The city was founded as aparish on June 17, 1733, byJuana Rangel de Cuéllar, resident ofPamplona in the area under the name ofSan José de Guasimales, as part of an initiative of the white andmestizo locals to separate themselves from the "Indian Village of Cúcuta" (currently San Luis Quarter). Later, the name was changed to San José de Cúcuta, castellanization of «Kuku-ta», in honor of the indigenous people of the region.[7] From its foundation in the 18th century and throughout the Spanish viceroyalty, the parish was consolidated as one of the most important settlements of the Colombian East and Spanish America,[8][9][10] receiving in 1792 the title of «Very Noble, Valiant and Loyal Village» by KingCharles IV of Spain.[11]
The city has a name composed in the manner of almost all the Spanish foundations in America: San José (one of the most widespread names in the continent thanks to the devotions of San José in Spain), honorsSaint Joseph. The name of Cúcuta was taken in honor of the cacique Kuku-ta «Cúcuta in Spanish» and represents theMotilon-Bari indigenous people who inhabited the region before the conquest.[19] Kuku-ta in the native language means "House of the Goblin".[20] The city was known as San José de Guasimales from 1733 to 1793,[21] when it changed to its current name.
The coat of arms of the city has the legend that it says «Muy Noble, Valerosa y Leal Villa de San José de Cúcuta»Very Noble, Valiant and Loyal Village of San José de Cúcuta, title that was granted to him by means of royal card in just recognition to his laborious sons, shortly before the end of the century, by the KingCharles IV of Spain. This was possible thanks to the help of the lawyer of the Royal Audience José María Maldona, who was in charge of legally presenting before theViceroy José Manuel de Ezpeleta the presentation of the title of village on behalf of the inhabitants of the city.[19]
The city has the nicknamesThe Pearl of the North, Gate of the Border, Green City, City of Trees, The Basketball Capital of Colombia.[22]
Cúcuta was originally apre-hispanic settlement. It was entrusted to Sebastian Lorenzo byPedro de Ursua as anencomienda in 1550.Juana Rangel de Cuellar founded Cúcuta on June 17, 1733, and donated a further 782 hectares (1,930 acres). The village, centred on a church, grew considerably due to its strategic commercial location, and eventually became a city.[23]
Alfínger, in search ofEl Dorado, arrived in an area of indigenous settlements called Tamalameque along the Magdalena River, fighting and defeating several tribes. Alfinger was eventually killed in the outskirts of present-dayChinácota in a battle withChimila andChitarero. With Alfínger dead, Fedro St. Martin took command of the troops and returned to Coro, passing through the territory of Cúcuta.
Cúcuta. 19th Century
In 1541,Hernán Pérez de Quesada reached the territory ofChinácota, but had to turn back the same year due to resistance by the indigenous people. Shortly thereafter, Alfonso Perez de Tolosa leftEl Tocuyo (Venezuela) and went toSalazar de Las Palmas, through Cúcuta, but also had to turn back after losing many soldiers in clashes with the natives.
In 1549, Spanish troops, commanded byPedro de Ursúa and Ortún Velasco, invadedNorth Santander and reached the valley of Pamplona. In tribute to the Spanish city ofPamplona, the Spaniards founded the city ofPamplona. The new town soon attracted numerous people because of its agreeable climate, and gold mines that were discovered in the region. Further expeditions left this town and completed the conquest of the current territory ofNorth Santander.
An expedition commanded by Diego de Montes founded the town of Salazar, but it was soon destroyed by thecacique Cínera. In 1583, the town was rebuilt by Alonso Esteban Rangel (great-grandfather of the founder of Cúcuta), on a site more appropriate for its defense in the event of new attacks by the natives.
The second expedition, commanded by Captain Francisco Fernández de Contreras, reached the lands of the Hacaritamas indigenous group and, on 26 July 1572, founded the city ofOcaña, calling it "Santa Ana de Hacarí". Some of his colleagues named it New Madrid, and others Santa Ana of Ocaña. The next year, Antonio Orozco, a subaltern of Fernández, founded the town of Teorama, while theAugustinian Friars founded a convent in what is today the city ofChinácota.
"A journey through the city centre where the Cathedral of St. Joseph, the Palace of Government and the Monument to the column of Bolivar are located is returning to the historical roots of our ancestors.".
In the early 17th century a great part of the valley of Cúcuta belonged to Captain Christopher de Araque Ponce de Leon. The land passed through inheritance to his son Fernando Araque Ponce de Leon, who was the owner of the entire territory from the Valley of Cúcuta to the village of San Jose, the jurisdiction of the city of San Faustino. These fields had been donated to the older Araque by the Governor of the province of New Mérida on 9 September 1630.
The resistance of the Motilones indigenous group towards the whites who were taking over and controlling the valley with economic ambitions was the key factor in the request for the establishment of a Catholic parish with the name "San José."Juana Rangel de Cuéllar donated 782 hectares (1,930 acres) on June 17, 1733, for the construction of a church and land for Spanish families. Today, this area is the neighborhood of San Luis.
Temple of the Congress or Historic Temple, Villa del Rosario.
TheBattle of Cúcuta was one of the most important events of theSpanish American wars of independence, due to its role in the independence of Colombia and Venezuela. This battle was the beginning of theAdmirable Campaign ofSimón Bolívar.[24] On February 28, 1813, Bolivar captured the city after a battle that lasted from 9:00 a.m. until early afternoon. About 400 men led by Bolivar fought 800 troops led by the Spanish general Ramon Correa. Bolivar's forces reported losses of two killed and 14 injured, while the royalists are said to have suffered 20 killed and 40 injured.[25] The victory freed the city of Cúcuta and led to theAdmirable Campaign.[26]
Colonel Simón Bolívar then launched a major offensive against the Spanish forces who were on the east bank of the Magdalena River and quickly achieved resounding victories. These led him to undertake a journey to liberate the Valley of Cúcuta held by the command ofroyalist Colonel Ramon Correa.
On August 30, 1821, theCongress of Cúcuta took place at the town of Villa del Rosario (today part of Cúcuta) in the church known today as the "Historic Temple of Cúcuta". The congress was established by Antonio Nariño and its participants includedFrancisco de Paula Santander,Simón Bolívar, and other leaders of Spanish America's struggle for independence from Spain.
The main objective of this congress was to unify the territories of New Granada (Colombia andPanama) and Venezuela and thus create a huge state to be known as the Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia).Ecuador subsequently joined Gran Colombia.
At 11 am on October 3, 1821, Simón Bolívar entered the meeting room in the sacristy of the church. He took a seat next to the president of Congress and was sworn in as president of the fledgling Republic of Colombia.
On May 18, 1875, Cúcuta was largely destroyed by theearthquake of Cúcuta, also known as the "Earthquake of the Andes". The earthquake occurred at 11:15 am; it destroyed Villa del Rosario,San Antonio del Tachira and Capacho, seriously damaged the Venezuelan settlements ofSan Cristóbal, La Mulata, Rubio, Michelena, La Grita and Colón (among others), and was felt inBogotá andCaracas.
In the 19th century, the construction of a railroad set off anIndustrial Revolution in the city. The railroad had four branches: North, East, South and West.[27] The North branch was constructed from 1878 to 1888, and connected Cúcuta withPuerto Santander and Venezuela. Construction of the Eastern and Southern branches began in 1878; the South branch linked withPamplona, Colombia, and ended in El Diamante. The West branch was not built owing to economic problems. Therailroad company fell into bankruptcy and was closed in 1960.[28]
Cúcuta has atropical savanna climate, bordering on ahot semi-arid climate (KöppenBSh). The mean temperature is 27.6 °C or 81.7 °F; afternoon maximum temperatures are around 32 °C or 89.6 °F. There is a sharp contrast between thewet season and thedry season. The driest months are January, February, June and July; the wettest are April, May, September, October and November. June and July usually however have frequent light precipitation and fog, whereas August is sunny and windy. The annual precipitation is around 900 millimetres or 35 inches. Higher elevations near the city have cooler and wetter climates.
Topography of the old city (current center) before the earthquake. 1863.
Cúcuta's center, core of the city, is organized as agrid adopted from Spain in colonial times and reformed by Francisco Andrade Troconis after the devastatingearthquake of 1875, withSantander Park as the guiding point. More than 300 neighborhoods form the urban network. Poorer neighborhoods are in the north, north-west and south-west, many of them squatter areas. The middle class lives mostly in the central and eastern areas.
Minor streets (Calles) run from east to west, perpendicular to the city's western hills, whose numbering increases from north to south, starting from 1st Street.
Major streets (avenidas), on the other hand, run from south to north parallel to the hills, starting from Zero Avenue. Avenues west of Zero Avenue increase their numbering from east to west, while those east of Zero Avenue increase their numbering from west to east, adding the indicative "E" (fromEste, east) as well (for example, 1st Avenue E, 2nd Avenue E, etc.).
Flag of the city, including the coat of arms enforced by decree.
The red and blackNorth Santander Department flag was exhibited for the first time in 1928, when the first National Olympics were held inCali. However, theflag of Cúcuta[35] was not legalized until Mayor Carlos A. Rangel issued Decree 106 on May 3, 1988.
The black section represents the rich resources hidden beneath the territory, as well as the potential capability of the local people, whereas the red section represents the sacrifices of theindependence heroes and the perseverance of the people in charge of reconstructing the city.[36]
The coat of arms of Cúcuta[35] was adopted on February 3, 1958, by Decree 032, after a request by the History Academy of North Santander. The shield is a classic shape, and carries the title conferred on the city by Royal Decree of the EmperorCarlos IV:Very noble, valiant and loyal town of San José of Cúcuta.
The upper part depicts the arms of the city's founder Juana Rangel of Cuéllar, who donated lands for the foundation of the city on June 17, 1733. They are five silver and redfleur-de-lis in the shape of reels, on a golden background.
Coat of arms.
The lower part of the shield displays the arms that theNational Congress adopted forColombia by the Law of October 6, 1821, at its meeting in theVilla del Rosario. In the center are a quiver of spears, marked with X's, and a set of bow and arrows, tied with tricolor tape. The spears represent attributes of the Roman consuls; the X is a symbol of the right of life or death; the bow and arrows are symbols of the pre-hispanic indigenous people.
The anthem of Cúcuta[35] was legalized by means of Decree 039 of February 8, 1984, by Mayor Luis Vicente Mountain Forest. The lyrics were written by Father Manuel Grillo Martínez, and the music by the master Pablo Tarazona Prada. It was chosen as the Anthem of Cúcuta by a unanimous vote in a contest held in the Theater Zulima.
Marino Vargas Villalta, civic leader and businessman, who during the 1950s and 1960s was the chairperson of the popular local soccer team,Cúcuta Deportivo
Alberto Villamizar, a former congressman and ambassador to Indonesia, Netherlands, and Cuba; Colombia's first "kidnappings czar"; and leading political figure of thenuevo liberalismo (New Liberalism) movement ofLuis Carlos Galan
The current mayor of Cúcuta isDonamaris Ramírez-Paris Lobo, who was elected for the 2011–2015 period. He represented thePartido Verde and achieved approximately 43% of the votation or 98,588 votes.[38]
The city is governed by the three branches of power: the executive power, represented by the Mayor and its departments; the legislative power, represented by the City Council; and the judicial power, which is formed by the tribunals and many other organisms of control. The Mayor is elected for a 4-year period and is in charge of electing each head of the administration departments. The city council is formed by 19 representatives elected by popular vote for four years. They approve or reject each decree issued by the mayor and make or correct laws regarding the city.
Photo of Cucuta (2006).Housing construction in 2010. The entire city is experiencing great development.
The city is notable for bilateral trade and manufacturing. Its location on the border between Colombia and Venezuela has made possible strong links with the Venezuelan city of San Cristóbal, Táchira.[39]
Its Free Zone[40] is the most active of all those in the country and one of the most active in all Latin America, largely due to Venezuela being Colombia's second largest trade partner.[citation needed]
The most developedindustries are dairy, construction, textiles,shoes, and leather. The city is a top producer of cement and itsclay andstoneware industry has the best reputation nationally for its high quality. The mining of coal also plays an important role in the local economy. TheUniversity Francisco de Paula Santander in Cucuta, theNational University of Colombia in Bogotá, and the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia in Tunja are the only ones in the country that provide for the career ofMining Engineering.
Thepeso is the official and sole legal tender currency in the city. Owing to its proximity toVenezuela, thebolívar was accepted by the vast majority of commercial establishments until the rapid devaluation of the Venezuelan currency began after the2013 recession.
US–Colombia Free Trade Agreement, implications for Cúcuta
Colombia signed aFree Trade Agreement with the United States against opposition by Venezuela. Despite this opposition, industries from Venezuela are constructing their infrastructure in Cúcuta to export their products to the United States, registering their products as if they were Colombian, a strategy that allows them to export without paying certain tariffs. For that reason, Cúcuta is expected to become an industrial city.[41]
Colombian law provides tax exemptions for Venezuelan imports through theZona Franca, which, coupled with the motorway links between Cúcuta andMaracaibo, increases the possibility of exports from Maracaibo into Colombia.[42]
The city's telecommunications services includepayphones,WiMAX wireless networks,[43] and mobile phone networks (GSM,CDMA, andTDMA).
Telecom Colombia offers the services of local, national, and international telephone and broadbandADSL Internet. There are three mobile telephone operators:Comcel,Movistar, andTigo.
For travel outside the city, there is a bus station called "Terminal de Transportes" (to be replaced by a new one), theCamilo Daza International Airport (Colombia) and theJuan Vicente Gómez International Airport (Venezuela). Eighty years ago the city had the "Railroad of Cúcuta", which connected with Venezuela.
The main forms of public transportation are the bus (orcollective) andtaxicabs. In addition, National Planning has a project to build a mass transit system, under the name "Metrobus" (Cucuta).
Law 100 of 1993 is the law governingHealth in Colombia, which is regulated by the Ministry of Social Protection. In Cucuta andNorth Santander, health is administered by the Municipal Institute of Health (IMSALUD) and the local Department of Health, respectively. Entities such as the Colombian Red Cross,Colombian Civil Defense (for emergencies, calamities, and natural disasters) and the Colombian Family Welfare Institute (ICBF), are part of the social protection system.
The city has the following public health institutions (or State Social Enterprises, ESE): ESE Erasmus University Hospital Meoz, the ESE Francisco de Paula Santander[45] (Clinical Social Security), the ESE CardioNeuroPulmonar Rehabilitation Center, the ESE Hospital of Los Patios, and ESE Hospital of Villa del Rosario. Private health centers include: San Jose Clinic, the North Clinic, Clinica Santa Ana, Lions Clinic, the Samaritan Clinic, and Profamilia (sexual and reproductive health).
The aforementioned entities are part of the network of institutions providing services to health attached to the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Municipal Health Department. The Erasmus Hospital Meoz holds fourth-level scale and specializes in performing highly complex surgeries, such astransplants and reimplantations. Additionally, it offers healthcare services distributed in the different districts of the city, which deal with varying degrees of complexity. The city has a large number of health-promoting entities (SPE's), such as Colsanitas, SaludCoop, Cafesalud, etc.
Football is the most popular sport, although basketball, volleyball, andinline speed skating are also popular. Football clubCúcuta Deportivo is the main professional team of the city, and play their local matches at theGeneral Santander stadium. The team won their firstChampionship in the 2006 season and had a well-remembered participation in the2007 Copa Libertadores, when they reached the semi-final and lose to the multi-championBoca Juniors; since that year, only one other Colombian team has reached the semi-final of the prestigious competition (Atlético Nacional fromMedellín in 2016). Other professional teams located in the city are the Norte de Santander (Basketball team), andfutsal team Cucuta Niza; Both squads play local at the Coliseo Toto Hernández.
The city hosted the XIXNational Games of Colombia in 2012,[46] which helped to modernize many of the sport venues like the Coliseo Toto Hernández. The Colombian Football Federation announced that Cúcuta will be one of the venue cities to host the2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup,[47] an event that is celebrated every four years.
The city has recently undergone development at an historically unprecedented rate. This has included construction of sixoverpasses, aconvention center, a newbus terminal, a new Integrated MassiveTransportation System called "Metrobus", modernization of state-owned schools, renewal of downtown, and doubling the capacity of theGeneral Santander Stadium.
New industries are expected to come from Venezuela, which will place their factories in Cúcuta to export through theColombia Trade Promotion Agreement between Colombia and the United States.[48][needs update]
Cúcuta has more green zones than many cities in Colombia. Some consider the city anurban lung, due to its greenery and lack of pollution. Cucuteños, and the legion of foreigners who reconstructed the city after the 1875 earthquake, led by engineer Francisco de Paula Andrade Troconis, led to the development of greenery in the city. The first planted trees were clemones. Soon they were replaced byacacias, peracos, andalmond trees that adorned the parks and roadsides. An example of this city design is the Avenue of the Lights (based on oití,ficus, and cují), that forms a natural tunnel admired in the rest of the country and by tourists.
Cúcuta has several important cultural sites such as the birthplace ofEduardo Cote Lamus, an influential person in the politics of Norte de Santander and the country during the first half of the twentieth century, this building was built in 1877.[49] Another historical site of Cúcuta is the Casa Torre de Reloj, which served at the beginning as the Compañía Eléctrica del Norte (lit.'Electric Company of the North'), and later as the House of Culture in addition to office of the Department's Secretary of Culture.[50] Another historic site is the Palacio de la Cúpula Chata, which is a building dating from 1919, part of the dome was shipped from New York City in June 1915.[51] In 1989, part of the building was damaged by a fire, so in 1990, the project of reconstruction of the building was started based on the project of Maria Teresa Vela Viccini.[51]
^"Nuestro municipio" [Our municipality].cucuta-nortedesantander.gov.co (in Spanish). Alcaldía Municipal de San José de Cúcuta. December 8, 2017. Archived fromthe original on June 24, 2021. RetrievedJuly 2, 2021.
^Gamboa, Jorge Augusto."Cúcuta: ciudad comercial y fronteriza" [Cúcuta: commercial and border city].banrepcultural.org (in Spanish). Red Cultural del Banco de la República. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
^"Campaña Admirable y guerra a muerte" [Admirable Campaign and war to the death](PDF).quintadebolivar.gov.co (in Spanish). Casa Museo Quinta de Bolívar. June 3, 2013. RetrievedJune 17, 2021.
^Ángel, Rafael Eduardo (1990).Historia de Cúcuta: la casa del duende [History of Cúcuta: the house of the goblin] (in Spanish). La Casa del Duende. RetrievedJune 22, 2021.
^"Tiempo y Clima" (in Spanish). Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales. Archived fromthe original on August 15, 2016. RetrievedAugust 15, 2016.
