| Candoshi-Shapra | |
|---|---|
| Kandozi-Chapra | |
| Kadoazi koko | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Ethnicity | 3,000 (2007)[1] |
Native speakers | 1,120 (2007)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Peru[citation needed] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cbu |
| Glottolog | cand1248 |
| ELP | Candoshi |
 | |
Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, Kandozi-Chapra,[2] and Murato) is an indigenous Americanlanguage isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river valleys. There are two dialects, Chapara (also spelled Shapra) and Kandoashi (Kandozi). It is an official language ofPeru, like other native languages in the areas in which they are spoken and are the predominant language in use. Around 88.5 percent of the speakers are bilingual withSpanish. The literacy rate in Candoshi-Shapra is 10 to 30 percent and 15 to 25 percent in the second language Spanish. There is a Candoshi-Shapra dictionary, and grammar rules have been codified.
Kandozi is spoken to the southeast of the main Chapra area. It is spoken along theChapuli River (orChapuri River) and sources ofRimachi Lake, theHuitoyacu River, and other tributaries of thePastaza River. Chapra is spoken along thePushaga River, as well as other tributaries of theMorona River.[2]: 615
Candoshi is not closely related to any living language. It may be related to the extinct and poorly attested languageChirino. Four words of Chirino are mentioned inRelación de la tierra de Jaén (1586), and they resemble words in modern Candoshi. A somewhat longer list of words is given in the same document forRabona, across the modern border inEcuador and include some names of plants that resemble Candoshi, but such words can easily be borrowed.
Among modern languages, Loukotka (1968),[3] followed by Tovar (1984), connected Candoshi withTaushiro (Pinche).Kaufman (1994) tentatively proposed aKandoshi–Omurano–Taushiro language family, with Candoshi the most distant of the trio. However, Kaufman (2007) placed Omurano and Taushiro but not Candoshi inSaparo–Yawan.
David Payne (1981) proposes that Candoshi is related toJivaroan, which Payne calls Shuar. Together, Shuar and Candoshi make up a putative Shuar-Candoshi family, for which Payne (1981) provides a tentative reconstruction of Proto-Shuar-Candoshi.
Jolkesky (2016) classifies Candoshi-Shapra as aMacro-Arawakan language.[4]
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | |
| High | i | iː | ʊ | uː |
| Mid | eː ~je | oː ~wo | ||
| Low | ɑ | ɑː | ||
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| prenasal | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᵑk | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʂ | t͡ʃ | |||
| prenasal | ⁿt͡s | ᶯt͡ʂ | ᶮt͡ʃ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ʂ | ʃ | h | |||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
/w/ can be heard as a fricative [β] when preceding /i/ in the Chapuli and Chapra dialects.
Prenasalized sounds /ᵐp, ⁿt, ⁿt͡s, ᶯt͡ʂ, ᶮt͡ʃ, ᵑk/ can typically be voiced as [ᵐb, ⁿd, ⁿd͡z, ᶯd͡ʐ, ᶮd͡ʒ, ᵑɡ]. Prenasalized plosive sounds /ᵐp, ⁿt, ᵑk/ are also typically voiced as [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ] in intervocalic positions.[5]
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with theHibito-Cholon,Jivaroan,Cahuapanan,Quechua,Kunza,Mochica, andPanoan language families due to contact.[6]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)