| Agence spatiale canadienne (French) | |
 CSA coat of arms | |
 CSA logo | |
 | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | March 1, 1989; 36 years ago (1989-03-01) |
| Jurisdiction | Government of Canada |
| Headquarters | John H. Chapman Space Centre,Longueuil, Quebec 45°31′21″N73°23′45″W / 45.52239°N 73.39582°W /45.52239; -73.39582 |
| Employees | 948[1] |
| Annual budget |  CA$615.4 million (2023)[2] |
| Minister responsible | |
| Agency executives |
|
| Website | asc-csa |
TheCanadian Space Agency (CSA;French:Agence spatiale canadienne, ASC) is the national space agency of Canada, established in 1990 by theCanadian Space Agency Act.[3][4]
Thepresident isLisa Campbell, who took the position on September 3, 2020.[5] The agency is responsible to theminister of innovation, science and industry. The CSA's headquarters are located at theJohn H. Chapman Space Centre inLongueuil, Quebec. The agency also has offices inOttawa, Ontario, and small liaison offices inHouston,Washington, andParis.[6]
The origins of the Canadian upper atmosphere and space program can be traced back to the end of theSecond World War.[7] Between 1945 and 1960, Canada undertook a number of small launcher and satellite projects under the aegis of defence research, including the development of theBlack Brant rocket as well as series of advanced studies examining both orbital rendezvous and re-entry.[8] In 1957, scientists and engineers at the Canadian Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) under the leadership ofJohn H. Chapman embarked on a project initially known simply as S-27 or the Topside Sounder Project. This work would soon lead to the development of Canada's first satellite known asAlouette 1.
With the launch of Alouette 1 in September 1962, Canada became the third country to put an artificial satellite into space. At the time, Canada only possessed upper atmospheric launch capabilities (sounding rockets), therefore, Alouette 1 was sent aloft by the AmericanNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) fromVandenberg Air Force Base inLompoc, California. The technical excellence of the satellite, which lasted for ten years instead of the expected one, prompted the further study of theionosphere with the joint Canadian-designed, U.S.-launchedISIS satellite program. This undertaking was designated an International Milestone of Electrical Engineering byIEEE in 1993. The launch ofAnik A-1 in 1972 made Canada the first country in the world to establish its own domesticgeostationarycommunication satellite network.[9]
These and other space-related activities in the 1980s compelled the Canadian government to promulgate theCanadian Space Agency Act, which established the Canadian Space Agency. The act receivedroyal assent on May 10, 1990, andcame into force on December 14, 1990.[10]
The mandate of the Canadian Space Agency is to promote the peaceful use and development of space, to advance the knowledge of space through science and to ensure that space science and technology provide social and economic benefits for Canadians. The Canadian Space Agency's mission statement says that the agency is committed to leading the development and application of space knowledge for the benefit of Canadians and humanity.
In 1999, the CSA was moved from project-based to "A-base" funding and given a fixed annual budget of $300 million.[6] The actual budget varies from year to year due to additional earmarks and special projects. In 2009, Dr.Nicole Buckley was appointed chief scientist of life science.[11]
The CSA has been a cooperating state of theEuropean Space Agency (ESA) since the 1970s[21][22] and has several formal and informal partnerships and collaborative programs with space agencies in other countries, such asNASA,ISRO,JAXA, andSNSA.
Canada's collaboration with Europe in space activities predated both the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.[21] From 1968, Canada held observer status in the European Space Conference (ESC), a ministerial-level organization set up to determine future European space activities, and it continued in this limited role after ESA was created in 1975.[21] Since January 1, 1979, Canada has had the special status of a "Cooperating State" with the ESA,[22] paying for the privilege and also investing in working time and providing scientific instruments that are placed on ESA probes. Canada is allowed to participate in optional programs; it also has to contribute to the General Budget but not as much as associate membership entail. This status was unique at the time and remains so today.
On 15 December 2010, the accord was renewed for a further 10 years, until 2020.[22] By virtue of this accord, Canada takes part in ESA deliberative bodies and decision-making and in ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision specifically ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada. The head of the Canadian delegation to ESA is thepresident of the Canadian Space Agency. As of February 2009, there are currently 30 Canadians that are employed as staff members at ESA. (Distributed over various ESA sites: 20 at ESTEC; 4 at ESOC; 4 at ESA HQ; 2 at ESRIN).
The Canadian space program is administered by the Canadian Space Agency. Canada has contributed technology, expertise and personnel to the world space effort, especially in collaboration withESA andNASA. In addition to itsastronauts andsatellites, some of the most notable Canadian technological contributions to space exploration include theCanadarm on theSpace Shuttle and Canadarm2 on theInternational Space Station.
Canada's contribution to theInternational Space Station is the $1.3 billion Mobile Servicing System. This consists ofCanadarm2 (SSRMS),Dextre (SPDM), mobile base system (MBS) and multiple robotics workstations that together make up theMobile Servicing System on the ISS. The Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre all employ theAdvanced Space Vision System, which allows more efficient use of the robotic arms. Another Canadian technology of note is theOrbiter Boom Sensor System, which was an extension for the original Canadarm used to inspect the Space Shuttle'sthermal protection system for damage while in orbit.[23] Before the Space Shuttle's retirement, the boom was modified for use with Canadarm2;STS-134 (the Space Shuttle program's penultimate mission) left it for use on the ISS.
The Canadian Space Agency also has aScientific Research programme on theInternational Space Station.
There have been four recruiting campaigns for astronauts for the CSA. The first, in 1983 by theNational Research Council, led to the selection ofRoberta Bondar,Marc Garneau,Robert Thirsk,Ken Money,Bjarni Tryggvason andSteve MacLean. The second, in 1992, selectedChris Hadfield,Julie Payette,Dafydd Williams andMichael McKay. On May 13, 2009, it was announced after the completion of a third selection process that two new astronauts,Jeremy Hansen andDavid Saint-Jacques, had been chosen.[24] The latest recruitment campaign was launched in 2016, attracting 3,772 applicants for 2 candidates.[25] In 2017,Joshua Kutryk andJennifer Sidey were chosen.[26]
Nine Canadians have participated in 17 crewed missions in total: 14NASASpace Shuttle missions (including one mission toMir) and 3RoscosmosSoyuz missions.[27][28][29] Two former Canadian astronauts never flew in space:Michael McKay resigned for medical reasons[30] andKen Money resigned in 1992, eight years after his selection.[31]
| Name | Launch Vehicle | Mission | Launch date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marc Garneau | Challenger | STS-41-G | October 5, 1984 | First Canadian in space |
| Roberta Bondar | Discovery | STS-42 | January 22, 1992 | First Canadian woman in space |
| Steven MacLean | Columbia | STS-52 | October 22, 1992 | |
| Chris Hadfield | Atlantis | STS-74 | November 12, 1995 | Only Canadian to visitMir |
| Marc Garneau | Endeavour | STS-77 | May 19, 1996 | First Canadian to return to space |
| Robert Thirsk | Columbia | STS-78 | June 20, 1996 | |
| Bjarni Tryggvason | Discovery | STS-85 | August 7, 1997 | |
| Dafydd Williams | Columbia | STS-90 | April 17, 1998 | |
| Julie Payette | Discovery | STS-96 | May 27, 1999 | First Canadian to visit theInternational Space Station |
| Marc Garneau | Endeavour | STS-97 | November 30, 2000 | ISS mission. Return to space (third visit) |
| Chris Hadfield | Endeavour | STS-100 | April 19, 2001 | ISS mission. Return to space (second visit). Firstspacewalk by a Canadian |
| Steven MacLean | Atlantis | STS-115 | September 9, 2006 | ISS mission. Return to space (second visit); spacewalk |
| Dafydd Williams | Endeavour | STS-118 | August 8, 2007 | ISS mission. Return to space (second visit); spacewalk |
| Robert Thirsk | Soyuz-FG | Soyuz TMA-15 | May 27, 2009 | ISSExpedition 20 andExpedition 21. Return to space (second visit). First flight on a Russian launch vehicle by a Canadian. First Canadian on a permanent ISS crew. First time two Canadians were in space simultaneously (with Payette) |
| Julie Payette | Endeavour | STS-127 | July 15, 2009 | ISS mission. First Canadian woman to return to space. First time two Canadians were in space simultaneously (with Thirsk). Largest gathering of humans (13) in space, as seven STS-127 arrivals join 6 already on ISS. Largest gathering (5) of nationalities in space, as the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, and Belgium have astronauts together on ISS. Last Canadian to fly on a USSpace Shuttle. |
| Chris Hadfield | Soyuz-FG | Soyuz TMA-07M | December 19, 2012 | ISSExpedition 34 andExpedition 35. Return to space (third visit). First Canadian commander of a spacecraft, first Canadian Commander of a permanent ISS crew. |
| David Saint-Jacques | Soyuz-FG | Soyuz MS-11 | December 3, 2018 | ISSExpedition 58 andExpedition 59. |
On December 19, 2012, Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield launched aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to reach the International Space Station. This mission marked the completion of NASA's compensation to Canada for its contribution to the Shuttle and International Space Station programs, meaning that there were no confirmed remaining space flight opportunities for Canadian astronauts.[32] In June 2015, the Canadian government announced a renewed commitment to the International Space Station, securing flights for both of Canada's remaining active astronauts.[33] In May 2016, the CSA announced that David Saint-Jacques would fly to the International Space Station aboard a Roscosmos Soyuz rocket in November 2018 for 6 months, as part of the Expedition 58/59 crew.[34] The crew of theArtemis 2 lunarflyby mission will include a CSA astronaut, the first Canadian to travel beyondlow Earth orbit, under the terms of a 2020 treaty between the United States and Canada.[35]
| Name | Launched | Retired | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alouette 1 | September 29, 1962 | 1972 | Ionosphere research |
| Alouette 2 | November 29, 1965 | August 1, 1975 | Ionosphere research |
| ISIS 1 | January 30, 1969 | 1990 | Ionosphere research |
| ISIS 2 | April 1, 1971 | 1990 | Ionosphere research |
| Hermes | January 17, 1976 | November, 1979 | Experimentalcommunications satellite |
| RADARSAT-1 | November 4, 1995 | March 29, 2013 | CommercialEarth observation satellite[36] |
| MOST | June 30, 2003 | March, 2019 | Space telescope |
| SCISAT-1 | August 12, 2003 | In service | Earth observation satellite (atmosphere) |
| RADARSAT-2 | December 14, 2007 | In service | Commercial Earth observation satellite |
| NEOSSat | February 25, 2013 | In service | Monitoring ofnear-Earth objects[37] |
| Sapphire | February 25, 2013 | In service | Militaryspace surveillance[37][38] |
| BRITE | February 25, 2013 | In service | Space telescope[37][39] |
| CASSIOPE | September 29, 2013 | In service | Ionosphere research, experimentaltelecommunications[40][41] |
| M3MSat | June 22, 2016 | In service | Communications satellite[42] |
| RADARSAT Constellation | June 12, 2019 | In service | Commercial Earth observation satellite |
Additionally, there are commercial satellites launched by the telecommunications companyTelesat, a formerCrown corporation that was privatized in 1998. These are theAnik satellites, theNimiq satellites (all currently used byBell Satellite TV), andMSAT-1. Further, technology and research satellites have been developed byUTIAS-SFL,[43] including theCanX program,ExactView-9, and GHGSat-D.
The CSA contributes to many international projects, including satellites, rovers, and space telescopes. The CSA has contributed components toESA,NASA,ISRO,JAXA, andSNSB projects in the past.[44] Recently, Canada contributed theFine Guidance Sensor to NASA'sJames Webb Space Telescope.[45]
| Name | Country | Primary Agency | Launch Date | Canadian contribution | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UARS | United States | NASA | 1991 | Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII)[46][47] | PI:Gordon G. Shepherd,York; CAL |
| Interbol | Russia | RSA | 1996 | Ultraviolet Auroral Imager(UVI) instrument | PI: L.L. Cogger,U Calgary; CAL |
| Nozomi | Japan | ISAS | 1998 | Thermal Plasma Analyzer (TPA) instrument | PI: Andrew Yau,U Calgary; CAL/COM DEV; Canada's first interplanetary mission |
| FUSE | United States | NASA | 1999 | Fine Error Sensor | COM DEV |
| Terra | United States | NASA | 1999 | MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in The Troposphere) | PI: Jim Drummond; COM DEV |
| Odin | Sweden | SNSA | 2001 | OSIRIS (Optical Spectroscopic and Infrared Remote Imaging System) | PI: Doug Degenstein,University of Saskatchewan; Routes |
| Envisat | Europe | ESA | 2002 | ESA collaboration | |
| CloudSat | United States | NASA | 2006 | Radar components | COM DEV |
| THEMIS | United States | NASA | 2007 | Automated ground observatories | |
| Phoenix | United States | NASA | 2007 | Meteorological station | First Canadian component on Mars; confirmed snow on Mars |
| Herschel | Europe | ESA | 2009 | HIFI Local Oscillator Source Unit | COM DEV |
| Planck | Europe | ESA | 2009 | ESA collaboration | PI: J. Richard Bond,University of Toronto and Douglas Scott,University of British Columbia |
| Proba-2 | Europe | ESA | 2009 | Fiber Sensor Demonstrator | MPB Communications Inc. |
| SMOS | Europe | ESA | 2009 | ESA collaboration | |
| Curiosity | United States | NASA | 2011 | APXS instrument | |
| Swarm | Europe | ESA | 2013 | Electric Field Instrument (EFI) | COM DEV |
| Astrosat | India | ISRO | 2015 | Precision detectors for the twin UV and visible imaging telescopes (UVIT) | PI: John Hutchings |
| Astro-H | Japan | JAXA | 2016 | Canadian Astro-H Metrology System (CAMS) | Contact lost March 26, 2016 |
| OSIRIS-REx | United States | NASA | 2016 | OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) | First Canadian component on a sample return mission |
| JWST | United States | NASA | 2021 | Fine Guidance Sensor/Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (FGS/NIRISS) | PI: René Doyon,Université de Montréal |
| SWOT | United States | NASA | 2022 | Extended interactionklystrons (EIKs) for the radar. | Communications & Power Industries Canada Inc. |
Additionally, Canadian universities and aerospace contractors, including theUniversity of Calgary,[48][49]UTIAS-SFL,COM DEV,MDA,Magellan Aerospace,Telesat and others, have provided components to various international space agencies.
A number of launch facilities have been used by the Canadian Space Agency and its predecessors:
Canada
United States
Other international
With the successful launching ofRadarsat-2 in December 2007 and completion of Canada'sCA$1.4 billion contribution to theInternational Space Station in early 2008, the CSA found itself with no major follow-on projects. This fact was highlighted byMarc Garneau, Canada's first astronaut and former head of the CSA, who in the fall of 2007 called upon theCanadian government to develop and institute a space policy for Canada.
A modest step has been taken to resolve this problem. In November 2008, the Agency signed a $40 million 16-month contract withMacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates ofVancouver (nowMDA) to begin the design of theRADARSAT Constellation (3 satellite) earth observation mission.[52] In August 2010, further funding was awarded for detailed design work scheduled for completion by 2012. The satellites were launched on June 12, 2019. Also in the 2009 Federal budget, the agency was awarded funding for the preliminary design of roboticLunar/Martian rovers.[53]
On February 28, 2019, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced Canada's commitment to theLunar Gateway, an international NASA-led project to put a small space station in lunar orbit. The announcement made Canada the first international partner in the Lunar Gateway project. As part of the announcement, Canada has committed to spending $2.05 billion over 24 years to develop the next generation Canadarm 3. This marks Canada's largest ever single financial commitment to a single project, surpassing the $1.7 billion spent on projects for the International Space Station.[54][55]
As part of the Artemis program, CSA is developing a small lunar rover. The robotic rover is being developed in partnership with NASA. It will explore a polar region of the Moon and be capable of surviving a lunar night. The mission will carry at least two science instruments, one from NASA and one from CSA, and will launch by 2026.[56][57]
The Canadian Space Agency has no indigenous launch system capability beyond upper atmosphericsounding rockets.[52][58] Canada relies on other countries, such as the U.S., India and Russia, to launch its spacecraft into orbit, but both the Defence Department and the space agency are looking at the option of constructing a Canadian-made launcher.[58][59]
The CSA announced in 2011 it was researching locations inCape Breton, Nova Scotia, or the potential reopening of theChurchill Rocket Research Range in Manitoba for a micro satellite (150 kg) launch site to end its reliance on foreign launch providers.[59] Another possible location,CFB Suffield, remains an option.[52][60] According to Canadian Space Agency officials, it would take 10 to 12 years for a full-scale project to design and build a small satellite launcher.[52] There has been no funding for these activities announced.[61]
Although a new launch facility atCanso, Nova Scotia, is under development (2024–2025 expected completion),[62] its intended use is for commercial launches of theUkrainianCyclone-4M rocket starting in 2023.[63] The facility is a project of theMaritime Launch Services company. Any CSA involvement has not been announced.[64]
In March 2022, information from theCanadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) indicated that CSA had been infiltrated by Chinese agents. The RCMP charged Wanping Zheng, a 61-year-old employed by CSA, in December 2021 with breach of trust, which the police said was tied to foreign interference. Despite repeated security warnings from CSIS since 2015, Zheng continued to work for CSA and was tied to the installation of unauthorized software, including secure file transfer and a messaging applications, on behalf of a foreign company, according to filed court documents. He was also accused of using his status as a CSA engineer to negotiate agreements for a satellite station installation with Iceland, on behalf of a Chinese aerospace company. Zheng resigned from CSA after 26 years with the agency, although none of the allegations against Zheng have been proven in court.[65]
International Astronautical Federation (IAF) member since 1970
In 1995, McKay left active astronaut duty for medical reasons, but he continued to work in the astronaut program, supporting Canadian shuttle flights until 1997.
Компания получила разрешение, оформляет документы на получение земельного участка и уже в текущем году рассчитывает начать строительные работы. Сколько времени уйдет на строительство космодрома? – Три-четыре года. [The company has received permission, and is preparing documents for obtaining a land plot and expects to start construction work this year. How long will it take to build the cosmodrome? – Three or four years.]
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