Acalvary is a type of monumental publicChristian cross, sometimes encased in an openshrine. Usually a calvary has three crosses, that ofJesus Christ and those of theimpenitent thief andpenitent thief.
The oldest survivingcalvaire, dating to between 1450 and 1460, is in France at the ChapelleNotre-Dame-de-Tronoën in the town ofSaint-Jean-Trolimon, in southFinistère, near the Pointe de la Torche. This is raised on a large base which also includes carved representations of theLast Supper and scenes from the passion. Calvaires played an important role in Breton pilgrimages known asPardons, forming a focal point for public festivals. In some instances the Calvary forms part of an outdoor pulpit or throne.
Calvaires are to be found in large numbers throughout Brittany, and come in many varied forms.[1] Breton calvaries typically include three-dimensional figures, usually representing the Virgin Mary, the apostles, and saints, attending the Crucifixion itself.[2]
A 16th-centurycalvaire fromLouargat, Brittany, transplanted to serve as a World War I memorial, stands at theCarrefour de la Rose near the Belgian town ofBoezinge north of Ypres.[3]
The most notable Calvary monument outside Brittany is atLourdes. This was specifically intended to represent Breton Catholicism. It was created by the sculptorYves Hernot in 1900 as a gift to Lourdes from the main Breton dioceses:Rennes,Vannes,Quimper andSaint-Brieuc.[4] The monument comprises a single central cross set within a raised square base at each corner of which a statue of one of the witnesses to the crucifixion is placed.
In northern France and Belgium, such wayside calvaries erected at the junction of routes and tracks "function both asnavigation devices andobjects of veneration", Nicholas J. Saunders has observed[5] "Since medieval times they havefixed the landscape, symbolically acquiring it for the Christian faith, in the same way that, previously,Megalithic monuments marked prehistoric landscapes according to presumed religious and ideological imperatives".
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In Southern Italy calvaries are common. A typical variation is theCalabrian calvary, which includes 3 or more paintings of thePassion of Jesus on a wall surmounted by a cross and protected by a low fence.
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