| Cochin forest cane turtle | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Testudines |
| Suborder: | Cryptodira |
| Family: | Geoemydidae |
| Subfamily: | Geoemydinae |
| Genus: | Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Gemel and Fritz, 2006 |
| Species: | V. silvatica |
| Binomial name | |
| Vijayachelys silvatica (Henderson, 1912) | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
| |
TheCochin forest cane turtle (Vijayachelys silvatica), also known asKavalai forest turtle,forest cane turtle or simplycane turtle, is a rareturtle from theWestern Ghats ofIndia. Described in 1912, itstype locality is given as "NearKavalai in theCochin State Forests, inhabiting dense forest, at an elevation of about 1500 feet above sea level".[4] Only two specimens were found at that time, and no scientist saw this turtle for the next 70 years. It was rediscovered in 1982, and since then a number of specimens have been found and some studies have been conducted about its phylogeny and ecology.[5]
The Cochin forest cane turtle belongs to thesubfamilyGeoemydinae of thefamilyGeoemydidae, formerly known as Bataguridae. It was once placed in thegenusGeoemyda and subsequently moved toHeosemys. But it was found to be distinctive as a genus and related toMelanochelys and placed in themonotypic genus,Vijayachelys in honor of the famous IndianherpetologistJagannathan Vijaya (1959–1987) who rediscovered this species in 1982 and until her death extensively studied it. A diagnosis of theosteology ofVijayachelys was published in 2006.[5]
Thecarapace is considerably depressed, with a prominent mid-line keel, as well as one less pronouncedlateral keel on each side. Its posterior margin is feebly reverted and not or only indistinctly serrated. The nuchalscute is small. The first vertebral scute is broader in front than behind and larger than the second, third and fourth vertebral shields. These are considerably broader than long, as broad as the costal scutes.[4][5]
Theplastron is sizeable, being nearly as large as the shell opening; it is connected to the carapace byligaments and particularly in females there is littleossification between the shields of the shell. The plastron is angled at the sides and openly emarginate at the forward and aft opening. The width of the plastron bridge is less than the length of the hind lobe; the longestmediansuture is between the abdominal scute, the shortest between the gular scute. The axillary and inguinal scutes are very small; one of the latter is even absent.[4][5]
Its head is rather large, with a truncated snout as long as the sizeableorbit; the upper jaw is hooked, with smallpremaxillae. Themandibularsymphysis is very long, exceeding the maximum diameter of the orbit in width. On the hind part of the head, the skin is divided into moderately large shields. Theskull lacks atemporal arch and has thefrontal bone extended to form a considerable part of the orbit. Seen from above, theprootic extends towards the front. Thejugal does not contact the small laterally emarginated and medially constrictedpterygoid process, the bones being separated by the maxilla and a gap. The triturating (chewing) surface of the upper jaw is long and narrow, more than four times as long as it is wide. The lowertemporal fossa is large and stronglyconcave, providing an attachment for the massive chewing muscle.[4][5]
The forelegs are covered in enlarged squarish or pointed horny scales, particularly on the front. The hindlimbs are rather club-shaped, theanterior margins and anterior region of their heels bearing enlarged horny scales. The fingers are webbed one-third of their length, while the toes bear rudimentary webbing only. The tail is rather short and becomes very narrow behind thecloaca in males; it is a mere stub in females.[4][5]
The carapace of thetype specimen was dark bronze; the plastron yellowish with two dark blotches on either side of the bridge. The jaws and upper front part of the head are bright yellow in the living animal, with a red spot on the top of the snout. The hind part of the head and the neck are brown. Limbs and tail are black.[4]
The length of the type specimen's shell is 120 mm, its breadth 83 mm and its depth 45 mm. Females are slightly larger than males, but this smallish turtle does not seem to exceed about 13 cm in carapace length even when fully grown.[4][5]
This turtle inhabits dense evergreen forest, presumably at lower elevations. According to the natives from whom Henderson obtained the type, the species inhabits short burrows underground and is indifferent about having water nearby (unlike some of its relatives, which are decidedly aquatic). The type as well as another younger specimen were kept in captivity for six months, and Henderson remarks that they did not show any special partiality for water and when handled did not emit the offensive odour known from the relatedIndian black turtle (Melanochelys trijuga).[6]
The first captive specimens lived entirely upon vegetable food, but subsequently it has turned out that this turtle isomnivorous, eating any suitably sized plant and animal food.[6][5]
The Cochin forest cane turtle is listed as endangered (EN B1+2c v2.3) by theIUCN and is listed inCITES Appendix II.[1] It is rarely found in the pet trade.<refref name = praschagetal2006/> The Kadar tribe people occasionally hunt the turtles for bush meat. Additional threats are posed by deforestation and planned hydroelectric projects. The turtles have a patchy distribution range but where they occur they can be found in relatively high densities. Still, this turtle is considered to be a rare species.[7]
FamilyGeoemydidae | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||
| Genera |
|  | ||
| †Banhxeochelys | ||||
| Batagur | ||||
| Cuora | ||||
| Cyclemys | ||||
| †Echmatemys | ||||
| Geoclemys | ||||
| Geoemyda | ||||
| Hardella | ||||
| Heosemys | ||||
| Leucocephalon | ||||
| Malayemys | ||||
| Mauremys | ||||
| Melanochelys | ||||
| Morenia | ||||
| Notochelys | ||||
| Orlitia | ||||
| Pangshura | ||||
| Rhinoclemmys | ||||
| Sacalia | ||||
| Siebenrockiella | ||||
| Vijayachelys | ||||
Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onturtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. †=Extinct. | ||||
