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Canadiens australien (French) | |
|---|---|
  | |
| Total population | |
| Canadian 38,871 (by birth, 2011) 33,218 (by ancestry, 2011) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Sydney · Melbourne · Brisbane | |
| Languages | |
| Australian English · Canadian English · Canadian French | |
| Religion | |
| Roman Catholicism · Protestantism · Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| American Australians |
Canadian Australians (French:Canadian Australians) refers toAustralians who identify as being ofCanadian descent. It may also refer to Canadianimmigrants andexpatriates residing inAustralia.
According to statistics from 2006, there were as many as 21,000 Australians who have Canadianancestors.[1] Many Canadian Australians haveemigrated from mainlandCanada, as well as from theUnited States and theUnited Kingdom. According to the2016 Australian census, there were 43,049 Canadian-born Australians in Australia in 2016, which is an increase from 38,871 persons according to the 2011 Australian census. High immigration levels between the two countries stem from their shared status as formerBritishcolonies and their similar political systems basedparliamentary democracies in theWestminster tradition.[2]
The first Canadian Australians were immigrants from both upper (nowOntario) and lower (nowQuebec) mainland Canada who came toNew South Wales andTasmania because they were in exile during the1837-38 Canadian civil war.[3] There were 154 prisoners sent to Australia, 58 of whom wereFrench Canadians that were sent to New South Wales without speakingEnglish. Of the convicts that settled in New South Wales, all were initially assigned as laborers and eventually allowed to be free settlers. These workers helped to build the foundation ofSydney's infrastructure that we still have today includingParramatta Road,Canada Bay,Exile Bay and a monument in Cabarita Park inConcord.[3]
The second wave of Canadian Australians came in 1851 in search of gold.[4] TheAustralian Gold Rush saw people from around the world flock to Australia in search of gold, which included hundreds of Canadians. They made an impact in the popular town ofBallarat, where the 'Canadian Gully' was the name given to agully after a Canadian gold miner found success and a large gold nugget was also named 'The Canadian'.[4]
Canadian Australians helped to develop the foundations of modern-day Australian society in the years during and after the gold rush. In 1854,Samuel McGowan established Australia's firsttelegraph line which stretched fromMelbourne toWilliamstown.[4] Around the same time,George andWilliam Chaffey made multiple irrigation schemes throughout theMurray River.[4] This allowed for water to be transported further away than before, which led to greater farming success and eventually the beginning of thedried fruit industry inSouth Australia andVictoria.
On 4 August 1914,Great Britain declared war onGermany. Both Canada's and Australia's prime ministers accepted that their armies would join the imperial armies because Canada and Australia wereBritish dominions at the time. Canada's opposition leader,Wilfrid Laurier said that Canada was "Ready, aye, Ready" to participate in the war effort.[5] Australia's then opposition leader and later prime minister,Andrew Fisher, similarly commented that Australia was committed "to the last man and the last shilling."[6]
There were many similarities between Australians and Canadians duringWorld War I. TheAustralian 1st Division was initially commanded by Canadian-educatedMajor General SirWilliam Throsby Bridges. In 1915, the Canadian army was grouped in divisions which followed the precedent of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps). Canadian and Australian soldiers fought side by side on theWestern Front.[6] Australians and Canadians fought together again inPasschendaele in late 1917 and launched the final allied offensives of 1918 in the east ofAmiens which involved a spearhead of Australian soldiers and another of Canadian soldiers.[6]
The Canadian and Australian governments called for anImperial War Cabinet in 1918, where the twoprime ministers both represented their wounded and dead soldiers. Because Canada and Australia together played an important role in the war, they had gained global influence, which was recognized by theBritish government. This led to the two prime ministers both representing separate dominions at theParis Peace Conference in 1919 and 1920.[6] While there were no constitutional changes duringWorld War I, theImperial War Cabinet lead to a change of attitude that led to the granting ofde jure independence for both countries in theStatute of Westminster in 1931.[6] This heightened sense of national identity that emerged in both Canada and Australia led to a third wave of Canadian immigrants into Australia. To show how paralleled Australia and Canada's World War I experiences were, the following statistics are given as a global rank and are according to NationMaster.com.
In terms of allied mobilized personnel in World War I, Canada is 10th with 628,934 people, and Australia is 11th with 412,953 people.[7]Furthermore, in terms ofAllied wounded in action during World War I, Australia ranked 6th with 152,171 casualties, while Canada ranked 7th with 149,732. In terms of deaths as a percentage of the total population, Australia ranked 11th at 1.38%, and Canada 12th at 0.92%..[7]
After theSecond World War, the 'skilled migration program' developed by the Australian government allowed more Canadian immigrants to come to Australia if they hadtertiary qualifications. This increased the number of Canadian Australians who immigrated to Australia and was also responsible for a general increase in immigration to Australia, most prominently fromEurope andNorth America.
Network Canada is a professional and social networking group based in Sydney, which is also known as the Canadian Australian Network of Young Professionals. It is the largest network of North American young professionals living in Australia.[8] They provide travel advice around Australia and advice for living in Australia. Network Canada was started in 2002 as a social network for Canadianexpatriates living in Sydney. Network Canada includes students and professionals from all continents, and their hosted parties are sponsored by companies such asCanadian Club,Destination Canada, andHungry Jacks. The objective of Network Canada is for people to meet and network. In addition to events, Network Canada helps Canadian Australians settle into Sydney life by providing advice for different types of visas, immigration questions, and general tips for a new Canadian Australian looking to live in Sydney.[8]
The Canada Club of Victoria (CCV) has been running since its origins in 1940 and involves Canadian Australians from Melbourne andRegional Victoria. The Canadian Women's Club of Victoria was established in 1940 to help Canadian women in Melbourne who were struggling with missing Canada, as well as struggling with their husbands being away at war. Around this time, the Canadian Men's Club was formed with a business and network-focused objective between Australia and Canada. In 1981, these two clubs joined together to create the present-day Canada Club of Victoria.
The CCV is a volunteer-runsocial club for Canadian Australians or individuals with strong family ties to Canada. Their objective is to integrate Canadian and Australian culture through running events. The CCV hosts two main events each year, which areCanada Day on the first of July andThanksgiving on November 26. They also run several smaller social events for people to network and talk about Canada-related topics.
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OCanada is an online store based in theSunshine Coast Queensland selling food and general products all related to Canada. They order shipments from Canada of popular foods, beverages, clothing, souvenirs, and recipes. They allow their customers to make requests and offers for products that they currently do not provide, in order to allow for changes in Canadian popular culture. They also have running specials and acceptAfterpay.
The Canadian Way is a Canadian product store which is based inHurstville, Sydney, but is also online. Notably, they sell family-owned Jakemans 100% Pure and OrganicMaple Syrup and 100% wild-caught seafood, which is caught in Canada and shipped directly to Australia, where it is then given to their retail partners or directly to people's houses.
The Canadian Way was started by a Canadian Australian, David Cost-Chretien. He spoke with many other Canadian Australians and started The Canadian Way after realising that there was a lot of demand for Canadian-based food in Australia. They sell lots of maple-based products such as maple syrup, maple cookies, andmaple candy. They also sell a variety of seafood such assalmon andcaviar, as well as popular, unique Canadian foods such as Motts Clamato Juice, Bits 'n Bites,Kraft Dinner, andTriscuits.
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Today[when?], Canadian Australians still celebrate Canadian cultural events such as Canada Day (July 1) andCanadian Thanksgiving (the second Monday of October). Organizations such as the Canada Club help these traditional events to live on.
According to the2016 Australian census and compared to the2011 Australian Census, Canadian Australians who were born in Canada have had a decline inreligious affiliation. In 2011, 36.7% fit within the census category of "No Religion", whereas in 2016, 45.3% identified as having "No Religion". The most common religion wasCatholic in both 2011 and 2016, with 20% and 17.1% of Canadian-born Australians identifying as Catholic in those years, respectively. These changes in religious demographics follow a similar trend with all Australian-born Australians and non-Australian-born Australians respectively (24.5% & 20.2% non-religious in 2011 compared to 33.3% & 26.7% in 2016).[9]
In 2016, 20.6% of Canadian-born Australians aged 15 or over had abachelor's degree or above as their highest educational achievement, compared to 22% of Australian-born Australians. Following a similar trend, 14.2% of Canadian-born Australians had completed year 12 as their highest educational achievement compared to 15.7% of Australian-born Australians. The decreased educational achievement is only slight but is consistent throughout other educational matrices. Canadian-born Australians had the following percentages as their highest education level: 8.8% had completed up to year 10, and 8.4% had completed up to year 9 or below. This can be compared to Australian-born Australians, where 10.8% had completed up to year 10 and 8% had completed up to year 9 or below as their highest education level.[9]
The education levels of Canadian Australian families, as seen by the figures[9] above, are quite similar. This may be because both Canada and Australia use standardized tests throughout primary and secondary school, and similar tests are used for university admission. However, Canadian-born Australians have a slightly decreased level of education, and it was found in Canada that "in schools with a high number of students who are visible minorities and English language learners, the effects of standardized testing include a range of practices that reinforce inequity and increase social disparity".[10] Although this may also be apparent in some Australian schools, this could explain the slightly lower education levels of Canadian-born Australians.
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In 2016, themedian weekly income for Canadian-born Australians was $645 (personal), $1,570 (family), and $1,290 (household). This is slightly less than the figures for Australian-born Australians, who had a median weekly income of $662 (personal), $1,734 (family), and $1,438 (household). This trend can potentially be explained by the lack of opportunity for post-education training that workers in Canada are given by their employers. "Canada is categorized by theOECD as one of the 'weak' countries for training, and since it tends to be categorized as average or above for public support, this suggests that employer support is exceedingly weak by international standards. This has led to comments that Canadian employers lack a training culture" (Benjamin, 2001).
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