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 Final logo from 1999 to 2001. | |||||||
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| Founded | March 27, 1987; 38 years ago (1987-03-27) (amalgamation) | ||||||
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| Ceased operations | January 1, 2001; 25 years ago (2001-01-01) (acquired by and integrated intoAir Canada) | ||||||
| Hubs | |||||||
| Focus cities | |||||||
| Frequent-flyer program | Canadian Plus | ||||||
| Alliance | Oneworld(1999–2000) | ||||||
| Subsidiaries |
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| Parent company | Canadian Airlines Corporation | ||||||
| Headquarters | Calgary,Alberta,Canada | ||||||
| Key people | Kevin Benson (President &CEO) | ||||||
Canadian Airlines International Ltd. (stylized asCanadi›n Airlines orCanadi‹n Airlines, or simplyCanadian) was a major Canadianairline that operated from 1987 until 2001. The airline was Canada's second largest airline afterAir Canada, carrying more than 11.9 million passengers to over 160 destinations in 17 countries on five continents at its height in 1996. Canadian Airlines served 105 destinations in Canada, more than any other airline. It was a founding member of theOneworld airline alliance.
Canadian Airlines was headquartered inCalgary,[1][2] and had revenue of approximately $3 billion at the end of 1999. The airline and its aircraft were acquired byAir Canada in 2000, and the merger was officially completed on January 1, 2001.[3]
Canadian Airlines International was the principal subsidiary of Canadian Airlines Corporation. The new airline was formed on March 27, 1987, whenPacific Western Airlines purchasedCanadian Pacific Air Lines (also known asCP Air), which in turn had recently acquiredEastern Provincial Airways andNordair.[4]
In 1989, Canadian Airlines acquiredWardair, giving it access to new routes including long-sought-after routes to the UK and Europe. Its major hubs were atMontréal-Dorval International Airport (now known as Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport),Toronto Pearson International Airport,Vancouver International Airport andCalgary International Airport.[5]
After the 1991 airline industry slump, Canadian Airlines streamlined its operations and went through the financial restructuring of over $700 million in debt. It was further aided by an injection of cash fromAMR Corp..
On November 1, 1996, Kevin Benson, then president and CEO, unveiled a restructuring strategy to improve the profitability of Canadian Airlines International. The operational restructuring plan was supposed to be phased in over a four-year period, addressing the main issues of cost control, revenue growth, capitalization and fleet renewal. It was also one of the founding members of theOneworldairline alliance, along withAmerican Airlines,British Airways,Cathay Pacific andQantas. The plan started off well but with the effects of the1997 Asian financial crisis, air traffic decreased and Canadian suffered heavy losses on previously profitable trans-Pacific routes.
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Canadian Plus was the largest frequent flyer program in Canada with more than 60 airline, hotel, car rental, and financial partners worldwide. The program had more than three million members.
In its last few years of operation, Canadian Airlines extended its international route network in Asia, with the last being the addition of service to thePhilippines, which gave it seven destinations in Asia. At that time Canadian Airlines had the distinction of flying to more places in Asia with more frequency than any other Canadian carrier.
Canadian Airlines' core business strategy focused on building its Vancouver hub into the leading gateway between North America and Asia. It leveraged itscodesharing agreement withAmerican Airlines in order to help capture a greater share of U.S.-Asia traffic flows.
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On August 20, 1999, Air Canada proposed a financial offer to Canadian Airlines which would see Canadian's international routes and airport slots sold to Air Canada for an undisclosed amount. Canadian Airlines would be relegated to be a regional carrier providing a feeder network to Air Canada. This offer was rejected. This financial offer evolved from a merger proposal between Canadian Airlines and Air Canada which had been ongoing since early 1999.
The proposed merger was backed byAmerican Airlines, who had already owned a 25% stake in Canadian Airlines, the maximum allowed under Canadian foreign ownership restrictions. Then-American CEO Donald Carty, who had formerly headed Canadian predecessor Canadian Pacific Air Lines, planned to acquire a controlling interest in the enlarged Air Canada, with the purpose of moving it from the Star Alliance to Oneworld alliance. American Airlines was unsuccessfully lobbying Canadian federal government to ease foreign ownership restrictions on Canadian airlines. Afterwards, American sold its shares in Air Canada as the company decided to change its corporate strategy regarding the Canadian aviation market.
Four days later, on August 24, 1999,Onex Corporation announced a takeover bid for Canadian Airlines, backed by American Airlines's parent companyAMR Corporation, consisting of $1.8B in cash and the assumption of $3.9B in debt. Canadian Airlines announced that it would support this and recommend acceptance from its shareholders. Air Canada rejected the offer. On August 31, 1999, Air Canada adopted a poison pill aimed at thwarting any takeover bid.
On October 19, 1999, Air Canada, backed byStar Alliance partnersLufthansa,United Airlines andCIBC announced a $930M counter bid to the Onex offer. Air Canada offered $92M for Canadian Airlines and committed to running it as a separate company. On November 2, Air Canada increased its offer to $16 per share to buy back 36.4 percent of the airline.
On November 5, 1999, a Quebec judge ruled that the Onex takeover was illegal, breaking the law that stipulates that no more than 10 percent of the company can be controlled by a single shareholder. Onex subsequently withdrew its offer and Air Canada stated it would proceed with the takeover of Canadian Airlines.
On December 4, the board of directors at Canadian Airlines recommended the $92M merger offer from Air Canada to the shareholders. The offer from Air Canada originally expired at 5pm on December 7, 1999, but Air Canada extended their offer until December 23, 1999. Air Canada officially took control of Canadian Airlines, pending government approval, on December 8, 1999. The Federal Competition Bureau cleared the way for the takeover on December 21, 1999 and Canadian Airlines officially became a subsidiary of Air Canada on December 23, 1999.
Canadian Airlines operated as a subsidiary company through most of 2000. In October 2000, all of Canadian Airlines' systems and employees became fully integrated. With both companies fully integrated, Air Canada began massive cuts to employees starting with the announcement that there would be 3500 cuts in the workforce on December 22, 2000. September 26, 2001 saw an additional 5000 cuts primarily driven from the worldwide impact to the travel sector caused by the9/11 attacks.
At the time of merger, Canadian Airlines carried over 40% of the domestic share of passengers in Canada. Following the completion of the acquisition,Air Canada controlled over 90% of the domestic share of passengers, and dominated international and US-Canada transborder traffic.[6]
Canadian Airlines has the distinction of being the first airline in the world to have a website on the Internet (www.cdnair.ca). The website was launched in April 1994 and is recognized in theCanadian Internet Handbook[7] 1994 and 1995 editions.
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This is a list of airports that Canadian Airlines International flew to during the 1980s and 1990s until its demise.
China
Hong Kong
Japan
Taiwan
France
Germany
Netherlands
Switzerland
Upon its founding in 1987, Canadian Airlines revealed its new livery using the colours light grey, dark grey, navy blue, and red. The paint scheme was an adaptation of the recently introduced livery from predecessor Canadian Pacific Airlines. The lower half of the aircraft's body was navy blue, topped with light grey and red stripes, while the tail was blue, with approximately one third taken up by the carrier's new logo. The new Canadian Airlines logo was a combination of Canadian Pacific's five grey stripes, representing the five continents served by the carrier. Over these stripes was a thick, bright red chevron. The chevron was a simplification of the Pacific Western Airlines logo. The chevron was placed over the stripes, which then represented "Wings over 5 continents". It was also an ingenious and subtle way to represent the takeover of CP by PWA. The same logo, in a square form, became a clever alternative to a true bilingual name on the fuselage replacing the French "e", and the third "a" in English (Canadian/Canadien).
Canadian adopted a short-lived new livery in January 1999, less than a year before the airline was merged into Air Canada. The livery, known as "Proud Wings", featured a largeCanada goose painted at the tail of the aircraft and the airline's name in a new Celeste font. This new font included a new chevron character, to again replace the French "e", and third "a" in English (Canadian/Canadien).[8] The new livery, however, came so late that most of the fleet still retained the existing chevron livery by the time of the merger. Until the merger process with Air Canada was completed in 2001, most Canadian aircraft featured a transition livery with an Air Canada maple leaf on the tail while retaining the name "Canadian" on the fuselage.
When Canadian Airlines International was acquired by Air Canada in 2001, its fleet contained these aircraft:
| Aircraft | Total | Orders | Passengers | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | Y | Total | ||||
| Airbus A320-200 | 13 | — | 24 | 108 | 132 | Fleet was transferred toAir Canada. 3 aircraft remain in service withAir Canada andAir Canada Jetz. |
| Boeing 737-200/Adv | 43 | — | 12 | 88 | 100 | All aircraft transferred toAir Canada (or later toAir Canada Tango orZip) were retired in 2004. |
| — | 112 | 112 | ||||
| Boeing 747-400 | 4 | — | 42 | 379 | 421 | Fleet was transferred toAir Canada and retired in 2004. |
| Boeing 767-300ER | 23 | — | 25 | 180 | 205 | All aircraft transferred toAir Canada (or later toAir Canada Rouge) were retired by 2020. However, certain aircraft re-entered service, and converted into freighters toAir Canada Cargo by 2021. |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 | 14 | — | 28 | 228 | 256 | Fleet was not transferred toAir Canada. Sold or retired by completion of merger. |
| Total | 97 | — | ||||
Canadian Airlines operated a diverse fleet of turboprops and regional jets through a system of partnerships and codesharing agreements with various regional airlines, some of which later merged to formCanadian Regional Airlines:
Turboprops
Jets
Canadian Airlines offered three classes:
First Class was available on flights using wide body jets and Business Classes on flights not using regional jets or turboprop aircraft.
In 1987, Canadian Airlines banned smoking on all domestic flights.[9]
Meals provided on flights withinCanada were catered byLSG Sky Chefs and all other flights by local contractors.
Maintenance was provided by in-house operations during the existence of the airlines. Aircraft would be serviced by other airlines at airports without CA operations.
Ground handling was provided by in-house operations during the existence of the airlines. Aircraft baggage would be handled by in-house operations and the interior cleaning and lav and potable service, carpet replacement, seat back and seat covered replacement was handled by Canadian Airlines Cleaning department at airports within CA operations.
Most international and medium haul flights provided both video and audio entertainment. Short haul flights provided audio entertainment only.
Newspapers provided in-flight on most aircraft:
Canadian lounges were calledEmpress Lounge and were located at several airports inCanada and abroad:
Canadian Airlines' domestic network was broken down into five divisions:
In addition to flight providers, Canadian Airlines operated the largest tour operator in Canada calledCanadian Holidays and the Canadian Getaways program. The operator flew to destinations which included destinations throughout North and South America. Their freight operation, Canadian Air Cargo, provided general air cargo services in Canada and the United States.
In 1994, the Canadian Children's showMighty Machines filmed one of their episodes (Mighty Machines at the Airport) atToronto Pearson International Airport, starring a couple of Canadian Airlines jets (aMcDonnell Douglas DC-10, aBoeing 737-200 and anAirbus A320) and several other of the carrier's vehicles.[citation needed][10]
In the 1996 filmHomeward Bound 2: Lost in San Francisco, the family is flying to Canada on Canadian Airlines when their pets escape. The animals then chase after a Canadian Airlines737 and lay on the runway as the jet takes off over their heads. Many other Canadian Airlines planes are visible during this scene, including aDC-10 seen taking off as the animals evade airport security.[11] While set atSan Francisco International Airport, the scene was actually filmed atAbbotsford International Airport inAbbotsford, British Columbia.[12]
No fatalities occurred on Canadian Airlines International flights.[13] There were only two major incidents:
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