C. D. Broad | |
|---|---|
 Broad in 1959 | |
| Born | Charlie Dunbar Broad (1887-12-30)30 December 1887 |
| Died | 11 March 1971(1971-03-11) (aged 83) Cambridge,Cambridgeshire, England |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Analytic |
| Institutions | Trinity College, Cambridge |
| Academic advisors | J. M. E. McTaggart |
| Doctoral students | Knut Erik Tranøy[1] |
Main interests | Metaphysics,epistemology, ethics,philosophy of mind,logic |
Notable ideas | Growing block universe Rate of passage argument[2][3] The "critical philosophy" and "speculative philosophy" distinction[4] The "occurrent causation" and "non-occurrent causation" distinction |
Charlie Dunbar BroadFBA (30 December 1887 – 11 March 1971), usually cited asC. D. Broad, was an Englishepistemologist,historian of philosophy,philosopher of science,moral philosopher, and writer on thephilosophical aspects ofpsychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations ofarguments in such works asScientific Thought (1923),The Mind and Its Place in Nature (1925), andExamination of McTaggart's Philosophy (2 vols., 1933–1938).
Broad's essay on "Determinism, Indeterminism, and Libertarianism" inEthics and the History of Philosophy (1952) introduced the philosophical termsoccurrent causation andnon-occurrent causation, which became the basis for the contemporary distinction between "agent-causal" and "event-causal" in debates onlibertarianfree will.
Broad was born inHarlesden, inMiddlesex, England.[i]
He was educated atDulwich College from 1900 until 1906. He gained a scholarship in 1906 to study atTrinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1910 withFirst-Class Honours, with distinction.[5] He became aFellow of Trinity College the following year.
As his fellowship at Trinity College was a non-residential position, he was also able to accept a position as an assistant lecturer that he had applied for atSt Andrews University, where he remained until 1920. That year, he was appointed professor atBristol University, working there until 1923, when he returned to Trinity as a lecturer. From 1926 until 1931, he was a lecturer in 'moral science' atCambridge University's Faculty of Philosophy.
Later at Cambridge, he was appointed in 1931 as 'Sidgwick Lecturer', a role he would keep until 1933, when he was appointedKnightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at the university, a position he held for twenty years (until 1953).[6] In 1927 he gave the British Academy'sMaster-Mind Lecture, entitled "Sir Isaac Newton."[7]
In addition, Broad was President of theAristotelian Society from 1927 to 1928, and again from 1954 to 1955. He was also President of theSociety for Psychical Research in 1935 and 1958.[6]
Broad was openly homosexual at a time whenhomosexual acts were illegal. In March 1958, Broad along with fellow philosophersA. J. Ayer andBertrand Russell, writerJ.B. Priestley and 27 others sent a letter toThe Times which urged the acceptance of theWolfenden Report's recommendation that homosexual acts should "no longer be a criminal offence."[8]
Broad argued that if research could demonstrate that psychic events occur, this would challenge philosophical theories of "basic limiting principles" in at least five ways:[9]
In his 1949 paper, Broad examined the implications of research by British parapsychologistSamuel Soal, who claimed to have discovered a subject, Basil Shackleton, capable of guessing the identity ofZener cards with odds of 'billions to one'.[9] However, the validity of these findings was later questioned by Betty Markwick, following testimony from a colleague suggesting that Soal had manipulated both data and experiment methods.[10]
In his essay "Determinism, Indeterminism, and Libertarianism", Broad argued fornon-occurrent causation as "literally determined by the agent or self." The agent could be considered as a substance or continuant, and not by a total cause which contains as factors events in and dispositions of the agent. Thus, our efforts would be completely determined, but their causes would not be prior events. New series of events would then originate, which he called "continuants", which are essentiallycausa sui.
Peter van Inwagen says that Broad formulated an excellent version of what van Inwagen has called the "Consequence Argument" in defence ofincompatibilism.[11]
Broad distinguished between critical philosophy and speculative philosophy. He described critical philosophy as analysing "unanalysed concepts in daily life and in science" and then "expos[ing] them to every objection that we can think of". While speculative philosophy's role is to "take over all aspects of human experience, to reflect upon them, and to try to think out a view of Reality as a whole which shall do justice to all of them".[12]
One aspect of critical philosophy was the Principle of Exceptional Cases, whereby everyday concepts are considered in highly abnormal cases, so as to "clear up the meaning" of a concept.[12]
Broad saw philosophy and science as supplemental to one another. Scientists who ignore philosophy expose themselves to a "danger to which the natural scientist is peculiarly liable. The extraordinary success of physics and chemistry within their own sphere tempts men to think that the world is simply a physico-chemical system". Whereas philosophers who ignore science are ignoring properties which are "very pervasive" and can shed light on things.[12]
In terms of empirical propositions Broad distinguished between inspective empirical propositions which he defined "one which asserts of some particular existent with which the mind is acquainted at the time some property which the mind can notice by inspection to belong to it" and inferred empirical propositions which are "derived from a number of perceptual propositions either directly by pure inductive generalization, or indirectly by deduction from one or more inductive generalizations".[12]
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