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Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana

Coordinates:30°14′N93°22′W / 30.23°N 93.36°W /30.23; -93.36
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Parish in Louisiana, United States

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Parish in Louisiana, United States
Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
Parish of Calcasieu
Calcasieu Parish District Courthouse
Calcasieu Parish District Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana
Location within the U.S. state ofLouisiana
Louisiana's location within the U.S.
Louisiana's location within theU.S.
Country United States
State Louisiana
RegionAcadiana
FoundedMarch 24, 1840
Named afterAtakapa leader Katkōsh Yōk ('Crying Eagle')
Parish seat(and largest city)Lake Charles
Area
 • Total
2,830 km2 (1,094 sq mi)
 • Land2,760 km2 (1,064 sq mi)
 • Water80 km2 (31 sq mi)  2.8%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
216,785
 • RankLA: 7th
 • Density77/km2 (200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
Congressional district3rd
WebsiteCalcasieu Parish Police Jury

Calcasieu Parish (/ˈkælkəˌʃ/;French:Paroisse de Calcasieu) is aparish located on the southwestern border of theU.S. state ofLouisiana. As of the2020 census, the population was 216,785.[1] Theparish seat and largest city isLake Charles.[2]

Calcasieu Parish is part of the Lake Charlesmetropolitan statistical area; it is also located near theBeaumont–Port Arthur (Texas),Lafayette, andAlexandria metropolitan areas.

Calcasieu Parish was created March 24, 1840, from the parish ofSaint Landry, one of the original nineteen civilparishes established by theLouisiana Legislature in 1807 after the United States acquired the territory in theLouisiana Purchase of 1803.[3] The original parish seat was Comasaque Bluff, a settlement east of the river and later called Marsh Bayou Bluff. On December 8, 1840, it was renamed as Marion, Louisiana.

In 1852 Jacob Ryan, a local planter and businessman, donated land and offered to move the courthouse in order to have the parish seat moved to Lake Charles. As the population in this area grew over the years, the original Calcasieu Parish has since been divided into five smaller parishes. The original area of Calcasieu Parish is called Imperial Calcasieu.

Etymology

[edit]

The nameCalcasieu is traditionally explained as coming from theAtakapa language via French, which recorded the name of theCalcasieu River as "Quelqueshue" after the local Atakapa leaderKatkōsh Yōk ('Crying Eagle'). An alternate etymology based upon the Spanish name for the river,Río Hondo, is that Calcasieu comes from an unrecorded Native American word meaning 'deep river'. A questionable folk etymology claims that after the United States acquired the region, a long-winded discussion over renaming the Río Hondo was ended by a frustrated francophone who suggested "name itquelque-chose" (English: 'anything'), which was recorded as "Calacasieu."[4] A similar dubious folk etymology relies upon the Frenchquelques choux (English: 'some cabbages').[5]

Various spellings of 'Calcasieu' are found in early French- and English-language sources, includingCalcasutt,Culqueshoe,Culkeshoe,Kelke-chute,Quelqueshue,Calcasu,Calcasiu,Quelqueshoe, andCalcasiew. The earliest version of the name—rivieére Calkousiouk—was published in 1807 by French explorerCharles César Robin [fr]. An older pronunciation,/kʌlkəʃ/, was noted among older residents of the parish in 1927.[5]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

The early history of the parish dates to the period of theSpanish occupation of Louisiana, after France had ceded this territory following its defeat by Great Britain in theSeven Years' War. In 1797,Jose M. Mora was granted a large tract of land between the Rio Hondo (nowCalcasieu River) and theSabine River,[citation needed] known for years as the"Neutral Strip" between Louisiana and Texas. The area became a refuge for outlaws andfilibusters from Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi of the United States, which had recently gained independence from Great Britain.

The territory was disputed for years betweenSpain and theUnited States afterFrance hadceded Louisiana to the American government as part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. It was definitively acquired by the United States from Spain with theAdams-Onis Treaty in 1819. The treaty was formally ratified on February 22, 1821. By an act ofCongress, approved on March 3, 1823, this strip of land was attached to the district of theLouisiana Territory south of theRed River.

Early settlers to the area included the Ryan, Perkin, Hodges, Bilbo, LeBleu, Deviers, and Henderson families. Some of these families also brought along a few enslaved servants.Acadian settlers, from the eastern parishes of Louisiana, also migrated to this area. Of French descent and exiled by the British fromAcadia (easternCanada), many of these refugees had settled in Louisiana. The parish had a diverse ethnic mix ofFrench and Spanish Creoles,Acadians, Anglo-Americans, Enslaved African Americans, Free African Americans, andIndians. Data compiled from historical volumes of the US Center of Population and Housing indicate that in 1850, 240 of 3914 Parish residents were "Free Men of Color". By 1860 that number had risen to 305 of 5928. The 1860 U.S. census of Louisiana counts 1171 Slaves among Calcasieu Parish residents.

"Imperial Calcasieu" era

[edit]

Calcasieu Parish was created in 1840 from the Parish ofSaint Landry. The new parish was the largest in the state, larger than either of the two smallest states,Delaware andRhode Island.[3] This size, which ultimately was divided into five parishes, led to the parish's nickname "Imperial Calcasieu."[3]

On August 24, 1840, six men met at a private home near present-dayChloe to organize as the parishpolice jury representing six wards. The first order of business was to elect officers, appoint a parish clerk, and settle on simple parliamentary rules that would enable the president to keep the meetings orderly and progressive. The jury adopted all of the laws then in force in Saint Landry Parish. They appointed a parish constable, a parish treasurer, two parish assessors, and an operator of the ferry at Buchanan's crossing. The assessors were given two months to assess all of the property in the parish and a salary of $90.

On September 14, 1840, a survey was authorized of land known then as Marsh Bayou Bluff in order to establish a seat of justice (parish seat) and construct a courthouse and jail. On December 8, 1840, the jury chose to rename this community as Marion. In 1843, the Legislature authorized a vote to move the parish seat.

Finally in 1852, Jacob Ryan was successful in having the parish seat relocated from Marion to the east bank of Lake Charles. This parish seat was incorporated in 1857 as the town of Charleston; it was reincorporated in 1868 asLake Charles. It is located about six miles (9.7 km) from Marion, now known as Old Town. The name Lake Charles commemorates one of the first European settlers, Charles Sallier, a Frenchman who acquired land in this area at the beginning of the 19th century.[6]

Division

[edit]

In 1870Cameron Parish was created from the southern portion of Imperial Calcasieu. It was one of several parishes organized during theReconstruction era by theRepublican-dominated legislature, in an effort to build Republican strength. Many Freedmen had joined theRepublican Party elsewhere in the state. However, while other areas of Louisiana had been developed as cotton plantations, Calcasieu Parish had not. Although the parish had been larger in land mass than the states of Delaware and Rhode Island it was primarily utilized as grazing land for cattle with no significant plantings of cotton, sugar cane or other crops requiring the utilization of slave labor.[7] Therefore, Calcasieu before the Civil War was home to a lower percentile of African-American slaves than many other parts of the State.

In 1912 Calcasieu Parish still comprised an area of more than 3,600 square miles (9,300 km2), and remained the largest parish in the state by geographic area. In 1912, "Imperial Calcasieu" was further divided with the creation of the three new parishes ofAllen,Beauregard, andJefferson Davis, with a total area of approximately 2,548 square miles (6,600 km2).[3][6] These were the most recent parishes organized in Louisiana. Following these jurisdictional changes, Calcasieu Parish lost almost half of its population between the1910 and1920 United States census.

Geography

[edit]

According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 1,094 square miles (2,830 km2), of which 1,064 square miles (2,760 km2) is land and 31 square miles (80 km2) (2.8%) is water.[8]

Major highways

[edit]

Adjacent counties and parishes

[edit]

Major waterways

[edit]

Hazardous Waste Sites

[edit]

CalcasieuEstuary Bayou Verdine

[edit]

Bayou Verdine is located in a heavily industrialized area; over 30 major companies are active nearby. The two companies responsible for cleaning up the bayou,Phillips 66 andSasol North America (the cleanup parties), operate a petroleum refinery and a petrochemical complex. Both of these facilities have operated for decades, during which time their operations contaminated bayou sediments withpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. In 2003, theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency completed a remedial investigation for the Calcasieu Estuary. EPAs investigation found that contamination in Bayou Verdine did not pose a threat to people but was harmful to plants and animals. In 2010, Phillips 66 and Sasol signed a consent decree agreeing to clean up the bayou. EPA approved the removal action work plan in December 2011. Cleanup work began in September 2012. The cleanup parties first prepared a settling basin to receive sediments to be dredged from the bayou. Two pre-existing ponds on the refinery property had been created decades ago to provide fill for construction of nearby Interstate 10. One of these ponds (the east pond) was converted into the settling basin. It was emptied by pumping the water into the bayou. The bottom sediments were solidified by mixing in fly ash and a drainage system was placed at the bottom of the basin. Finally, the cleanup parties installed a flexible membrane liner on the bottom of the settling basin as an extra precaution. Bayou dredging followed. The cleanup parties used hydraulic dredging and mechanical excavation techniques to remove the top 1 to 2 feet of sediments from about 7,000 feet of the bayou on the Phillips 66 refinery property and downstream. The dredged sediment and water mixture (slurry) was then pumped through a pipeline to the settling basin, where the sediment was allowed to separate from the water by gravity settling. The water was tested and then released into the bayou in accordance with a discharge permit from the state. About 30,000 cubic yards of bayou sediments were placed in the containment cell. Dredging was completed in February 2014. During the cleanup process, EPA provided updates to the Calcasieu Estuary Task Force (a group of local leaders). EPA and the cleanup parties also provided fact sheets to the task force and others to keep the community informed during the cleanup.[9]

Bayou d'Inde

[edit]

What Happened

[edit]

The banks of Bayou d’Inde have been industrialized since oil and natural gas deposits were discovered nearby in the 1920s. Chemical manufacturing and petroleum refining facilities have released toxins—including PCBs, dioxins, lead, and mercury—into the bayou and surrounding areas for decades.

Some of the potentially responsible parties (PRPs) began cleanup activities in late 2014 and they are expected to be completed by the end of 2018. Collectively they will dredge contaminated sediment from the main channel, use articulated concrete block mat technology for in-situ capping of approximately 36,000 square yards, and cap the remaining contaminated areas with clean sediment.

NOAA is currently working with the other trustees to ensure that sediment dredging and capping limits risks to the local ecosystem. We will also monitor contaminant levels in the bayou to track the long-term effects of the remediation.

What Were the Impacts?

[edit]

Bayou d’Inde is a major tributary of the Calcasieu River, supporting a diverse ecosystem, including many types of fish, birds, and terrestrial and marine mammals. PCBs, dioxins, lead, mercury, and other contaminants have accumulated in the water and sediments of the bayou and its surrounding wetlands and floodplains.

Restrictions on consumption of fish and shellfish(link is external) from the bayou have been in place since 1987 due to elevated toxin levels. Swimming and other water-based recreation activities are also considered unsafe. In addition, contaminants from the bayou have contributed to a fish consumption advisory for the entire Calcasieu Estuary, first issued in 1992.

What's Happening Now?

[edit]

NOAA and the other trustees have conducted a natural resource damage assessment in cooperation with the PRPs.

On October 15, 2018, the court approved an $11 million consent decree resolving claims pertaining to the discharge of hazardous substances into Bayou d'Inde. NOAA and other trustees will use settlement funds to pay for future natural resource restoration actions selected by the trustees.

On June 20, 2023, The Trustees of the Bayou d’Inde hazardous waste site published a Draft Restoration Plan/Environmental Assessment (RP/EA) that describes injuries to natural resources attributed to hazardous substances released into the environment and proposes certain restoration projects. The Trustee Council is accepting comments on the Draft RP/EA for a 30-day comment period open through July 21, 2023.

On July 19, 2024, the Final Restoration Plan/Evnironmental Assessment was released. The Trustee propose to proceed with the selected restoration activities after considering comments from the public scoping period.[10]

Citgo Refinery - Calcasieu River Oil Spill - Calcasieu River, LA - June 2006

[edit]

What Happened?

[edit]

On June 19, 2006, over 99,000 barrels of waste oil and millions of gallons of untreated oily wastewater overflowed from storage tanks and discharged into a containment area inCITGO’s Lake Charles Manufacturing Complex. An estimated 54,000 barrels of waste oil and an undetermined amount of oily wastewater flowed out of the containment area and into the Indian Marais, theCalcasieu River, and adjoining waterways in the Calcasieu Estuary.

What Were the Impacts?

[edit]

Approximately 150 linear miles of shoreline habitats were affected by the spill, including hundreds of acres of marsh, intertidal, and subtidal sediments. The oil directly impacted fish, benthic organisms, and several species of birds, including secretive marsh birds such as rails and larger birds such as gulls.

The released oil was in a highly volatile and acutely toxic form, requiring initial closure of oiled areas to responders and natural resource damage assessment teams. The highly toxic compounds in the oil were soluble, resulting in significant mixing into the water column. Between June 23 and June 28, numerous fish kills were observed in and around the floating oil.

In the days following the spill, fishing and other recreational activities in the area were shut down.

What’s Happening Now?

[edit]

On August 31, 2021, the U.S Department of Justice finalized aConsent Decree valued at $19.69 million to restore natural resources injured by the Citgo Refinery oil spill.

This Consent Decree settled claims of injuries and will go towards restoration projects that benefit habitats, fish, wildlife, and outdoor recreational activities impacted by the oil spill.

On February 24, 2022, the trustees released the Final Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan,[11] with selected projects to restore the resources injured by the spill. The selected restoration projects include

  • Restoring 392 acres of saline marsh, including tidal creeks, in shallow open water in Cameron Parish, Louisiana,
  • Creating approximately 18 acres of oyster reef habitat in Cameron Parish, Louisiana and,
  • Contributing to an ongoing large project to create suitable nesting habitat for coastal island nesting birds in Terrebonne Bay, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana

With the projects identified in this Final Restoration Plan, the trustees aim to restore approximately 432 acres of habitat near the Calcasieu estuary to compensate for injuries to shoreline habitats, oysters and birds.[12]

Communities

[edit]
Map of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana with municipal labels.

Cities

[edit]

Towns

[edit]

Unincorporated areas

[edit]

Census-designated places

[edit]

Other communities

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18402,057
18503,91490.3%
18605,92851.5%
18706,73313.6%
188012,48485.4%
189020,17661.6%
190030,42850.8%
191062,767106.3%
192032,807−47.7%
193041,96327.9%
194056,50634.7%
195089,63558.6%
1960145,47562.3%
1970145,4150.0%
1980167,22315.0%
1990168,1340.5%
2000183,5779.2%
2010192,7685.0%
2020216,78512.5%
2021 (est.)205,282−5.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]
1790-1960[15] 1900-1990[16]
1990-2000[17] 2010-2019[18]
Calcasieu Parish racial composition as of 2020[19]
RaceNumberPercentage
White (non-Hispanic)137,11063.25%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)54,82525.29%
Native American9020.42%
Asian3,7971.75%
Pacific Islander1370.06%
Other/Mixed8,6303.98%
Hispanic orLatino11,3845.25%

According to the2020 United States census, there were 216,785 people, 77,232 households, and 53,308 families residing in the parish. In 2010, 70.8% of the population wereWhite, 24.9%Black or African American, 1.1%Asian, 0.5%Native American, 0.9% of some other race and 1.9%of two or more races. 2.6% wereHispanic or Latino (of any race); 24.9% were ofFrench,French Canadian orCajun, 8.4%American, 6.2%Irish, 6.2%English and 6.1%German ancestry.[20] In 2020, the racial and ethnic makeup was 63.25% non-Hispanic white, 25.29% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 1.75% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 3.98% other or two or more races, and 5.25% Hispanic or Latino of any race.[19]

In 2010, were 73,996 households, out of which 35.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.60% weremarried couples living together, 14.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.50% were non-families. 24.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the parish, 27.40% of the population was under the age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 28.70% from 25 to 44, 21.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.90% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 94.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males.

The median income for a household in the parish was $35,372, and the median income for a family was $41,903. Males had a median income of $36,569 versus $21,390 for females according to the 2010 census. Theper capita income for the parish was $17,710. About 12.80% of families and 15.40% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 19.90% of those under age 18 and 14.20% of those age 65 or over.

Law and government

[edit]
Calcasieu Parish Police Jury building

Calcasieu Parish is governed by an elected body known as the Police Jury. Some 15single-member districts have been defined, with a population of approximately 12,200 persons per district (based on the 2000 census). Each district elects one Juror for representation, in keeping with the ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court of the "one man, one vote" principle.

The Court had found that Louisiana and a number of other states had failed to reapportion their state legislatures for decades, in many cases keeping representation based on geographic boundaries, such as counties or parishes, rather than population. This had resulted in under-representation for decades of urban and industrialized districts in the state legislature. Redistricting was also required at the parish level for election of police juries. By the constitution, reapportionment (or redistricting) of the parish is required following each official census. This can change the boundaries of the single-member districts, to ensure that each Juror represents approximately the same number of people.

A 2003 report found that the office of the public defender in Calcasieu Parish used an expert in only 1 of 171 cases. The criminal defense lawyers in that parish visited their clients in jail in only 1 out of 14 cases.[21]

Courthouse

[edit]

The first courthouse erected at Marion, a crudely built log cabin, was completed in August 1841. When the seat of justice was changed to Lake Charles in 1852, Sheriff Jacob Ryan with the help of his slave, Uncle George, and the aid of his good friend and fellow landowner, Samuel Adams Kirby, loaded the log cabin courthouse on an ox cart and transported the small building through the piney woods to Lake Charles. A new wooden courthouse was completed within a year.

This courthouse was replaced in 1891 by a colonial-style brick building erected at a cost of $20,000. In 1902 the parish added an annex to this building. A disastrous fire on April 23, 1910, destroyed the courthouse as well as most of downtown Lake Charles. Many of the records of the parish were burned or damaged. On April 4, 1911, the Police Jury decided to build a new courthouse on the old site.

It is a brick and terracotta structure completed in 1912 at a cost of $200,000. It is a replica of the famousVilla Copra, known as the Rotunda inVicenza. The villa was designed by noted Italian architect,Andrea Palladio. His work became internationally known in the 17th and 18th centuries, and was influential both in Great Britain and the United States. Calcasieu Parish's replica was designed byFavrot and Livaudais of New Orleans. The dome atop the courthouse is of solid copper.

An annex containing two additional court rooms and additional space for the Clerk of Court and the Police Jury was added in the year 1958. Another annex for the Third Circuit Court of Appeals of the State of Louisiana was completed in 1960.

In 1967, a Parish Government Building was completed to house the various offices of the Police Jury. This building was expanded in 2003, and houses the following departments: Office of the Parish Administrator, Records Department, Division of Finance/Purchasing, Facilities Management, Human Resources Department, Division of Planning and Development, Division of Engineering and Public Works, and the Government Access Channel.

In 1987, a new building was constructed to house the District Attorney's Office. A new state-of-the-art correctional center was completed in 1990 to replace the old jail, which was constructed in 1956. A separate building was completed in 1991 for the Third Circuit Court of Appeals. A Judicial Center was constructed on the site of the old jail to house the Fourteenth Judicial District, and was completed in March 1994.

Between 1993 and 1998 an extensive interior and exterior restoration and renovation was performed on the 1912 Parish Courthouse. The Courthouse houses several offices, including the Clerk of Court, Juvenile and Family Court, Registrar of Voters, Sheriff's Civil Division, Veterans Affairs Office, and others.

Law enforcement

[edit]
Law enforcement agency
Calcasieu Parish Sheriff's Office
AbbreviationCPSO
MottoDuty, Respect and Trust
Agency overview
Formed1840
Employees980
Jurisdictional structure
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersLake Charles, Louisiana
Sworn members980
Agency executive
Divisions
9
  • Administration
  • Special Services
  • Enforcement
  • Civil
  • Programs
  • Corrections
  • Law Enforcement Centers
  • Investigations
  • Security Enforcement
Facilities
Law Enforcement Centers
10
  • Bell City/Hayes
  • Carlyss
  • Central Lake Charles
  • DeQuincy
  • Iowa
  • Moss Bluff
  • South Lake Charles
  • Starks
  • Sulphur
  • Vinton
Corrections Facilities
2
  • Calcasieu Correctional Center
  • Calcasieu Sheriff's Prison
Patrol CarsFord Taurus Police Interceptor,Chevrolet Tahoe,Dodge Charger
Patrol MotorcyclesHarley Davidson Road King
Fixed wings1
Polica DogsYes
Website
cpso.com

The primary law enforcement for the parish is the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff's Office. In 2016, employees of the office were amongst the lowest-paid in the region.[22]

TheLouisiana State Police is the primary law enforcement on state highways within the parish.

Education

[edit]

Public schools in all parts of the parish are operated by theCalcasieu Parish School Board.[23]

It is in the service area ofSowela Technical Community College.[24]

National Guard

[edit]

Elements of the256th IBCT and the 139TH RSG (Regional Support Group) are based inLake Charles. The 256th IBCT deployed to Iraq twice, 2004-5 and 2010.De Quincy is the home of H Company of the 199th Forward Support Battalion which is a detachment of 3-156th Infantry Battalion. The Battalion's HHC is located in Lake Charles. These units deployed toIraq with the 256TH IBCT.

Notable people

[edit]

Politics

[edit]
United States presidential election results for Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana[29]
YearRepublicanDemocraticThird party(ies)
No. %No. %No. %
202456,06469.04%23,91829.46%1,2191.50%
202055,06666.62%25,98231.43%1,6151.95%
201654,19164.68%26,29631.39%3,2983.94%
201251,85063.44%28,35934.70%1,5171.86%
200850,44961.43%30,24436.82%1,4381.75%
200446,07557.81%32,86441.24%7590.95%
200038,08651.72%33,91946.06%1,6312.21%
199626,49435.97%38,23851.91%8,92912.12%
199224,84735.57%33,57048.05%11,44516.38%
198829,64946.25%33,93252.94%5190.81%
198435,56651.39%33,21447.99%4300.62%
198027,60042.55%35,44654.65%1,8132.80%
197617,48533.24%33,98064.61%1,1302.15%
197224,77857.72%15,33035.71%2,8176.56%
19689,52021.46%14,59332.89%20,25045.65%
196417,04642.27%23,28557.73%00.00%
196010,24327.22%24,23364.40%3,1518.37%
195613,76051.47%12,25545.84%7182.69%
195211,10241.25%15,81458.75%00.00%
19481,94015.60%7,07456.87%3,42427.53%
19441,86719.19%7,86180.81%00.00%
19401,42516.91%6,99382.96%110.13%
19361,03714.19%6,25985.63%130.18%
19326789.96%6,10589.71%220.32%
19281,99736.10%3,53263.85%30.05%
19241,12930.88%2,49468.22%330.90%
192048316.23%2,48083.33%130.44%
19161658.36%1,79891.13%100.51%
19121715.27%2,14466.05%93128.68%

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts".www.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. RetrievedDecember 19, 2021.
  2. ^"Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived fromthe original on May 31, 2011. RetrievedJune 7, 2011.
  3. ^abcdEllender, Allie (May 2007)."A BRIEF HISTORY OF CALCASIEU PARISH".ereserves.mcneese.edu. McNeese State University. Archived fromthe original on September 4, 2014. RetrievedSeptember 3, 2014.
  4. ^Ulmer, Grace (July 1949). "Economic and Social Development of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, 1840–1912".The Louisiana Historical Quarterly.2 (3): 521.
  5. ^abRead, William A. (February 1927).Louisiana Place-Names of Indian Origin. University Bulletin (Vol. 19, No. 2). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University. pp. 15–16 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ab"History of Calcasieu Parish".Calcasieu Parish Police Jury. RetrievedJuly 10, 2019.
  7. ^Some Aspects of Agricultural Retardation in Southwest Louisiana, 1865-1900 - Donald J. Millet, Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Winter, 1970), pp. 37-61
  8. ^"2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived fromthe original on September 28, 2013. RetrievedAugust 27, 2014.
  9. ^"DIVER Admin Record".Liferay. RetrievedMarch 11, 2025.
  10. ^"Bayou d'Inde | Hazardous Waste | Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program".darrp.noaa.gov. RetrievedMarch 11, 2025.
  11. ^https://losms-api.losco.org/api/File/OpenOrDownload/Public/11154
  12. ^"Citgo Refinery - Calcasieu River | Oil Spills | Damage Assessment, Remediation, and Restoration Program".darrp.noaa.gov. RetrievedMarch 11, 2025.
  13. ^End of Mossville- Retrieved June 4, 2018
  14. ^"U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. RetrievedAugust 27, 2014.
  15. ^"Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. RetrievedAugust 27, 2014.
  16. ^"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. RetrievedAugust 27, 2014.
  17. ^"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000"(PDF). United States Census Bureau.Archived(PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. RetrievedAugust 27, 2014.
  18. ^"State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived fromthe original on June 6, 2011. RetrievedAugust 20, 2013.
  19. ^ab"Explore Census Data".data.census.gov. RetrievedDecember 29, 2021.
  20. ^""American FactFinder"". Archived fromthe original on January 8, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2015.
  21. ^Kurth, Michael M.; Burckel, Daryl V. (July 22, 2003).Defending the Indigent in Southwest Louisiana(PDF) (Report). RetrievedSeptember 30, 2019.
  22. ^Chatelin, Kim (June 14, 2016)."How much do your police make? See list of 12 agencies". Times-Picayune. Archived fromthe original on June 15, 2016. RetrievedJune 15, 2016.
  23. ^"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Calcasieu Parish, LA"(PDF).U.S. Census Bureau.Archived(PDF) from the original on July 31, 2022. RetrievedJuly 31, 2022. -Text list
  24. ^"Our Colleges".Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges. RetrievedJune 3, 2021.
  25. ^"Mike Danahay". house.louisiana.gov. Archived fromthe original on May 2, 2015. RetrievedApril 20, 2015.
  26. ^"Guide to Harry Hollins Papers"(PDF). ereserves.mcneese.edu. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on July 14, 2015. RetrievedJuly 13, 2015.
  27. ^"House District 35",Louisiana Encyclopedia (1999)
  28. ^Staff."MARTIN O. WALDRON IS DEAD AT 56; REPORTING LED TO A PULITZER PRIZE",The New York Times, May 28, 1981. Accessed July 13, 2010.
  29. ^Leip, David."Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".uselectionatlas.org. RetrievedApril 28, 2018.

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Geology

Places adjacent to Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
Municipalities and communities ofCalcasieu Parish, Louisiana,United States
Cities
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communities
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Former
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30°14′N93°22′W / 30.23°N 93.36°W /30.23; -93.36

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