the following areas:Santander Bay, of industrial and urban nature;Besaya, also industrial;Saja-Nansa, eminently rural;Western Coast, which has urban character;Eastern Coast, vacational; the traditionally renownedTrasmiera; ruralPas-Miera;Asón-Agüera, also mainly rural; the very well definedLiébana, andCampoo-Los Valles, rural and industrial by regions.
Natural regions (regarding geographical features)
Coastal strip
Central strip (Cantabrian valleys perpendicular to the coast): Liébana, Saja and Nansa, Besaya, Pas and Miera (or Valles Pasiegos), and Asón-Gándara valleys.
Southern strip (Rivers Ebro and Duero's basins): Campoo and Southern valleys
Historic regions
Until the 13th century, Cantabria was organized in valleys, as was typical in all of northern Spain. From then on, it was substituted by the organization in cities, towns or historiccomarcas that grouped several valleys.
Theeconomy of Cantabria has aprimary sector, now in decline, employing 5.8% of the active population in theindustries of cattle farming, traditional dairy farming, and meat production; agriculture, especially corn, potatoes, vegetables, and roughage; maritime fishing; and the mining ofzinc andquarries.
Thesecondary sector which employs 30.3% of the active population is the sector with the most productivity in recent years due to construction; that ofironworking (Reinosa being the most important city), food service (milk, meat, vegetables and seafood),chemistry (Solvay, Sniace), paper production (Sinace, Papelera del Besaya),textile fabrication (Textil Santanderina in Cabezón de la Sal),pharmacy (Moehs in Requejada), industrial groups and transport, etc. Theservice sector employs 63.8% of the active population and is increasing, given that large concentrations of the population live in the urban centers and the importance thattourism has acquired in the recent years. As of July 2014, theunemployment rate in Cantabria is 19.3%, compared to 24.47% in Spain; while as of April 2010 itspurchasing power parity was €25,326, compared to €26,100 in Spain and €25,100 in theEU25. In 2007, Cantabria's growth of realGDP was 4.1%, compared to a 3.9% average for Spain. TheGross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 13.8 billion € in 2018. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €25,500 or 84% of the EU27 average in the same year.[35]
Parayas airport, located in the municipality ofCamargo, 5 km from Santander
The most significant consequence of the strong relief of the Cantabrian territory is the existence of topographic barriers that condition decisively the courses of the linking infrastructures, as much in the north–south orientation in the accesses to theCastilian Mesa, as in the east–west in the communication between valleys. Moreover, the cost of their construction and maintenance is much higher than average.[citation needed]
The main communications infrastructures of the region are:
In Cantabria, there are two daily regional newspapers in addition to the national ones:El Diario Montañés andAlerta, as well as many weekly, fortnightly and monthly publications. The main national radio stations have transmitter stations in places like Santander, Torrelavega, Castro-Urdiales, or Reinosa. There are also numerous local and regional stations. For the moment, there is no Cantabrian autonomic television with public financing, although some local channels exist (including Canal 8 DM, TeleBahía, Telecabarga, Localia TV Cantabria, etc.). In recent years, the Internet has allowed new informative proposals to emerge in the shape of digital diaries or blogs, which contribute to enrich the mediatic panorama of the region.
Spanish is the official language of Cantabria. The eastern part of Cantabria contributed to the origins ofMedieval Spanish in a significant way.[citation needed] In western areas, there are remnants of theCantabrian language, also called"montañés", and it is also somewhat preserved in parts of the Pas and Soba valleys in its eastern zone. Cantabrian can be viewed as a dialect of the widerAstur-Leonese language continuum, and ismutually intelligible with varieties in neighbouringAsturias.[37]
Civil architecture:Magdalena palace in Santander; Capricho de Gaudí,Pontifical University of Comillas and Sobrellano palace in Comillas; Bárcena palace in Ampuero; Castle of Argüeso in Campoo; Hornillos palace in Las Fraguas del Besaya; etc.
Religious architecture: Collegiate of Santillana del Mar, Collegiate of Santa Cruz de Castañeda,Santo Toribio de Liébana Monastery, Santa María de Lebeña, Santa María de Piasca, Santa María del Puerto, San Román del Moroso, Santa Catalina del Cintul, Santuario de Virgen de la Peña, ermita de San Cipriano, ermita de Monte Corona, etc.
Museums: Cantabrian Sea Maritime Museum, Ethnographic Museum of Cantabria, Santander Museum of Fine Arts, Regional Museum of Prehistory and Arqueology of Cantabria, Cantabrian Museum of Nature, Altamira National Museum and Investigation Centre, and others.
International University Menéndez Pelayo.Palacio de la Magdalena. Venue for the summer courses of the UIMP (Santander). It also was a seasonal residence for kings of Spain.
Regarding thefairs, understood as big markets of products periodically celebrated, it is remarkable theLivestock Fair of Torrelavega taking place in the National Livestock Market "Jesús Collado Soto", the third biggest of Spain, that groups the buy and sell of all kinds of cattle in the region itself and the adjacent ones, being the bovine the main product. All over the region cattle and typical products fairs are celebrated weekly, monthly, or annually to gather the neighbours of the land. There are many different festivities in Cantabria, some of them limited just to small villages, but there are also festivals that attract tourism from all over the country. The most important are the following:
La Vijanera (Winter Carnival), celebrated during the first Sunday of the year inSilió. It celebrates the end of the short winter days and the arrival of the sun. The representation of a white bear hunt takes place all over this little village. The traditional dressing of the characters in the play, the trapajones and the zarramacos, is one of its main features.
Carnaval marinero (Sailor Carnival), in February inSantoña. Commonly known as "the carnivals of the North", in this carnival, started in 1934, many people of the town participate dressing themselves up as fish. The main event is the "Trial at the bottom of the ocean", where the "besugo" is judged before the last act, "The burning of thebesugo". (Abesugo is a foolish person besides a type of fish).
La Folía, April inSan Vicente de la Barquera, a parade of local fishing boats following one with a statue of the Virgin.
Coso Blanco, first Friday in July in Castro Urdiales. Colorful parade with carts.
Cantabria Day, second Sunday of August inCabezón de la Sal. Traditional Cantabrian music, ceramics fair, local foods,bolo palma championships, ox dragging contests and public speeches.
SAUGA folk music festival, celebrated the third weekend of August inColindres.
Floral Gala, August enTorrelavega. A festival of international touristic importance with carts decorated with flowers.
Battle of Flowers, August, in Laredo. Carts decorated with flowers and fruit.Fireworks in the evening.
Campoo Day, September inReinosa. Tourist fair of regional importance since 1977 and celebrated since the 19th century, it shows customs and traditions of theCampurrians in their capital.Cattle shows, local products market and regional costumes are the items in this festival.[citation needed]
The north of the Spanish state is a rich area formythology. FromGalicia to theBasque Country, passing by Asturias and Cantabria, there are rites, stories and imaginary or impossible beings.
Cantabrian lore turns its forests and mountains into magical places where themyths,beliefs andlegends have been present as an essential part of theCantabrian culture, either because they have been living in the popular heritage through theoral tradition transmitted from father to son, or because they have been recovered by scholars (Manuel Llano and others) who have worried about preserving the cultural heritage.Its mythology andsuperstitions present a greatCeltic influence that has diluted with the pass of time, beingromanized orChristianized in many cases.
Meat dishes:Beef,ox,deer,roe deer orboar. Cooked on the grill, stewed or with vegetables.
The livestock farming reputation of the region and its climatological conditions favouringcattle breeding allowed theEuropean Union to pass the "Meats of Cantabria" denomination as aProtected Geographic Denomination for the beef of certain kinds of native races (Tudanca,Monchina) and others adapted to the environment or integrated by assimilation (Brown Alpine).
Desserts:Quesadas andsobaos of the Pas valley;Unquera's Corbatas andTorrelavega's polkas (both basicallypuff pastry); Palucos de Cabezón de la Sal; and Pantortillas of Reinosa.
The traditional sport of Cantabria is the game ofbolos[41] (skittles) in its four forms:bolo palma,pasabolo tablón,pasabolo losa andbolo pasiego. The first one is the most widespread, exceeding regional nature and reaching the eastern zone of Asturias and also being the most complex in its game rules. The existence ofboleras or skittle rings is important in every Cantabrian township, often being near the church or the village pub. Since the late 1980s, skittle play has consolidated with the reinforcement of skittle schools, revamped by different town councils and Cantabrian institutions, various competitions, and media coverage.[citation needed]
The remo (rowing) is a very traditional sport in the coastal towns. The origins of rowing in Cantabria go back many centuries, when severaltraineras (traditional fishinglongboats) competed for the selling of the caught fish, which was reserved for the first ship to arrive to thefish market. At the end of the 19th century, work became sport and people started to celebrateregattas between Cantabrian townships. The sport clubs of Cantabria, especially theAstillero,Castro Urdiales, and thePedreña belong to the most prize-winning teams of the history of this sport, and nowadays they are having one of the best moments after a decades-long period of trophy drought.[citation needed]
Santander Sports Palace: a basketball game featuring the local team, theCantabria Lobos (wolves).
The Pasiegan jump is another of the outstanding rural sports of the region and a clear example of how the use of a work skill that disappears with the pass of time, gives rise to games and competition. Similar to other forms, like theCanarian shepherd jump, in the beginning this technique was used in the Pasiegan valleys to cross the stone walls, the fences, the creeks or the ravines that bordered the fields and obstructed the pass in the abrupt geography of the highland areas of Cantabria.
Cantabria has been the birthplace of exceptional and notable individuals in fields such as literature, arts, sciences, etc. Many of them have played a decisive role, not only in the history and events of the region, but also on the national and international levels. These include:
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^Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; García-Diez, M.; P. B., Pettitt; Alcolea, J.; Balbín, R. De; González-Sainz, C.; Heras, C. De Las; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhão, J. (15 June 2012). "U-series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain".Science.336 (6087):1409–1413.Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P.doi:10.1126/science.1219957.PMID22700921.S2CID7807664.
^Antonio Bar Cendón,De la montaña a Cantabria: la construcción de una comunidad autónoma (Santander: University of Cantabria Press, 1995), 201-3.ISBN8481021121, 9788481021127
^Enrique Flórez.La Cantabria. Disertación sobre el sitio y extensión que tuvo en tiempos de los romanos la región de los cántabros, con noticia de las regiones cofinantes y de varias poblaciones Antiguas (The Cantabria. Dissertation of the place and extension that the land of the Cantabri had in times of the Romans, with notice of the adjacent regions and of several Ancient villages. Madrid. 1768
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