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|---|---|---|---|---|
 The A215 running through Norwood, London. | ||||
| Major junctions | ||||
| North end | Elephant and Castle | |||
| Major intersections |  A3 A202 A2216 A2214 A205 A214 A212 A213 A222 A232 | |||
| South end | Shirley | |||
| Location | ||||
| Country | United Kingdom | |||
| Constituent country | England | |||
| Road network | ||||
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TheA215 is anA road insouth London, starting atElephant and Castle and finishing aroundShirley. It runs through theLondon Boroughs ofLambeth,Southwark andCroydon.
The A215 was Britain's most crash-prone A road between 1999 and 2010, having 2,836 crashes over its ten-mile length.[1]
At its northernmost point atElephant & Castle inNewington, the A215 begins as Walworth Road, which runs betweenElephant and Castle andCamberwell Road.[2] It runs throughWalworth and is the major shopping street of the area.East Street Market is especially busy on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. Other attractions include theCuming Museum, Newington Reference Library andJohn Smith House, a formerLabour Party headquarters which is now used by thelocal education authority.
Charles Babbage, theVictorian mathematician and computer pioneer, was likely born at 44 Crosby Row, now Larcom Street,[3] Walworth Road on 26 December 1791.[4] A commemorativeblue plaque is displayed on the Sexual Health Clinic at the junction of Larcom Street and Walworth Road.
Just off the Walworth Road wasWalworth Road railway station on theLondon, Chatham and Dover Railway that was opened in 1863 and shut in 1916 due to wartime constraints.[5]
Walworth Road transitions into Camberwell Road where the A215 enters the formerMetropolitan Borough of Camberwell. The road runs adjacent to the railway betweenElephant & Castle tube station andLoughborough Junction railway station.[2] Much of Camberwell Road is aconservation area, due to its well-preserved large houses from the early 19th century.[6]
By the time of theDomesday Book, Camberwell was already a significant settlement. The town remained a popular resort for Londoners due to its believed medicinalwells. In 1685,John Evelyn'sDiary mentions a Roman urn filled with bones which was uncovered intact during repairs to the road and exhibited at theRoyal Society.[7]
Camberwell Green, at the junction of Camberwell Road and Camberwell Church Street, was the traditional site of Camberwell Fair, an annual fair held every August. Following complaints about the noise and high crime levels generated by the fair, a group of residents bought the fairground in 1855, converting it into the park which remains today.[8]
InVictorian times Camberwell Road was a focal point of south London'sMusic hall scene, with a number of music halls opening from the 1850s onwards.[9] Following the advent of the cinema and later of television, the music halls fell into decline, with the last closing in 1956. Nearby Orpheus Street marks the site of the Metropole Music Hall.
Since theNew Works Programme of the 1930s,London Transport and its successors have planned to extend theBakerloo line south to a station on Camberwell Road. The original plans were abandoned due to theSecond World War before much construction had been completed. Construction again began in the 1950s and 1970s, but was abandoned each time.Transport for London still intends to build this extension, but no date has been set for the work.[10]
After the A215 crosses the A202 it becomes Denmark Hill.[2] This road was originally known as Dulwich Hill, and was renamed in 1683 to commemorate the marriage of Princess Anne (laterQueen Anne) toPrince George of Denmark.[11] The road runs betweenKing's College Hospital and TheMaudsley Hospital before going alongsideRuskin Park. Further south the road passes the Denmark Hill Estate.[2]
The Victorianart critic, author andsocial criticJohn Ruskin lived at 163 Denmark Hill from 1842 to 1871. The house no longer stands and is now the site of a block ofcouncil flats.[12]Ruskin Park, immediately south of the twin hospitals, is named in his honour.
Denmark Hill is home to two of London's largesthospitals, the generalKing's College Hospital (part ofKing's College London) which moved to the site from its original central London location in 1913,[13] and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital.
It is believed by historians that 168, 170 and 172 Denmark Hill were designed by noted architect and prison designerWilliam Blackburn due their similarity in architectural style to his other buildings. However, as the original documentation relating to the construction of these houses has been lost or destroyed, it has proved impossible to confirm this.[14]
Immediately south of the Maudsley Hospital isDenmark Hill railway station, built in 1866 and rebuilt following a fire in 1980, on theSouth London line. This station forms part of theEast London line westward extension toClapham Junction as part of theLondon Overground network.[15]
The road continues southwest into Herne Hill, a short stretch of road running through thearea of the same name.[2] The origin of the name is disputed, but possibly derives fromherons nesting on the (now buried)River Effra. The earliest known usage of the name "Herne Hill" dates from 1798.[16]
St Paul's church was rebuilt ingothic style by the architectGeorge Edmund Street in 1858.
Herne Hill railway station is at the southern end of Herne Hill, on a busy six-road junction. It opened in 1862 and was initially the southernterminus of theLondon, Chatham and Dover Railway[17]
Norwood Road begins afterHerne Hill railway station. It runs alongsideBrockwell Park and then south toTulse Hill.[2]A manor house known as "Brockholle" or "Brockhalle" (the origin of the name "Brockwell") was built on Norwood Road, on what is now a part of Brockwell Park, in the mid-15th century. In 1809 the building was bought by wealthy merchant andSheriff of London John Blades. Blades demolished the building, and builtBrockwell Hall as a replacement at the top of the hill in the park; this building still stands today.[18]
Tulse Hill railway station is on this road. After passing the station, Norwood Road continues south pastWest Norwood Cemetery (home of 65Listed Monuments[19]) toWest Norwood and the Norwood Triangle. Norwood Road is home toSt Luke's Church, aGrade II listed building designed byFrancis Octavius Bedford in 1823–5 and rebuilt byGE Street in 1870.[20]
The Regal Cinema opened on Norwood Road in January 1930; it was unusual in that it also staged live stage shows to accompany films (including performances by animals fromcircuses visiting the nearby park). It was home to the Regal Redheads, a troupe of dancing girls who performed in theinterval.[21]
Knights Hill starts in the north atWest Norwood in the Norwood Triangle one-way system, and runs through a council ward also named asKnight's Hill. It ends in the south at a junction with the A214 at Crown Lane and Crown Dale. Knights Hill becomesBeulah Hill here at Crown Point. To the north, south of Knight's Hill is the part of the Crystal Palace area with no name home to a largeparade of competing large super markets along the A215 Norwood Road including Tesco, Cooperative, Iceland and (by Summer 2009) Sainsbury (ex Woolworth's site).West Norwood railway station is on this road. Knights Hill contains theKnights Hill Nature Reserve, one of the last remaining vestiges of theGreat North Wood which once covered the area.[22]
The 1647 Parliamentary Survey described Knights Hill as "a small common wood containing 40 pollard oaks and two elms".[23]
Beulah Hill (originally "Gravel Pit Road"[24]) begins at a crossroads where the A215 crosses the A214 and Knights Hill becomes Beulah Hill. The road makes a sharp turn to the east where it continues through the neighbourhoods ofUpper Norwood. On the sharp bend is the ornamentalBeulah Hill Pond. Formerly "Big Pond", it was intended as a watering stop for horses and cattle using the road, and still contains a railing to prevent animals straying into deep water. The "Conquering Hero"pub was built next to the pond for the use of people stopping to allow livestock to use the pond,[25] and remains today.
The composer and organist ofSt Paul's Cathedral,Thomas Attwood, lived in a large house on Beulah Hill from 1821 to 1834.Felix Mendelssohn stayed at the Attwood family home, once in 1829 and again in 1832, completing some compositions there. The house was demolished in the late 1960s.[26]
In March 1966, shortly before theWorld Cup tournament, theJules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition atCentral Hall Westminster. It was found seven days later by a dog namedPickles, wrapped in newspaper at the bottom of a suburban garden hedge at Beulah Hill. The story made national headlines.[27]
Nearby isSt Joseph's College founded in 1855, one of the first Catholic educational institutions to be opened in England following the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy.[28] Beulah Hill was the site of Britain's first independent televisiontransmitter, built by theIndependent Television Authority in 1955.[29] Beulah Hill ends at a junction with the A212 (Church Road). From this junction, the A215 is calledSouth Norwood Hill.
South Norwood Hill descends sharply towardsSouth Norwood. It becomes Portland Road at the crossroads with theA213 road.[2]Spurgeon's College is a theological college which since 1923 has been located in a mansion built in 1890 and known asFalkland Park. Otherwise this section of the A215 is mainly residential. The former porter's lodge of the Falkland Park estate still stands along South Norwood Hill as no. 217, "Falkland Lodge".
Portland Road begins at a crossroads where the A215 crosses the A213 on South Norwood High Street and South Norwood Hill becomes Portland Road. The road then travels down a hill with many shops (mainly takeaways, newsagents). It passesSouth Norwood Leisure Centre, a new leisure centre which includes a creche, cafe, gym, swimming pool etc. Portland Road ends with a left turn to stay on the A215 at Spring Lane or straight on to change onto the B243,Woodside Green.[2] From June 2010, the road will be the site of a station on the newLondon Overground network.[15]
The northern section of the road was historically known as "Cholmerden" or "The Goat House". The Minister's of Bailiffs Account of the Chauntry of St Nicholas show that an annual rent of 33shillings and four pence was paid on the land between 1442–1483; this is the earliest recorded reference to the area. The road at the time ran through an ancientwoodland known as the North Wood (the origin of the modern place nameNorwood). The area was cleared for farmland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Industrial development began in the early 19th century following construction of theGrand Surrey Canal, linking the area toSurrey Commercial Docks and theRiver Thames in 1809. This section of the canal was closed in 1836, with theLondon and Croydon Railway built along the canal bed; modern housing development began in the mid-19th century following the opening of the railway.[30]
In 1839 theLondon and Croydon Railway openedJolly-sailor station (sic)—listed as "Jolly-sailor near Beulah Spa" on fares lists and timetables—at the north end of the street. The station was renamed Norwood in 1846. The station was immediately adjacent to alevel crossing over Portland Road.[32]
In 1844, the London and Croydon Railway was given parliamentary authority to test an experimentalpneumatic propulsion system on the railway (referred to at the time as the atmospheric-propulsion system). A pumping station was built on Portland Road; this created avacuum in a pipe paralleling the railway tracks. A piston extended downwards from the trains into a slit in the pipe, meaning that trains were literally sucked towards the pumping station or blown away from it. The pumping station was built in aGothic style, with a very tall ornate tower which served both as achimney and as an exhaust vent for air pumped from the propulsion pipe.[32]
As part of the construction works for the atmospheric-propulsion system, the world's first railwayflyover was constructed at the north end of Portland Road, to carry the new atmospheric line over the conventional steam line below. In 1847, the atmospheric propulsion experiment was abandoned.[32]
Following construction of new lines, the station closed on 1 June 1859 and was replaced by a new station on the south side of the road,Norwood Junction, which is still in use,[32] now part of the newly-extendedEast London line of theLondon Overground which was opened on 23 May 2010.[15][33]
One of the earliestcinemas in south London, the Electric Picture Palace, opened on Portland Road in 1910.[34] The cinema was renamed the Central Cinema shortly afterwards, and closed in 1956,[35] and no trace of it now remains.
Portland Road is also home to the "Gold Coast", the onlyGhanaianpublic house in London; this is a focal point for London's Ghanaian community and serves Ghanaian beer, wine and food.[36]
Roots, Routes, Roots (also known as the "Portland Road Mosaic"), an 11-metre (36 ft) long mosaic depicting the history of theNorwood area, is under the railway bridge. The mosaic was designed by artistsGary Drostle and Rob Turner, and built by children from a number of local schools.[37]
Spring Lane is a short road that starts at the junction with Woodside Green. It lies entirely withinWoodside. St Luke's Church,Ashburton Park,Ashburton Primary School andWoodside tram stop are on this road.[2]
Spring Lane was notable for many years in having one of the fewAncient lights notices in London outside central London, on a private house immediately opposite the station.[38] The sign was taken down in 2005.
Woodside railway station was built in 1871 to serve Croydon Racecourse (see below). The station was unusual in being designed for horses, with access ramps instead of steps and with unusually high entrances designed to accommodate a horse and rider.[39] In 1997 the railway was replaced byTramlink;[40] the station is nowWoodside tram stop.
Shirley Road is the final road on the A215. It is home toAshburton Community School andTrinity School of John Whitgift. It ends inShirley,Croydon. Shirley Road skirts the nearby suburb ofAddiscombe.[2] The town is named after the historic manor of Adscomb ("Edge of the valley"), the country seat of the Heron family,[41] which was situated on Shirley Road. The building no longer exists.
Ashburton Playing Fields are just off Shirley Road, behind the school. The fields were first dedicated as a publichorse racing course byJames I in the early 17th century. Following the opening of the nearbyWoodside railway station in 1871 large numbers of Londoners began travelling to the racecourse. Following pressure from the Mayor ofCroydon, concerned about the large crowds, the racecourse was closed in 1890 and replaced with agolf course; this was bought by the council in 1942 and given to public use as playing fields.[42]
A roads in Zone 2 of theGreat Britain road numbering scheme | ||
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