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Cagayan | |
|---|---|
    .jpg) .jpg) (from top: left to right) Sierra Madre Mountains inSanta Ana,Smith andBabuyan Claro Volcano, Beach inBuguey,Buntun Bridge in Tuguegarao,Pinacanauan River andDowntown Tuguegarao. | |
| Nickname(s): Land of Smile and Beauty | |
| Motto: Pabaruen ti Cagayan | |
 Location in the Philippines | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:18°00′N121°48′E / 18°N 121.8°E /18; 121.8 | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Cagayan Valley |
| Founded | June 29, 1583 |
| Capital and largest city | Tuguegarao |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Manuel Mamba (Nacionalista) |
| • Vice Governor | Melvin Vargas Jr. (PFP) |
| • Legislature | Cagayan Provincial Board |
| Area | |
• Total | 9,398.07 km2 (3,628.62 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 5th out of 81 |
| Highest elevation | 1,823 m (5,981 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[3] | |
• Total | 1,268,603 |
• Estimate (2020) | 1,273,219[2] |
| • Rank | 23rd out of 81 |
| • Density | 130/km2 (350/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 63rd out of 81 |
| Demonyms |
|
| Divisions | |
| • Independent cities | 0 |
| • Component cities | |
| • Municipalities | |
| • Barangays | 820 |
| • Districts | Legislative districts of Cagayan |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PHT) |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)78 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH-CAG |
| Spoken languages | |
| Catholic Diocese | Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao |
| Patron Saint | Our Lady of Piat |
| Website | www |
Cagayan (/kɑːɡəˈjɑːn/kah-gə-YAHN), officially theProvince of Cagayan (Ilocano:Probinsia ti Cagayan;Ibanag:Provinsiya na Cagayan;Itawit:Provinsiya ya Cagayan;Isnag:Provinsia nga Cagayan;Ivatan:Provinsiya nu Cagayan;Gaddang:Provinsia na Cagayan;Filipino:Lalawigan ng Cagayan), is aprovince in thePhilippines located in theCagayan Valleyregion, covering the northeastern tip ofLuzon. Its capital isTuguegarao, the largest city of that province as well as the regional center of Region 2 (Cagayan Valley). It is about 431 kilometres (268 mi) northwest ofManila, and includes theBabuyan Islands to the north. The province bordersIlocos Norte andApayao to the west, andKalinga andIsabela to the south.
Cagayan was one of the early provinces that existed during the Spanish colonial period. CalledLa Provincia de Cagayan, its borders essentially covered the entireCagayan Valley, which included the present provinces ofIsabela,Quirino,Nueva Vizcaya,Batanes and portions ofKalinga,Apayao, andAurora. The former capital wasNueva Segovia, which also served as the seat of theDiocese of Nueva Segovia.[4] Today, only 9,295.75 square kilometres (3,589.11 sq mi)[1] remain of the former vastness of the province. The entire region, however, is still referred to asCagayan Valley.
A folk legend holds that the name was originally derived from thetagay, a plant that grows abundantly in the northern part of the province. The termCatagayan, "the place where thetagay grows" was shortened toCagayan.[4] Linguists, however, hold thatcagayan comes from an ancient, lost word that means "river". Variations of this word—karayan,kayan,kahayan, kayayan,kagayan andkalayan—all meanriver, referring toCagayan River. It is said to have also shared etymology withCagayan de Oro inMindanao with the similar reference, also calledCagayan River.[4][5][6]
Cagayan has a prehistoric civilization with rich and diverse culture. According to archaeologists, the earliest man in the Philippines probably lived in Cagayan thousands[specify] of years ago.[citation needed]
In the classical era, Gattaran and Lal-lo was the home of hunter-gatherers who specialized in hunting mollusks. These hunter-gatherers have stockpiled their leftover mollusk shells in numerous sites in Gattaran and Lal-lo, until eventually, the shells formed into the largest stock of shell-midden sites in the entire Philippines.
TheAtta orNegritos were the first people in valley. They were later moved to the uplands or variably assimilated by the Austronesians, from whom theIbanags,Itawes, Yogads,Gaddangs, Irayas and Malawegs descended - who actually came from one ethnicity. These are the people found by the Spaniards in the different villages along the rivers all over Cagayan. The Spaniards rightly judged that these various villagers came from a single racial stock and decided to make theIbanag language thelingua franca, both civilly and ecclesiastically for the entire people of Cagayan which they called collectively as theCagayanes which later was transliterated to becomeCagayanos.
Cagayan was a major site for theMaritime Jade Road, one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world, operating for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.[7][8][9][10]
Even before the Spaniards came to Cagayan, the Cagayanos have already made contact with various civilizations like theChinese,Japanese and evenIndians, as evidenced by various artifacts and even the presence of minor to moderate foreign linguistic elements in the languages of the natives.
Various other peoples, mainly theIlocanos,Pangasinenses,Kapampangans andTagalogs, as well asVisayans,Moros,Ivatans, and even foreigners like the Chinese, Indians,Arabs, Spaniards and others were further infused to the native Cagayanes to become the modernCagayano that we know today.
The north coast was also the site of aWokou state when the Japanese pirate-lord Tay Fusa[11] set up his stronghold there before its destruction during the1582 Cagayan battles.
In 1581, Captain Juan Pablo Carreon arrived in Cagayan with a hundred fully equipped soldiers and their families by order ofGonzalo Ronquillo de Peñaloza, the fourth SpanishGovernor-General of the Philippines. The expeditionary force was sent to explore theCagayan Valley, to convert the natives toCatholicism, and to establish ecclesiastical missions and towns throughout the valley.
On June 29, 1583, SpanishconquistadorJuan de Salcedo traced the northern coastline ofLuzon and set foot on the Massi (Pamplona),Tular, andAparri areas.
In 1583, through a SpanishRoyal Decree, the entire northeastern portion ofLuzon (specifically, all territories east of theCordillera mountains and those north of theCaraballo mountains) including the islands in theBalintang Channel were organized into one large political unit called theLa Provincia de Cagayán. Theprovincia's territorial delineation encompassed the present provinces ofBatanes,Isabela,Quirino,Nueva Vizcaya, including portions ofKalinga,Apayao,Mountain Province,Ifugao, andAurora. Its capital wasNueva Segovia (the present municipality ofLal-lo).[4] It was sometimes calledCagayán de Luzón to distinguish from other places bearing the name Cagayan.
The Spanish friars soon established mission posts inCamalaniugan andLal-lo (Nueva Segovia), which became the seat of theDiocese established byPope Clement VIII on August 14, 1595.
A founding population of 200 Spanish citizens from Europe accompanied by 100 soldiers set up settlements acrossCagayan Valley.[12] These people were in turn supplemented by 155 Latin Americansoldiers recruited from Mexico[13] By the end of the 1700s,Zambales had 9,888 native families.[14]: 539 [15]: 31, 54, 113
Thesee was moved in 1758 toVigan because of its relative distance. The Spanish influence can still be seen in the massive churches and other buildings.
In 1839,Nueva Vizcaya was established as a politico-military province and was separated from Cagayan. Later,Isabela was founded as a separate province on May 1, 1856, its areas carved from southern Cagayan and eastern Nueva Vizcaya territories.[4]
During the late 18th century, theNew Spain government encouraged the expansion of trade and development of commodity crops. Among these wastobacco, and lands in Cagayan became the center of a vertically integrated monopoly: tobacco was grown there and shipped to Manila, where it was processed and made into cigarettes and cigars. The development of the related bureaucracy and accounting systems was done under the leadership ofJosé de Gálvez, who as visitor-general toMexico from 1765 to 1772 developed the monopoly there and increased revenues to the Crown. He worked in the Philippines as Minister of the Indies from 1776 to 1787, constructing a similar monopoly there underGovernor-GeneralBasco y Vargas (1778–1787).[16] The Spanish development of this industry affected all their economic gains in the Philippines.[16]
The establishment of the civil government of Cagayan through the 1583 Spanish Royal Decree is commemorated in the annual Aggao Nac Cagayan celebrations of the Provincial Government of Cagayan and its people.
When theTreaty of Paris was signed in 1898, ending theSpanish–American War, the United States took over the Philippines. It influenced the culture, most notably in agriculture and education, as well as in public works and communications. A naval base also increased interaction between local Filipinos and American sailors and administrators. At the close of the 18th century, there were 29 municipalities in the province of Cagayan. After the Philippines came under American sovereignty in 1902, more municipalities were founded. Since then, due to centralization and shifting of populations, the number of municipalities is back to 29. A new wave of immigration began in the late 19th and 20th centuries with the arrival of another group of the Ilocano settlers who came in large numbers. They now constitute the largest group in the province, and it was only in this large-scale Ilocano immigration & settlement that made Ilocano language replaced Ibanag as thelingua franca of the province.
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During theSecond World War, with air raids by Japanese fighters and bombers, the province of Cagayan suffered much destruction by bombing and later invasion.Japanese Imperial forces entered Cagayan in 1942. While under the Japanese Occupation, several pre-warinfantry divisions and regular units of thePhilippine Commonwealth Army were re-established during the period on January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946. They established general headquarters, camps and garrisoned troops in the province of Cagayan, and began operations against the Japanese Occupation forces in the Cagayan Valley. This included sending troops to the provinces of Cagayan andIsabela, and helping the local soldiers of the 11th and 14th Infantry Regiment of theUSAFIP-NL, the localguerrilla fighters and the U.S. liberation forces. They fought against the Japanese Imperial forces from 1942 to 1945.
TheBattle off Cape Engaño on October 26, 1944, was held offCape Engaño. At that time American carrier forces attacked the Japanese Northern Force. This became the concluding action of theBattle of Leyte Gulf. The Japanese lost 4 carriers, 3 light cruisers and 9 destroyers.
In 1945, the combined United States and Philippine troops, together with the recognized guerrillas, took Cagayan. Part of the action were the Filipino soldiers of the 11th and 14th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL liberated the province of Cagayan during the Second World War.[further explanation needed]
After World War II Baldomero Perez of Tuguegarao was temporarily appointed asGovernor of Cagayan by the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit, serving until he was replaced by Peregrino R. Quinto in 1946.
Beginning in the 1970s, Cagayan became known as a bailiwick ofJuan Ponce Enrile ofGonzaga, who asSecretary and later Minister of National Defense became one of the most powerful figures during theMartial Law period under PresidentFerdinand Marcos. His influence enabled the construction of Port Irene, a modernized international harbor facility inSanta Ana that was named after Marcos' daughterIrene, which later formed the basis for the creation of theCagayan Special Economic Zone and Freeport, whose enabling law was authored by Enrile as a Senator in 1995 and now includes Santa Ana and parts ofAparri.
Loan-funded government spending to promoteFerdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign caused[17][18] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn in the last months of the 1960s. Known as the1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, this led to social unrest throughout the country beginning with theFirst Quarter Storm protests of 1970,[19][20]: "43" [21][22] and incidents of violence like thePlaza Miranda bombing. Marcos responded byvilifying his critics as "communists" and suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus through Proclamation No. 889 in August 1971, but this had the effect of pushing moderate student protesters towards the radical left, and causing many of them to go home to their home provinces like Cagayan.[23][24][25] Marcos' actions thus lead theMarxist–Leninist–MaoistCommunist Party of the Philippines to gain a significant presence in many Cagayan municipalities, although not as much in Tuguegarao itself.[26][27]
With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines underMartial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[28] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record ofhuman rights abuses,[29][30] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[31] In Tuguegarao, Camp Marcelo Adduru became the province's main detention center for"political detainees",[32] who were often never formally charged with a crime, and thus technically not counted by Marcos as "prisoners."[32][33][34] Others disappeared without the trace for daring to speak against Marcos, such asRomeo Crismo, a teacher at Cagayan Teacher’s College and St. Louis College in Tuguegarao, who criticized the1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite as a sham election. He disappeared without a trace in August 1980 after unknown men tried to capture him in front of his students the day before. He was later honored by having his name inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines'Bantayog ng mga Bayani, in recognition of his martyrdom while resisting authoritarianism.[35]
During that time, logging concessions were awarded in the province by the Marcoses to Enrile and other cronies, leading to the severe degradation of forest cover in the province that contributed to widespread flooding and other environmental issues that persist today.[36][37]
Cagayan saw incidents of political violence during the1986 Philippine presidential election, including the fatal shooting by militiamen of opposition leader Euginio Coloma in the municipality ofBuguey.[38]
A number of Cagayanon politicians played parts in thePeople Power Revolution two weeks after the election, and in the following one year in which the Philippines was under an interim provisional revolutionary government between 1986 and 1987. This included Enrile, whose failed[39]attempt to lead a coup against Marcos was one of the precipitating events behind the revolution,[40] and former Cagayan Governor Teresa J. Dupaya, who supported the opposition during the election and was re-appointed to her old post as Governor when the provisional government was established.[41]
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Cagayan was also the site of theHotel Delfino Siege inTuguegarao, which took place on March 4, 1990, when efforts to arrest suspended governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo for supporting rebellions against the government of PresidentCorazon Aquino led to him storming the provincial capitol and taking hostages including his would-be arresting officer, Brigadier General Oscar Florendo of theArmed Forces of the Philippines Civil Relations Service. The stand-off deteriorated into a series of gun-battles throughout the town, with Florendo being killed presumably in a crossfire inside the hotel and Aguinaldo managing to escape and go into hiding before later surrendering and being cleared of legal charges by winning reelection in 1992. He was later elected congressman in 1998 but was assassinated by theNew People's Army in 2001.
Cagayan has been heavily impacted by changing weather patterns resulting from climate change,[42] with the 2020 Ulysses flood being noted as one of the most severe examples.[43]
In November 2020,Typhoon Vamco (locally known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ulysses) crossed the country, dams from all around Luzon neared their spilling points, forcing them to release large amounts of water into impounds, including Magat Dam. The dam opened all of its 7 gates at 24 metres (79 ft), releasing over 5,037 cubic metres (1,331,000 US gal) of water into the Cagayan River flooding numerous riverside towns. Waters under theBuntun Bridge went up as high as 13 metres (43 ft), flooding the nearby barangays up to the roofs of houses.[44][45]
Because there was very little media coverage of the flooding in the area in the wake of theCOVID-19 lockdown in Luzon and theShutdown of ABS-CBN broadcasting earlier that year,[46] residents resorted to social media to request the national government for rescue.[47] As a result of the catastrophe, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) indicated that it would review its protocols regarding the release of water in Magat Dam and improve its watershed.[48]
Situated within theCagayan Valley region, the province is bounded by thePhilippine Sea on the east; on the south byIsabela province; on the west by theCordillera Mountains; and on the north by theBalintang Channel and theBabuyan Group of Islands. About 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the northeastern tip of the province is the island ofPalaui; a few kilometers to the west isFuga Island. TheBabuyan Group of Islands, which includesCalayan,Dalupiri,Camiguin, andBabuyan Claro, is about 60 nautical miles (110 km) north ofLuzon mainland.
The eastern coast forms the northern portion of theSierra Madre mountain range, while the western limits are generally hilly to low in elevation. The central area, dominated by a large valley, forms the lowerbasin of the country's longest river, theCagayan.[4] Themouth is located at the northern town ofAparri.
The province of Cagayan comprises an aggregate land area of 9,295.75 square kilometres (3,589.11 sq mi)[49] which constitutes approximately three percent of the total land area of the country, making it the second largest province in the region.
Cagayan comprises 28municipalities and onecity divided intofour congressional districts. It has 820barangays.Tuguegarao City (as of December 18, 1999) is the provincial capital, regional seat, and center of business, trade, and education and the only city in the province.
The 28 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise a total of 820barangays, withUgac Sur inTuguegarao City as the most populous in 2010, andCentro 15 (Poblacion) inAparri as the least. If cities are excluded,Maura inAparri has the highest population.[51]
Cagayan has atropical savannah climate (Aw) with hot days and warm nights that last year round.
| Climate data for Cagayan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) | 29.1 (84.4) | 30.9 (87.6) | 32.7 (90.9) | 33.2 (91.8) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | 33.1 (91.6) | 32.6 (90.7) | 31.8 (89.2) | 30.4 (86.7) | 28.3 (82.9) | 31.4 (88.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) | 21.8 (71.2) | 22.3 (72.1) | 23.8 (74.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 24.8 (76.6) | 24.9 (76.8) | 24.6 (76.3) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.9 (75.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 23.3 (74.0) |
| Average rainy days | 8 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 85 |
| Source:Storm247[52] | |||||||||||||
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1903 | 147,946 | — |
| 1918 | 191,320 | +1.73% |
| 1939 | 292,270 | +2.04% |
| 1948 | 311,088 | +0.70% |
| 1960 | 445,289 | +3.03% |
| 1970 | 581,237 | +2.70% |
| 1975 | 644,075 | +2.08% |
| 1980 | 711,476 | +2.01% |
| 1990 | 829,867 | +1.55% |
| 1995 | 895,050 | +1.43% |
| 2000 | 993,580 | +2.26% |
| 2007 | 1,072,571 | +1.06% |
| 2010 | 1,124,773 | +1.74% |
| 2015 | 1,199,320 | +1.23% |
| 2020 | 1,268,603 | +1.11% |
| Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[50][51][51] | ||
The population of Cagayan in the 2020 census was 1,268,603 people,[3] with a density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometre or 360 inhabitants per square mile.
The majority of people living in Cagayan are ofIlocano descent, mostly from migrants coming from theIlocos Region. Originally, the more numerous groups were theIbanags, who were first sighted by the Spanish explorers and converted toChristianity by missionaries, the reason why theIbanag language had spread throughout the valley region prior to the arrival of the migrating Ilocanos. Cagayan is predominantlyRoman Catholic with 85%[citation needed] of the population affiliated and theAglipayan Church has a very strong minority in the province. The Iglesia Ni Cristo has three ecclesiastical districts in the province with 4-5% of the population.
Aside from Ilocanos and Ibanags,Malawegs,Itawits,Gaddangs,Isnags, groups of nomadicAetas, as well as families ofIbatans who have assimilated into the Ibanag-Ilocano culture make Cagayan their home; Ibatans are native toBabuyan Island. More recently,[when?] a new group from the south, theMuslim Filipinos, have migrated to this province and have made a community for themselves. In addition to this, Tagalog-speaking peoples from Central Luzon and Southern Luzon have also settled in the area, as well as a fewPangasinans andKapampangans from thecentral plains, andCebuanos andHiligaynons fromVisayas andMindanao.
Major languages spoken areIlocano followed byIbanag,Yogad andGaddang. Ilocanos and Ibanags speak Ilocano with an Ibanag accent, as descendants of Ilocanos from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Ibanag population learned Ibanag; same situation with Ilocano tinged by Gaddang, Paranan, Yogad, and Itawis accents when descendants of Ilocanos from first generation in Cagayan who lived withinGaddang,Paranan,Yogad, and Itawis populations learned their languages. People especially in the capital and commercial centers speak and understandEnglish andTagalog/Filipino. Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and Ibanags speak Tagalog with an Ibanag accent, as descendants of Tagalogs from first generation in Cagayan who lived within Ibanag population learned Ibanag. Other languages native in the province areIsnag,Itawis, &Ivatan, the latter is native in Babuyan Island. Languages not native in the province are also spoken there such asMaranao,Maguindanaon,Tausug,Pangasinan,Kapampangan,Cebuano andHiligaynon to varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the province.
There are two endangered indigenous languages in Cagayan. These are theDupaninan Agta language (with fewer than 1400 remaining speakers) and theCentral Cagayan Agta language (with fewer than 799 remaining speakers); both of these are listed asVulnerable according to theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Endangered Languages. All remaining speakers of the languages are among the community's elders. Without a municipality-wide teaching mechanism of the two endangered languages for the youth where the languages are present, the languages may be extinct within 3-5 decades, making them languages in grave peril unless a teaching-mechanism is established by either the government or an educational institution in the municipalities ofGattaran andBaggao.[54]
Agricultural products are rice, corn, peanut, beans, and fruits. Livestock products include cattle, hogs, carabaos, and poultry. Fishing various species of fish from the coastal towns is also undertaken. Woodcraft furniture made of hardwood, rattan, bamboo, and other indigenous materials are also available in the province.[4]
TheNorthern Cagayan International Airport, inLal-lo, was built to support theCagayan Special Economic Zone in northern Cagayan, which also serves seaborne traffic through Port Irene. The airport project involved the construction of a 2,200-meter runway, with a width of 45 meters, following the standards of theInternational Civil Aviation Organization. Completed in October 2014, the international airport can accommodate large aircraft such as theAirbus A319-100 andBoeing regional jets of comparable size.[63]
Since Cagayan faces thePhilippine Sea, an extensive shoreline sprawls along the northern coastal towns ofSanchez Mira, Pamplona,Santa Praxedes,Claveria,Buguey, Aparri,Ballesteros,Abulug, and the islands ofPalaui,Fuga, and island municipality ofCalayan. Sanchez Mira, Claveria, and Santa Praxedes have facilities for excursion stays while Fuga Island is being developed as a world-class recreation and tourism center. Activities includewhale watching at the Calayan Islands, andscuba diving,snorkeling andfishing in Palaui Island of Santa Ana. The airstrip at Claveria could be used as a jump-off point to Fuga Island.
The Sambali Festival is celebrated throughout the province in commemoration of its founding. Hotels include the Governors Garden Hotel, Hotel Candice, Hotel Roma and Hotel Kimikarlai all in Tuguegarao City.
The Basilica Minore of Our Lady of Piat in the Municipaliylty of Piat, is a major pilgrimage site in the province and houses the centuries-old image of Our Lady of Piat, known as the "Mother of Cagayan." Referred to as the "Pilgrimage Center of the North," it attracts thousands of devotees annually, particularly during its feast day in July.
Claveria is host to several scenic attractions which include: theLakay-Lakay Lagoon, the rocky formation along theCamalaggaon Caves, theRoadside Park overlooking the Claveria Bay,Macatel Falls with its clear waters that run in abundance throughout the year, thePata Lighthouse, and the Claveria Beach Resort along the white sand coasts.[64]
The City of Nueva Segovia, at the mouth of the Cagayan, was founded in the governorship of Ronquillo, when the valley of the Cagayan was first occupied and the Japanese colonists, who had settled there, were expelled. It had at the beginning of the seventeenth century two hundred Spaniards, living in houses of wood. There was a fort of stone, where some artillery was mounted. Besides the two hundred Spanish inhabitants there were one hundred regular Spanish soldiers, with their officers and the alcalde mayor of the province. Nueva Segovia was also the seat of a bishopric which included all northern Luzon. The importance of the then promising city has long ago disappeared, and the pueblo of Lallo, which marks its site, is an insignificant native town.
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