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Cannabis in Virginia is legal formedical use andrecreational use. The first medical marijuana dispensary opened in August 2020,[1] and adult recreational use became legalized in July 2021.[2][3]
In April 2020, Virginia GovernorRalph Northam approved a bill todecriminalize simple marijuana possession, which took effect July 2020. In February 2021, both houses of Virginia's General Assembly passed legislation to fully legalize cannabis, with an effective date of 2024.[4][3] The law allows adults aged 21 and over to possess up to 1 ounce (28 g) of marijuana, to cultivate up to four plants per household, as well as sharing of marijuana where there is no commercial transaction.[2] Virginia is the first state in thesouthern United States to legalize cannabis.[5]
In the 1990s, theVirginia General Assembly tightened the laws oncannabis, but added a provision allowing its use and distribution forcancer andglaucoma.[6] There is currently a provision in the law, § 18.2-251, which allows a case to be dismissed if the offender goes throughprobation and treatment.[7] In the 1990s, Virginia also had some of the lightest penalties for cultivation in theUnited States; cultivation of any amount for personal use counted as simple possession (otherwise it carriedfelony penalties of up to 35 years imprisonment).
Before July 2020 in theCommonwealth of Virginia, possession of cannabis as a first offense was an unclassified misdemeanor, with a maximum penalty of 30 days in jail and/or $500 fine (or both), and loss of driving privileges. However, with a change in the law as of July 1, 2017, the loss of driving privileges was then optional for adults (depending upon the judge's discretion) while still mandatory for juveniles.[8] A subsequent offense was previously a Class 1 misdemeanor, with a maximum penalty of 12 months in confinement and a $2,500 fine (or both), plus loss of driving privileges. A first offense under this system qualified for a deferred disposition resulting in dismissal. This option required a drug assessment, classes, community service, and either loss of driving privileges for six months or a larger amount (50 hours) of community service. The first-offender program was controversial, because it could affect immigration status and did not allow the defendant to qualify for expungement, and as a result, remained on the individual's record for life.[9][10]
As of July 1, 2020, possession of less than 1 ounce (28 g) was decriminalized to acivil offense punishable by a $25 fine.[11] One year later, personal use became legal.
In 1979, Virginia passed legislation allowing doctors to recommend cannabis for glaucoma or the side effects of chemotherapy.[12][13] In 1997, repeal of the medical cannabis law seemed certain, but did not actually happen. For many years, though, the medical cannabis law was non-functioning[14] because prescriptions were disallowed by federal law, given cannabis's status under theControlled Substances Act as a Schedule I controlled substance with no accepted medical use. In 1998, theVirginia General Assembly tightened the laws on medicalcannabis use and added a provision allowing its use and distribution forcancer andglaucoma.[15]
In March 2015, GovernorTerry McAuliffe signed House Bill 1445 and Senate Bill 1235, creating affirmative defense against a possession charge thatcannabidiol oil (also known as CBD oil) andTHC-A oil for patients who have a doctor's recommendation for those substances for treatment ofepilepsy.[16][17][18] The bill had passed Virginia's Senate with a vote of 37–1 in February.[19][20]
In September 2018, the Virginia State Board of Pharmacy approved the applications for five companies to openmedical cannabis dispensaries across the Commonwealth.[21][22] As of September 2023, 1,051 doctors in Virginia have registered with the state to write medical cannabis recommendations.[23] Starting July 1, 2023, doctors, osteopaths, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners licensed in Virginia no longer need to register with the Board of Pharmacy before prescribing medical cannabis for treatment or symptom relief.[24] Also legislation passed in 2019 allowing doses to contain up to 10 mg of THC to patients.[25][26] There are currently 21 medical cannabis dispensaries open throughout the state.[27]
In 2015, theVirginia Senate's Courts of Justice committee rejected bills to decriminalize cannabis[28] and remove thesmoke a joint, lose your license provision in the Virginia Code.[29]
Following the2019 Virginia elections, in which Democrats won control of both houses of the General Assembly,Virginia Attorney GeneralMark Herring called for cannabis to be eventually legalized; he scheduled a Cannabis Summit for December 2019 to address the issues of decriminalization of marijuana, social equity, regulating CBD and hemp products, and pathways towards legalization through legislative efforts.[30][31]
In February 2020, the House of Delegates voted 64–34 in favor of DelegateCharniele Herring's HB972 to decriminalize personal possession of marijuana.[32] The next day the Senate voted 27–13 in favor of SenatorAdam Ebbin's SB 2 with a similar decriminalization scope.[33] Virginia was to become the 27th state to remove the threat of jail time for low-level marijuana possession.[34] On March 8, 2020, the Virginia House of Delegates and Senate passed legislation on a marijuana decriminalization plan.[35] In April 2020, this bill to decriminalize simple marijuana possession was approved by Virginia GovernorRalph Northam, and the bill took effect on July 1, 2020.[36] This legislation decriminalized cannabis per possession of less than 1 ounce (28 g) of, which carries the presumption of personal use, carrying a $25civil fine.[37]
As part of HB 972, which was signed by Governor Ralph Northam on May 21, 2020, four members of the Governor’s Cabinet (the Secretaries of Agriculture and Forestry, Finance, Health and Human Resources, and Public Safety and Homeland Security) were chosen to lead a group of government officials, policy experts, healthcare professionals, and community leaders that would examine the effects of legalizing the sale and personal use of marijuana in Virginia. The group was told to submit a report by November 30, 2020.[38]
A report by JLARC or the Joint Legislative Audit & Review Commission found that the retail sales from a legal marijuana market would produce substantially more revenue than the associated state costs. The report found that the state of Virginia would spend approximately $10-$16 million annually on a state regulatory agency, public health programs, and social equity programs.[39] Additionally, the retail sales of marijuana would likely begin in as little as two years. Before this time the state could raise several millions of dollars in licensing fees that would likely offset the majority of the cost.[39] After the retail sales of marijuana began, the sales tax from the sales would likely offset the remaining cost of legalization. If the sales tax was set to 25 percent, the estimated net tax revenue would be between $177-$300 million after operatorial costs.[39]
On November 16, 2020, Governor Northam announced that he would introduce and support legislation to legalize marijuana in the Commonwealth of Virginia.[40] Governor Northam stated that the proposed legislation would need to addresses five different areas of concern, those include: social equity,[41] racial equity, and economic equity, public health, protections for young people, upholding the Virginia Indoor Clean Air Act, and data collection.[40]
Other bills in the General Assembly addressing legalization of simple possession, includingLee J. Carter's HB 87[42] andSteve Heretick's HB 269,[43] have been deferred to the 2021 session.
On January 22, Virginia SB 1406, "Marijuana; legalization of simple possession, penalties", sponsored by senatorsAdam Ebbin andLouise Lucas, was advanced by the state Senate Rehabilitation and Social Services Committee.[44][45]
On February 3, SB 1406 and corresponding HB 2312 each were passed by the final committee prior to a floor vote in the Senate and House.[46] Both bills passed on February 5, legalizing the use and personal cultivation of cannabis by adults ages 21 and older, as well as establish a regulatory framework for commercial cannabis production, manufacturing, testing, and retail sales by 2024.[47][48][49]
Governor Northam said he would sign the bills into law if they reached his desk.[50] Substitute Senate Bill 1406 was passed by the House General Laws Committee on February 11.[51] On February 16, the House passed a substitute Senate bill 55-42 and the Senate passed its bill 23-15, requiring a conference committee to resolve the differences.[52] The vote was said by regional media to ensure that cannabis can be legally purchased in Virginia in 2024, but a conference committee needed to reconcile the Senate's date for legalization of possession (July 1, 2021) and the House's 2024 legalization date.[53] The conference committee reached agreement on a bill on February 27 regarding legalization (including cultivation, retail sales and possession) on January 1, 2024, and the Assembly passed it the same day and sent it to Governor Northam for approval.[54][3]
As originally proposed, Virginia would have become the second state (afterIllinois) to simultaneously legalize marijuana possession and retail sales; other states have legalized possession before the beginning of state-licensed sales. Instead, advocates successfully pressured Northam to amend the legislation to legalize possession on July 1, 2021, arguing that delaying the date of legalization perpetuates injustice.[55]
On March 25, still not having signed the bill, Northam indicated that he was in favor of such a change to the implementation date; he subsequently sent back an amended version of the bill to the Virginia assembly on March 31.[56] On April 7, the legislature took up the governor's recommended amendments in a one-day reconvened session.[57][58] Both houses of the legislature (includingLt. Gov.Justin Fairfax's tiebreaking vote in the Senate) approved the governor's entire recommendation verbatim;[2][59] as a result, under Article V, Section 6, subsections (b)(iii) and (c)(iii) of the Constitution of Virginia, the bill became law on July 1, 2021.[60] The law legalized adult recreational use where adults ages 21 and over can possess 1 ounce (28 g) or less of marijuana and also allows for the growth of up to four cannabis plants per household.[61][2][62] Retail sales and the opening of recreational cannabis dispensaries was scheduled to begin on January 1, 2024, but a re-enactment clause requiring the Virginia legislature to re-approve the sales provision was not taken up following the Republican takeover of the House of Delegates in 2021.[63][64]
During the2021 election,Glenn Youngkin stated he would not seek to repeal Virginia's recreational marijuana laws.[65] As Governor, Youngkin has not voiced support for recreational sales, and has left the decision up to the state legislature.[66] During the 2023 session of the General Assembly, all bills to begin recreational sales failed to pass with the split Republican run House of Delegates and the Democratic run State Senate.[67][68][69] Governor Youngkin pushed for revisions to the sale of hemp derived products, including Delta-8, that would allow them to exceed a two milligram THC cap as long as there is a 25:1 CBD to THC ratio.[70][71]
Separate marijuana legislation signed by Youngkin in 2022 allows patients to purchasemedical marijuana immediately upon receiving a certificate to do so from a registered medical provider. Previously, patients were required to register with the State Board of Pharmacy before they could make such a purchase. This reform was enacted due to long wait times occurring during the registration process.[72][73][74] The General Assembly also passed a law in 2022 banning the sale of THC edible products shaped like animals, humans, vehicles, or fruits.[75]
A 2023 report by New Frontier Data estimated that $2.4 billion worth of cannabis would be sold in Virginia, but 99% of that will be sold illegally, due to the lacking recreational sales.[76] In July, 2023, the commissioner of the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, stated that the Youngkin administration was "not interested in any further moves towards legalization of adult recreational use marijuana".[77]
In 2024, following Democrats taking control of the state legislature in the2023 elections, they introduced legislation to begin recreational sales. The proposed legislation would allow medical dispensaries to begin recreational sales on July 1, 2024, with broader sales beginning July 1, 2025. However, the bill would need to survive a veto by Governor Youngkin.[78] In January, Youngkin again stated that he did not have "a lot of interest in pressing forward with marijuana legislation."[79]
The House and the Senate passed a bill to allow legal recreational sales to commence on May 1, 2025 with a tax rate of 11.625%.[80] Governor Youngkin vetoed the bill on March 28, 2024, saying it "endangers Virginians' health and safety."[81]
During the 2025 legislative session, Virginia Democrats again passed a bill "to create a regulated and taxed cannabis marketplace". However, it is anticipated that Governor Youngkin will again veto the bill.[82]
Lawmakers also better defined dosages to reflect that a dose must contain at least 5 milligrams of CBD or THCA and may contain up to 10 milligrams of THC.
