Camiguin | |
|---|---|
    (clockwise from top) Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok Natural Monument, Ferry in Camiguin, Guinsiliban Port, and Camiguin Circumferential Road | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Nickname: The Island Born of Fire[1] | |
.svg) Location in the Philippines | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:9°10′N124°43′E / 9.17°N 124.72°E /9.17; 124.72 | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Northern Mindanao |
| Founded | 1565 |
| Provincehood | June 18, 1966 |
| Capital and largest municipality | Mambajao |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Xavier Jesus M. Romualdo (Lakas) |
| • Vice Governor | Rodin M. Romualdo (PFP) |
| • Legislature | Camiguin Provincial Board |
| Area | |
• Total | 241.44 km2 (93.22 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 80th out of 81 |
| Highest elevation | 1,630 m (5,350 ft) |
| Population (2024 census)[3] | |
• Total | 94,892 |
| • Rank | 80th out of 81 |
| • Density | 393.03/km2 (1,017.9/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 17th out of 81 |
| Demonym | Kamiginhon |
| Divisions | |
| • Independent cities | 0 |
| • Component cities | 0 |
| • Municipalities | |
| • Barangays | 58 |
| • Districts | Legislative districts of Camiguin |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PST) |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)88 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH-CAM |
| Spoken language | |
| Income classification | 5th class |
| Website | www |
Camiguin, officially theProvince of Camiguin (Cebuano:Lalawigan sa Camiguin;Tagalog:Lalawigan ng Camiguin;Kamigin:Probinsya ta Kamigin), is an islandprovince in thePhilippines located in theBohol Sea, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) off the northern coast of mainlandMindanao. It is geographically part of Region X, theNorthern MindanaoRegion of the country and formerly a part ofMisamis Oriental province.
Camiguin is the second-smallest province in the country in both population and land area afterBatanes.[4] The provincial capital isMambajao, which is also the province's largest municipality in both area and population.[5]
The province is famous for its sweetlanzones, to which its annual Lanzones Festival is dedicated and celebrated every third weekend of October. It is home to lush interior forest reserves, collectively known as theMount Hibok-Hibok Protected Landscape, which has been declared by all Southeast Asian nations as anASEAN Heritage Park. The province also boasts three National Cultural Treasures, namely, the Old Bonbon Church ruins in Catarman, the Sunken Cemetery of Catarman, and the Spanish-era watchtower in Guinsiliban. The three sites were declared for “possessing outstanding historical, cultural, artistic and/or scientific value which is highly significant and important to the country and nation.”
Additionally, the island province has numerous Important Cultural Treasures, such as the Old Mambajao Fountain - situated in the town's rotonda, the Old Mambajao Municipal Building, the façade of the Santo Rosario Church in Sagay, and 14 heritage and ancestral houses. The sites were declared for “having exceptional cultural, artistic and historical significance to the Philippines.” All cultural treasures were declared by theNational Commission for Culture and the Arts. There have been moves to establish a dossier nomination for the province to be included in theUNESCO World Heritage List.[6]
Camiguin is sometimes calledCamiguin Sur ("South Camiguin") orCamiguin de Mindanao to distinguish it fromCamiguin de Babuyanes of theBabuyan Islands, which in turn is referred to asCamiguin Norte ("North Camiguin"). Both are volcanic islands.[7][8]: 55 [9]
The nameCamiguin is derived from the native wordKamagong, a species ofebony tree that thrives nearLake Mainit in the province ofSurigao del Norte, in the mainland Mindanao, where the earlier inhabitants of the islands, theManobos, originated.Kamigin, the local dialect of Camiguin, is the northernmost variant of theManobo languages.[10]
An earlier Spanish geography book spells the island asCamiguing. There is reason to suppose the Spaniards dropped the finalg,[8]: 42 given how thephoneme/ŋ/ does not exist inSpanish. Today it is rendered asCamiguín.
The island of Camiguin is believed to have been first inhabited by theManobo people of Surigao del Norte, as evidenced by the distinctly connected language between the two groups. The island was used as a trading stop point by various merchants and traders from theRajahnate of Butuan, the Kedatuan of Dapitan, the ancient people of theAnda peninsula, and possibly theRajahnate of Cebu and the animistMaranao of Lanao before the Islamization of the Lanao provinces.
Old Spanish documents indicate that the explorersFerdinand Magellan andMiguel Lopez de Legaspi landed in Camiguin in 1521 and 1565, respectively. The first Spanish settlement was established in 1598 in what is nowGuinsiliban. Guinsiliban, which comes from the old Kinamiguin wordGinsil-ipan (which means “to look out for pirates from a watchtower”) has an old Spanishwatchtower where the Camiguinons kept watch forMoro pirates.[11]
The first major Spanish settlement, established in 1679, was calledKatagman orKatadman (known asCatarman). The settlement grew and prospered but was destroyed by theeruption of Mt. Vulcan in 1871. The former location is what is nowBarangay Bonbon of Catarman.[11]
Sagay, located south of Catarman, was formally established as a town in 1848. The wordSagay is derived from the name of poisonous fruit trees that grow in the area. Mambajao became a town in 1855. The name was coined from theVisayan termsmamahaw, meaning to usher breakfast, andbajao, which is leftover boiled rice. In the early 1900s, Mambajao prospered and became the busiest port in Northern Mindanao.Mahinog was established as a municipality in 1860. The nameMahinog comes from a Visayan word meaning "to ripen" or "to become ripe". Although Guinsiliban was the oldest settlement in the island, it was only in 1950 that it became a municipality. Mahinog was formerly governed by Mambajao while Guinsiliban was formally governed from Sagay.[11]
In 1901, in the middle of thePhilippine–American War, American soldiers landed in Camiguin to assume political control over the island. A group of Camiguinons, armed withbolos and spears, led byValero Camaro, fought them in a short battle in Catarman. Valero Camaro was killed by a bullet in the forehead. Further study is needed before he and his band can be recognized as patriots in the same way the Katipuneros are recognized. There is no study that identifies an independence movement in Camiguin during the American occupation. However, a small detail with regards to the colonial resistance in Cagayan, Misamis indicates that Camiguinons supported in a clandestine way the revolutionary activities of the Cagayanons against the new colonizers. They offered their arms and ammunitions and a typewriter to the revolucionarios in Cagayan.[12] In the same year, Camiguin became part of the newly established province ofMisamis by virtue of Act No. 128.[13]
In 1903, the first public school in Camiguin was built in Mambajao but what is known today as the Mambajao Central School was completed in 1912. On September 9, 1904, the first public water system, known as Las Aguas Potables de Mambajao, spearheaded by an admired civic leader by the name of Placido Reyes and co-operated by townspeople, was inaugurated.[14]
In 1929, Camiguin Island became part ofOriental Misamis whenMisamis was divided into two provinces by virtue of Act No. 3537. The change took effect on January 1, 1930.[15]
On June 18, 1942, theJapanese Imperial Army landed in Camiguin and set up a government in Mambajao. They gutted central Mambajao in reprisal to guerrilla activities in the area. The remains of some of these buildings still exist today.[11]
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines gained independence from theUnited States. On June 22, 1957, Camiguin formally became a subprovince ofMisamis Oriental through Republic Act No. 2021 signed by PresidentCarlos P. Garcia.[16]
Finally, on June 18, 1966, Camiguin was made into a separate province through Republic Act No. 4669[17] which was formally signed in 1968.[11]
The beginning months of the 1970s had marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, with many implications for Camiguin.[18][19] During hisbid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term,Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused[20][21] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.[22][23][24][25]: "43"
In 1972, one year before the expected end of his last constitutionally allowed term as president in 1973, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines underMartial Law.[26] This allowed Marcos to remain in power for fourteen more years, during which Camiguin went through many social and economic ups and downs.[26] Camiguinon citizens were among those who were victims of thehuman rights abuses duringMartial law under Ferdinand Marcos; some of them were among the Northern Mindanaoans whose grievances were formally recognized and granted the right to reparations in 2014.[27]
In 2004, an area in the core of the island which included the Mambajao and its highest peak Mount Timpoong, as well as Mount Catarman including the active volcano Mount Hibok-Hibok, as a protected area named the Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok Natural Monument. Proclamation 570 s. 2004, which created the monument, also set aside its adjacent areas as "buffer zones" for the protection of the area. During the 13thASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Environment in 2015, the Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok monument was formally declared anASEAN Heritage Park.[28]
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The province consists primarily of Camiguin Island, as well as a few other surrounding minor islets including:
Camiguin Island is a pearl-shaped island with an area of approximately 238 square kilometers (92 sq mi).[4] The island measures about 23 kilometers (14 mi) at its longest and 14.5 kilometers (9.0 mi) at its widest breadth.[29] The island is mountainous with the highest elevation reaching over 5,000 ft (1,500 m). It is encircled by a national road with a length of about 64 kilometers (40 mi). As of the August 1, 2007, census, the province has a fifth-classincome classification with a population of 81,293.[30]
Camiguin comprises fivemunicipalities, which are further subdivided into a total of 58barangays.[4]
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| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1903 | 30,754 | — |
| 1918 | 37,839 | +1.39% |
| 1939 | 40,805 | +0.36% |
| 1948 | 69,599 | +6.11% |
| 1960 | 44,717 | −3.62% |
| 1970 | 53,913 | +1.89% |
| 1975 | 52,547 | −0.51% |
| 1980 | 57,126 | +1.68% |
| 1990 | 64,247 | +1.18% |
| 1995 | 68,039 | +1.08% |
| 2000 | 74,232 | +1.89% |
| 2007 | 81,293 | +1.26% |
| 2010 | 83,807 | +1.11% |
| 2015 | 88,478 | +1.04% |
| 2020 | 92,808 | +1.01% |
| 2024 | 94,892 | +0.53% |
| Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[31][32][32] | ||
The population of Camiguin in the 2020 census was 92,808 people,[3] with a density of 390 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,000 inhabitants per square mile.
The people of Camiguin are calledCamiguingnon orCamiguinon (Spanish:Camigueños (m)/Camigueñas (f)).Cebuano is the most spoken language in the province, althoughKinamigin is considered to be the indigenous language. Today, Kinamigin is still spoken by a few people in the municipalities ofSagay andGuinsiliban. Other languages spoken varyingly includeBoholano dialect of Cebuano,Hiligaynon,Ilocano,Kapampangan andWaray.[33]Tagalog andEnglish are also widely spoken and understood by the local population.[34]
An indigenous people group, theCinamiguin Manobo, are believed to have been the first inhabitants of Camiguin.[35] Their language, known asKamigin, had 26,700 speakers as of the 2000 census.
Camiguin is a predominantlyRoman Catholic province with 95%[citation needed] adherence.
Other religions are represented by variousProtestant and a fewIslamic groups.
The economy is based upon fishing and farming, withcopra providing the greatest income contribution.Lanzones has since then became the main agricultural product of the island province.[34] Other agricultural products areabaca,rice,mangoes and other fruit trees. The growing tourism industry has improved the economy of the province. Small cottage industries have increased in number to accommodate the influx of visitors.
Camiguin has three colleges, all located in Mambajao: Fatima College of Camiguin (FCC),Camiguin Polytechnic State College (CPSC), with a satellite campus in Catarman, and Camiguin School of Arts and Trades (CSAT). A complete secondary and elementary education is provided as well, both in private and public schools. There are also day care centers offering nursery and pre-school education.
The province has a total number of 68 day care centers managed by theDepartment of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and 56 public and private elementary schools. There are 13 secondary schools, 3 private institutions and the rest government-owned. There is one special school, which accommodates underprivileged or special children, the Family-to-Family School and Farm, which is managed by aNon-Government Organization (NGO).
TheTechnical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) also offers vocational courses, as well as theAlternative Learning System Education Sector which helps individuals through its literacy and livelihood program.[44]
Each year in the third week of October, a festival is held to celebrate theLanzones (locally called bwahan/buahan),[what language is this?] a small grape-sized tropical fruit grown all over the island. Lanzones grown in Camiguin is considered to be the sweetest. The unique flavor is due to the richness of the volcanic soil. The week-longLanzones Festival is one of numerous colorful events in the Philippines.
Several centuries-oldSpanish Colonial and 20th century churches are found in various parts of the island.
Beautiful and ornateancestral homes dating back to theSpanish Colonial Period andAmerican Colonial Period are still abundant and can be found along the streets of Camiguin. Fourteen of these heritage houses have been declared asImportant Cultural Properties of the Philippines. These include the Borromeo ancestral house, Bacut ancestral house, Luspo ancestral house, Neri ancestral house, Nery ancestral house, Nerio-Chan ancestral house, Corrales ancestral house, Corrales y Gamali ancestral house, Francisco ancestral house, Juni ancestral house and Lim ancestral house, and Catalino Chan and Eleuterio Chan ancestral houses.[6]
The province is dotted with numerous heritage structures and zones from the classical, Spanish, and American eras, but most of its heritage sites are from the 300-year Spanish colonial era.
The island of Camiguin is of volcanic origin composed of fourstratovolcanoes. Each volcano (exceptMount Guinsiliban) is made up of several flank domes.[45] The only volcano on the island with historical eruptions isHibok-Hibok, which last erupted in 1953.
Below is the list of volcanoes, arranged with respect to location from north to south:
Located just a few kilometers off the coast are the two islands of Camiguin.
During the volcanic birth of Mt. Vulcan lasting from 1871 to about 1875, some areas in the town of Bonbon subsided, sinking the cemetery of the town to below sea level. The place is commemorated by a huge cross erected in 1982.[50]
Since then the municipality of Bonbon has been transferred to the town of Catarman.
There are at least sixvertebrate species are believed to be endemic to Camiguin.
Camiguin narrow-mouthed frog (Oreophryne nana).
On February 16, 1871, earthquakes began to be felt on the island, which increased in severity until April 30, when avolcanic fissure opened up 400 yards (370 m) southwest of the village of Catarman, northwest of Hibok-Hibok Volcano.Mt. Vulcan was born and continued erupting and pouring lava into the sea, at the same time gaining in height and width. In 1875, theChallenger expedition visited the area and described the mountain as a dome, 1,950 ft (590 m) in height, without any crater, but still smoking and incandescent at the top.[8]: 42
The old town of Catarman was destroyed and a portion of the town sank beneath the sea. The settlement moved to where the town center is presently located. All that remains today ofCatarman Viejo are the ruins of the ancient Spanish church, a convent, and a bell tower.
From 1948 to 1951, Mt.Hibok-Hibok was constantly rumbling and smoking. The first minor eruption in 1948 caused little damage and loss of life, but in 1949, a larger eruption caused 79 deaths due topyroclastic flows. The largest eruption occurred in the morning of December 4, 1951. The volcano unleashed lava flows, poisonous gases, and pyroclastic flows destroying nearly 19 square kilometers of land, particularly in Mambajao. All in all, over 3,000 people were killed. Before the eruption of Mt. Hibok-Hibok in 1951, the population of Camiguin had reached 69,000. After the eruption, the population was reduced to about 34,000 due to massive out-migration. Most who left moved to the mainland Mindanao, mainly around Misamis Oriental.[11][47]
A disastrous typhoon hit the province in the dawn of November 7, 2001. The tropical storm namedLingling (local nameNanang) broughtbuhawi (torrential downpours) on the mountains, causing multiple massivemudslides which killed about 200 inhabitants, most of whom were missing.[57]
Among the exhibitors from the Philippines this year is the island province of Camiguin in Mindanao that calls itself "the island born of fire."
Media related toCamiguin at Wikimedia Commons
Geographic data related toCamiguin atOpenStreetMapPlaces adjacent to Camiguin | |
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 Province ofCamiguin | |
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Mambajao (capital and largest municipality) | |
| Municipalities | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
