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Camunic language

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Ancient language of the Central Alps

Camunic
Region	Val Camonica
Ethnicity	Camunni
Era	first millennium BC^[1]
Language family	unclassified (Tyrsenian?/Celtic?)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`xcc`
Linguist List	`xcc`
Glottolog	`camu1235`

TheCamunic language is an extinct language that was spoken in the 1st millennium BC inVal Camonica, a valley in theCentral Alps. The language is sparsely attested to an extent that makes any classification attempt uncertain—even the discussion of whether it should be considered apre–Indo-European or anIndo-European language has remained indecisive.^[2] Among several suggestions, it has been hypothesized that Camunic is related to theRaetic language from theTyrsenian language family,^[3]^[4] or to theCeltic languages.^[5]

Language

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The extant corpus is carved on rock. There are at least 170 known inscriptions, the majority of which are only a few words long. Thewriting system used is a variant of thenorth-Etruscan alphabet, known as theCamunian alphabet oralphabet of Sondrio. Longer inscriptions show that Camunic writing usedboustrophedon.

Its name derives from the people of theCamunni, who lived during theIron Age in Valcamonica and were the creators of many of the stone carvings in the area.Abecedariums found inNadro andPiancogno have been dated to between 500 BC and 50 AD.^{[citation needed]}

The amount of material is insufficient to fully decipher the language. Some scholars think it may be related toRaetic and toEtruscan,^[3]^[6] but it is considered premature to make such affiliation.^[7] Other scholars suggest that Camunic could be aCeltic or another unknownIndo-European language.^[5]^[8]

Transliteration

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^{[clarification needed]}

Tibiletti Bruno 1992^[9]	Zavaroni 2004^[10]	Martinotti 2009^[11]
-	A	-
Αα	A	A
Αα	A	-
Ββ	B	B (V?)
Ββ	B	B (V?)
Δδ	-	D
h	D (?)	-
Εε	E	E
Εε	E	E
Εε	E	E
Ϝϝ	V	-
Γγ	G	K (G?)
Γγ	G	-
h	H	J (ii/h/η?)
-	H	-
Ιι	I	I
Ιι	I	I
-	K	K (G?)
Λλ	L	L
Λλ	L	L
Μμ	M	M
Μμ	M	M
Νν	N	N
Νν	N	N
Ϙϙ	O	Φ (Q?)
-	P	-
Ππ	P	P
Ρρ	R	R
Ρρ	R	R
Ξξ	S	χ
Σσς	S	S
Σσς	S	S
Χχ	T	T
Ττ	T	T
-	T	I
Ψψ	Θθ	-
-	Θθ	Θθ
-	TS - Ϸϸ	-
Φφ	TS - Ϸϸ	χ
Υυ	U - W	U
-	U - W	U
Ζζ	Z	χ
Ζζ	Z	χ

Gallery

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Inscription fromCapo di Ponte (Val Camonica)
Inscription fromNadro (Val Camonica)
Inscription fromNadro (Val Camonica)
Inscription from the museum ofSondrio (Valtellina)

References

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^Camunic atMultiTree onthe Linguist List
^Angelo Martinotti:Le iscrizioni preromane, in U. Sansoni, S. Gavaldo (editors),Lucus rupestris. Sei millenni d’arte rupestre a Campanine di Cimbergo, "Archivi" vol. 18, Esine 2009, pp. 324–337.
^^a ^bSchumacher, Stefan (2000). Price, Glanville (ed.).Camunic: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe.doi:10.1002/9781405166294.ISBN 978-0-631-22039-8. Archived fromthe original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved2018-05-26.{{cite book}}:|website= ignored (help)
^M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978.Camuno, retico e pararetico, inLingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp. 209–255
^^a ^bMarkey, Thomas (2008).Shared Symbolics, Genre Diffusion, Token Perception and Late Literacy in North-Western Europe. NOWELE.
^M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978.Camuno, retico e pararetico, inLingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp. 209–255. (Italian)
^Eska, Joseph F.;Wallace, Rex E. (2011). "Script and Language at Ancient Voltino". In Rocca, Giovanna (ed.).Alessandria. Rivista di glottologia. Atti del Convegno Internazionale. Le lingue dell’Italia antica. Iscrizioni, testi, grammatica. Die Sprachen Altitaliens. Inschriften, Texte, Grammatik. In memoriam Helmut Rix (1926-2004). Vol. V. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso. pp. 93–113.
^Diether Schürr:Zur Doppelinschrift von Voltino. Studi Etruschi 72, 2006 [2007], p. 335-346.
^Maria Grazia Tibiletti Bruno,Gli alfabetari, Quaderni camuni n° 60, 1992, p. 307. (Italian)
^Adolfo Zavaroni,Iscrizioni camune Archived 2007-10-23 at theWayback Machine, 2004. (Italian)
^Angelo Martinotti,Le iscrizioni preromane inLucus rupestris, 2009, p. 325. (Italian)

Bibliography

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Mancini, Alberto. 1980. "Le iscrizioni della Valcamonica" inStudi Urbinati di storia, filosofia e letteratura. Supplemento linguistico 2, pp. 75–166.
Mancini, Alberto. 1991. "Iscrizioni retiche e iscrizioni camune. Due ambiti a confronto" inQuaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica, Università degli studi di Firenze 2, pp. 77–93.
Marchesini, Simona. 2011. "Alla ricerca del modello perduto. Sulla genesi dell’alfabeto camuno",Palaeohispanica 11, pp. 155-171
Markey, Thomas L. 2008. "Shared symbolics, genre difusion, token perceptions and late literacy in North-western Europe" inNOWELE 54/55, pp. 5–62.doi:10.1075/nowele.54-55.01mar
Morandi, Alessandro. 2004.Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d'Italia, vol. II.Celti d’Italia, ed. by Paola Piana Agostinetti (Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica, 12), Roma 2004
Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi. 1965. "Per un'edizione delle iscrizioni della Valcamonica", inStudi Etruschi 33, pp. 574–599.
Schumacher, Stefan. 2007. "Val Camonica, Inschriften" inReallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Band 35: Speckstein bis Zwiebel. Ed. Heinrich Beck et al., Berlin – New York, pp. 334–337.
Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1978. "Camuno, retico e pararetico", inLingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), ed. by A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma 1978, pp. 209–255.
Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1990. "Nuove iscrizioni camune" inQuaderni camuni 49-50, pp. 29–171.
Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1992. "Gli alfabetari" inQuaderni camuni 60, pp. 309–380.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toCamunian alphabet.

"Etruscan alphabet". Retrieved2009-09-20.
"Iscrizioni camune a cura di Adolfo Zavaroni" (in Italian). Archived fromthe original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved2009-08-20.
"Tracce n° 7Scratched horses in a relief from Cividate Camuno – Valcamonica (Italy)". 21 February 2000. Retrieved2009-09-18.
"Tracce n° 9Vite-Deria, Paspardo, Valcamonica. Ricerche 1990–97" (in Italian). 18 September 1997. Retrieved2009-09-18.
"Tracce n° 9Rock and Roll with the Camunnians Did they have ladders in the prehistory?". May 1998. Retrieved2009-09-18.
"Tracce n° 12Due nuove rocce istoriate in località Vite area di Vite-Deria, Paspardo (Valcamonica, BS)" (in Italian). 12 May 1997. Retrieved2009-09-18.

Language families ofEurasia

Widespread

Indian Ocean rim

"Paleosiberian"	Chukotko-Kamchatkan Nivkh Yeniseian Yukaghir Ainu
OtherNorth Asia	Uralic Tungusic Eskaleut Rouran ? Xiongnu ?

Proposed groupings

Alarodian Altaic Borean Nostratic Dené–Caucasian Eurasiatic Dené–Yeniseian Dravido-Korean Elamo-Dravidian Ibero-Caucasian Indo-Hittite Indo-Pacific Indo-Semitic Indo-Uralic Karasuk North Caucasian Serbi–Mongolic Pontic Ural-Altaic Uralo-Siberian Uralic–Yukaghir Eskimo–Uralic Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
Arunachal	Greater Siangic Siangic Digaro Mijiic Miju Hrusish Kho-Bwa
East and Southeast Asia	Andamanese Austric Austro-Tai Austronesian–Ongan East Asian Sino-Austronesian