| Caliciviridae | |
|---|---|
 | |
Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
| Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
| Order: | Picornavirales |
| Family: | Caliciviridae |
| Genera | |
See text | |
TheCaliciviridae are a family of "small round structured"viruses, members of Class IV of theBaltimore scheme. Caliciviridae bear resemblance to enlarged picornavirus and was formerly a separate genus within the picornaviridae.[1] They arepositive-sense, single-strandedRNA which is not segmented.[2] Thirteen species are placed in this family, divided among eleven genera.[3] Diseases associated with this family include feline calicivirus (respiratory disease), rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (often fatal hepatitis), and Norwalk group of viruses (gastroenteritis).[3][4] Caliciviruses naturally infectvertebrates, and have been found in a number of organisms such ashumans,cattle,pigs,cats,chickens,reptiles,dolphins andamphibians. The caliciviruses have a simple construction and are notenveloped. Thecapsid appearshexagonal/spherical and hasicosahedral symmetry (T=1[5] or T=3[6][4]) with a diameter of 35–39 nm.[7]
Caliciviruses are not very well studied because until 2010, they could not be grown inculture, and they have a very narrow host range and no suitable animal model. However, the application of modern genomic technologies has led to an increased understanding of the virus family.[7] A 2013 isolate fromrhesus monkeys—Tulane virus—can be grown in culture, and this system promises to increase understanding of these viruses.[8]
Calici- comes from the Latin wordCalyx and the Greek wordkalyx[citation needed]. The words mean a cup or chalice, a Calix. This comes from the strains having visible cup-shaped depressions.
The following genera are recognized:[9]
A number of other caliciviruses remain unclassified, including the chicken calicivirus.
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Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediate endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and RNA termination-reinitiation. Vertebrates serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral.[4]
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Establishing the viral etiology took many decades due to the difficulty of growing the virus in cell culture. In the 1940s and 1950s in the United States and Japan, caliciviridae could not be grown in culture, but as an experiment bacterial free filtrate of diarrhea was given to volunteers to check if viruses were present in volunteers' stool.[10] These experiments demonstrated that nonbacterial, filterable agents had the capability of causingenteric disease in humans.[10] In 1968, an outbreak at a Norwalk elementary school (e.g.Norwalk virus) in Ohio led to stool samples again being given to volunteers and serially passaged to other people. Finally, in 1972, Kapikian and his colleagues isolated the Norwalk virus from volunteers usingimmune electron microscopy, a process that involves looking directly at antibody-antigen complexes.[10] The classification of this one Norwalk virus strain served as the prototype for other species and small round structured viruses later known asNorovirus.[10]
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus is a pathogen of rabbits that causes major problems throughout the world where rabbits are reared for food and clothing, make a significant contribution toecosystem ecology, and where they support valued wildlife as a food source.[7]
Australia andNew Zealand, in an effort to control their rabbit populations, have intentionally spread rabbit calicivirus.