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Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)

Coordinates:34°52′58″N01°19′00″W / 34.88278°N 1.31667°W /34.88278; -1.31667
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Military campaign against Tlemcen
For the 1551 military operation, seeCampaign of Tlemcen (1551).
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)
Part ofConflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco
Date1557
Location34°52′58″N01°19′00″W / 34.88278°N 1.31667°W /34.88278; -1.31667
ResultAlgerian victory[3]
Belligerents
Saadi SultanateRegency of Algiers
Kingdom of Beni Abbas[1][2]
Commanders and leaders
Mohammed ash-SheikhHasan Pasha
Strength
30,000 horsemen
10,000 infantrymen
4,000 musketeers

6,000 musketeers

16,000 infantrymen
Casualties and losses
HeavyHeavy
Battle of Tlemcen (1557) is located in Algeria
Battle of Tlemcen (1557)
Battle of Tlemcen (1557)
Location of the battle of Tlemcen (1557) inAlgeria.

The Campaign of Tlemcen orTlemcen campaign was a military operation led by the Saadians ofMohammed ash-Sheikh againstTlemcen in 1557, then under the domination of theRegency of Algiers, a vassal state of theOttoman Empire.Mohammed ash-Sheikh, who wanted to conquer Algeria, occupied the city but failed to seize theMechouar Palace, which was defended by a garrison of 500 men under the command of Caïd Saffa.[4][5]

Background

[edit]

In 1550, Mohammed ash-Sheikh launched an offensive against the Algerian presence in north-west Algeria.[6][7] The Moroccans seized Tlemcen on June 9, 1550,[8] but failed atMostaganem and were then defeated by theBanu Amir tribe, allies of the Spaniards inOran. The Ottomans retaliated in 1551, and launched a counter-attack with their Berber allies from theKingdom of Beni Abbas and the pro-OttomanZayyanids. Defeated byHassan Pasha's Turkish contingents, the Moroccan army abandoned Tlemcen.[9]

Salah Raïs gathered an army in Tlemcen of Turkishharquebusiers and Berber soldiers from thekingdom of Kuku. They launched a campaign againstFez with the aim of enthroningAli Abu Hassun, aWatassid pretender in exile.[10] After heavy fighting near Fez, Mohammed ash-Sheikh was defeated and forced to abandon the city. Troops of the Regency of Algiers entered the city on January 9, 1554. Ali Abu Hassun removed some of the Turks who were guilty of acts of violence against the population, in exchange for a large sum of money that he had promised them, as well as thePeñón de Vélez de la Gomera base.[11][12]

Mohammed ash-Sheikh reorganized his troops in the south and defeated Ali Abu Hassun in thebattle of Tadla. This victory allowed him to re-seize the city of Fez on September 13, 1554, and to ascend the throne and establish definitively theSaadian dynasty in Morocco.

Battle

[edit]

The Saadian sultan wanted to take advantage of the disorder that had reigned in the government of Algiers since the return ofHassan Corso. Moulay Mohammed El Mehdi, son of the Saadian sultan, marched on Tlemcen at the head of 400 men. The town was defended by a small garrison of the Algerian army commanded by the caïd Çafa. During the attack, the Algerian garrison entrenched itself in the citadel of the city and resisted all assaults while waiting for reinforcements from Algiers.[13]

As soon as he returned to Algiers, Algerian sultanHasan Pacha assembled a powerful army. Alerted to this offensive, he marched to the aid of Tlemcen with his twenty-two thousand men. On hearing of his arrival, the frightened Moroccans crossed the border again, hotly pursued by the Algerian army which reached them under the walls of Fez.[14]

A counter-battle under the walls of Fez took place. The city was defended by four thousand musketeers, thirty thousand horsemen and ten thousand infantrymen. This Algerian counter-attack, described as stubborn, caused many losses on both the Moroccan and Algerian sides. Hassan Pasha decided to return with his army to Tlemcen after being warned of a possible Spanish attack. For the bey of Algiers, the Saadians were not a problem as long as they did not cross theMoulouya river, which served as the border between Algeria and Morocco at the time.[4]

Aftermath

[edit]

The Moroccan army ended its campaign when it learned that a Berber revolt had broken out in the MoroccanAtlas Mountains.[15] Mohamed el Mehdi withdrew, leaving Caïd Mansour in place with his troops.[16] Hassan, son ofHayreddin Barbarossa, who had returned at the head of the Regency of Algiers, defeated the Moroccans and launched an assassin, a certain Salah Kahia, to take revenge on Sultan Mohamed ash-Sheikh and his attempted alliance with the Spaniards.[16][3] Another failed Saadi expedition against Tlemcen occurred in 1560.[17][18]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria , IB Tauris , 2014, p.  195
  2. ^Gaïd, Mouloud (1975).L'Algérie sous les Turcs (Algeria under the Turks) (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
  3. ^abHistorical Dictionary of AlgeriaBy Phillip C. Naylor
  4. ^abGrammont, H.-D. de (2016-07-20).Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque: 1515-1830 (in French). Collection XIX.ISBN 978-2-346-08756-3.
  5. ^General History of Africa: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Heinemann.
  6. ^Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987).A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156.ISBN 0-521-33184-6.OCLC 14242602.
  7. ^Ruff, Paul (1998-10-15).La domination espagnole à Oran sous le gouvernement du comte d'Alcaudete, 1534-1558 [Spanish domination in Oran under the government of the Count of Alcaudete 1534-1558] (in French). Editions Bouchène.ISBN 978-2-35676-083-8.
  8. ^Boyer (1966), p. 23
  9. ^III, Comer Plummer (2015-09-09).Roads to Ruin: The War for Morocco In the Sixteenth Century. Lulu Press, Inc.ISBN 9781483431048. Retrieved2016-12-21.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^De La Veronne, Chantal (1973)."Relations entre le Maroc et la Turquie dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle et le début du XVIIe siècle (1554-1616)" [Relations between Morocco and Turkey in the second half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century (1558-1616)].Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée.15 (1):391–401.doi:10.3406/remmm.1973.1258.
  11. ^Spuler, Bertold; Kissling, Hans Joachim (1994).History of the Muslim World. M. Wiener. p. 103.ISBN 978-1-55876-112-4.
  12. ^Bertold Spuler.The muslim world a historical servery - Part III the last greate muslim empires. Brill Archive. p. 114. Retrieved2020-07-17.
  13. ^Merouche, Lemnouar (2007-10-15).Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité [Research on Algeria in the Ottoman period: The course, myths and reality] (in French). Editions Bouchène.ISBN 978-2-35676-055-5.
  14. ^Merouche, Lemnouar (2007-10-15).Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité (in French). Editions Bouchène.ISBN 978-2-35676-055-5.
  15. ^Faure Biguet, Gabriel (1838-1919) (1905).Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale sous la domination musulmane / général G. Faure-Biguet [History of North Africa under Muslim domination / General G. Faure-Biguet] (in French).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^abMercier, Ernest (1840-1907) (1888).Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830). [Tome 3] / par Ernest Mercier... [History of North Africa from the most ancient times to the French conquest (1830) Volume 3 by Ernest Mercier].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Centre of the World. Barnaby Rogerson. Hachette UK.
  18. ^History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Masudul Hasan. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
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