Byzantine architect and chemist
Callinicus of Heliopolis (Medieval Greek :Καλλίνικος fl. 620 AD)[ 1] Byzantine architect [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] alchemist ofJewish [ 5] [ 6] [ 7] Egyptian origin.[ 8] Greek fire , the premodern precedent of theflamethrower .
According toConstantine Porphyrogenitus , he arrived in Byzantium in the time ofConstantine IV and shared his knowledge of liquid fire with the Byzantines.[ 9] [ 10] [ 11]
^ Herbst, Judith (2006).The History of Weapons . p. 7.ISBN 9780822538059 ^ "Callinicus of Heliopolis | Encyclopedia.com" .www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved2021-01-17 .^ "Callinicus Of Heliopolis" .Born in the city of Heliopolis, there is little information regarding Callinicus' origin and early years. ^ Salam, Abdus; Lai, C. H.; Kidwai, Azim (1989).Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam ISBN 978-981-02-0081-7 ^ "Callinicus of Heliopolis | britannica.com" .www.britannica.com . Retrieved2024-07-17 .^ Breverton, Terry (2012).Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions . Quercus Publishing.ISBN 9781780873404 ^ Cobb, Cathy; Goldwhite, Harold (2013).Creations of Fire Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age . Springer US.ISBN 9781489927705 ^ Ball, Johnny.Wonders Beyond Numbers A Brief History of All Things Mathematical . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 212.ISBN 9781472939968 ^ Forbes, Robert James (1959).More studies in early petroleum history ^ Paul J. Alexander, "The Strength of Empire and Capital as Seen through Byzantine Eyes,"Speculum 37.3 (1962) 347. ^ Cheronis, Nicholas D. (1937)."Chemical warfare in the middle ages. Kallinikos' "prepared fire" Journal of Chemical Education .14 (8): 360.doi :10.1021/ed014p360 .ISSN 0021-9584 .
