Buyeo | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 2nd century BC–494 AD | |||||||||||
 Map of Buyeo (3rd century) | |||||||||||
| Capital | Buyeo | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Buyeo, Classical Chinese(literary) | ||||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism, Shamanism | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||
• ?–? | Hae Mo-su? | ||||||||||
• 86 – 48 BC | Buru | ||||||||||
• ? – 494 AD | Jan (孱) (last) | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Ancient | ||||||||||
• Established | c. 2nd century BC | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 494 AD | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | China | ||||||||||
| Buyeo | |||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 夫餘 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 夫余 | ||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 부여 | ||||||
| Hanja | 夫餘 | ||||||
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Buyeo[1] (Korean: 부여;Korean pronunciation:[pu.jʌ];Chinese:夫餘/扶餘;pinyin:Fūyú/Fúyú), also rendered asPuyŏ[2][3] orFuyu,[1][3][4][5] was an ancient kingdom that was centered in northernManchuria in modern-daynortheast China. It had ties to theYemaek people, who are considered to be the ancestors of modern Koreans.[6][7][8] Buyeo is considered a major predecessor of the Korean kingdoms ofGoguryeo andBaekje.
According to theBook of the Later Han, Buyeo was initially placed under the jurisdiction of theXuantu Commandery,[9] one ofFour Commanderies of Han in the laterWestern Han. Buyeo entered into formal diplomatic relations with theEastern Han dynasty by the mid-1st century AD as an important ally of that empire to check theXianbei andGoguryeo threats. Jurisdiction of Buyeo was then placed under theLiaodong Commandery of the Eastern Han.[10] After an incapacitating Xianbei invasion in 285, Buyeo was restored with help from theJin dynasty. This, however, marked the beginning of a period of decline. A second Xianbei invasion in 346 finally destroyed the state excepting remnants in its core region; these survived as vassals of Goguryeo until their final annexation in 494.[11]
Inhabitants of Buyeo included theYemaek tribe.[12][13] There are no scholarly consensus on the classification of the languages spoken by the Puyo, with theories includingJaponic,[14]Amuric[15] and a separate branch ofmacro-Tungusic.[16] According to theRecords of the Three Kingdoms, theBuyeo language was similar to those ofGoguryeo andYe, and the language ofOkjeo was only slightly different from them.[17] Both Goguryeo andBaekje, two of theThree Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves Buyeo's successors.[18][19][20]
The mythical founder of the Buyeo kingdom wasHae Mo-su, the Dongmyeong of Buyeo which literally meansHoly King of Buyeo. After its foundation, the son of heaven (Hae Mo-suKorean: 해모수;Hanja: 解慕漱) brought the royal court to his new palace, and he was proclaimed to be King.[citation needed]
Jumong, the founder ofGoguryeo, is described as the son of Hae Mo-su andLady Yuhwa (Korean: 유화부인;Hanja: 柳花夫人) who was the daughter ofHabaek (Korean: 하백;Hanja: 河伯), the god of theAmnok River or, according to an alternative interpretation, the sun god Haebak (Korean: 해밝).[21][22][23][24][excessive citations]
The Buyeo state emerged from the Bronze Age polities of theXituanshan and Liangquan archaeological cultures in the context of trade with various Chinese polities.[25] In particular was the state ofYan which introduced iron technology to Manchuria and the Korean peninsula after its conquest of Liaodong in the early third century BC.[26][page range too broad]
In the laterWestern Han (202 BC – 9 AD), Buyeo established close ties with theXuantu Commandery, one ofFour Commanderies of Han according to theBook of the Later Han volume 85 Treatise on the Dongyi,[27] although it proceeded to becoming a nominal tributary-state and practical ally of Eastern Han in 49 AD.[28] This was advantageous to the Han as an ally in the northeast would curb the threats of the Xianbei in western Manchuria and eastern Mongolia and Goguryeo in the Liaodong region and the northern Korean peninsula. The Buyeo elites also sought this arrangement as it legitimized their rule and gave them better access to Han's prestige trade goods.[29]
During a period of turmoil in China's northeast, Buyeo attacked some of Eastern Han's holdings in 111, but relations were mended in 120 and thus a military alliance was arranged. Two years later, Buyeo sent troops to theXuantu commandery to prevent it from being destroyed by Goguryeo when it sent reinforcement to break the siege of the commandery seat.[30] In AD 167, Buyeo attacked the Xuantu commandery but was defeated.[31] WhenEmperor Xian (AD 189 – AD 220) ruledEastern Han, Buyeo was reclassified as a tributary of theLiaodong Commandery of Han.[27]
In the early 3rd century,Gongsun Du, a Chinese warlord inLiaodong, supported Buyeo to counterXianbei in the north and Goguryeo in the east. Afterdestroying the Gongsun family, the northern Chinese state ofCao Wei sentGuanqiu Jian toattack Goguryeo. Part of the expeditionary force led by Wang Qi (Korean: 왕기;Hanja: 王頎), the Grand Administrator of theXuantu Commandery, pursued the Guguryeo court eastward through Okjeo and into the lands of the Yilou. On their return journey they were welcomed as they passed through the land of Buyeo. It brought detailed information of the kingdom to China.[32]
In 285 theMurong tribe of theXianbei, led byMurong Hui, invaded Buyeo,[33] pushing King Uiryeo (依慮) to suicide, and forcing the relocation of the court toOkjeo.[34] Considering its friendly relationship with theJin Dynasty, EmperorWu helped KingUira (依羅) revive Buyeo.[35] According to accounts in theZizhi Tongjian and theBook of Jin, the Murong attacked the Buyeo and forced the Buyeo to relocate several times in the 4th century.[1]
Goguryeo's attack sometime before 347 caused further decline. Having lost its stronghold on theAshi River (within modernHarbin), Buyeo moved southwestward toNong'an. Around 347, Buyeo was attacked byMurong Huang of theFormer Yan, and KingHyeon (玄) was captured.[36][page needed][37][page range too broad] Originally, the Murong Xianbei created the Yan states, with five states emerging during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and thus were able to do so.
According toSamguk sagi, in 504, the tribute emissary Yesilbu mentions that the gold of Buyeo could no longer be obtainable for tribute as Buyeo had been driven out by theMalgal and the Somna and absorbed intoBaekje. It is also shown that theEmperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei wished that Buyeo would regain its former glory.[citation needed]
A remnant of Buyeo seems to have lingered around modernHarbin area under the influence of Goguryeo. Buyeo paid tribute once toNorthern Wei in 457–8,[38] but otherwise seems to have been controlled by Goguryeo. In 494, Buyeo was under attack by the rising Wuji (also known as theMohe,Korean: 물길;Hanja: 勿吉), and the Buyeo court moved and surrendered to Goguryeo.[39]
Many ancient historical records indicate the "Jolbon Buyeo" (Korean: 졸본부여;Hanja: 卒本夫餘), apparently referring to the incipientGoguryeo or its capital city.[40][page range too broad] In 37 BC,Jumong became the first king ofGoguryeo. Jumong went on to conquerOkjeo,Dongye, and Haengin, regaining some of Buyeo and former territory of Gojoseon.[40][page range too broad]
According to Chapter 30 "Description of the Eastern Archerians, Dongyi" in the ChineseRecords of the Three Kingdoms (3rd century), the Buyeo were agricultural people who occupied the northeastern lands in Manchuria (North-East China) beyond thegreat walls. The aristocratic rulers subject to the king bore the titleka (加) and were distinguished from each other by animal names, such as the dogka and horseka.[29]Fourkas existed in Buyeo, which were horseka, cowka, pigka, and dogka, andka is presumed to be of similar origin with the titlekhan. Theka system was similarly adopted inGoguryeo.[41]
Buyeo is north of the Long Wall, a thousandli distant from Xuantu; it is contiguous with Goguryeo on the south, with theEumnu on the east and the Xianbei on the west, while to its north is the Ruo River. It covers an area some two thousand li square, and its households number eight myriads. Its people are sedentary, possessing houses, storehouses, and prisons. With their many tumuli and broad marshes, theirs is the most level and open of the Eastern Dongyi archerian territories. Their land is suitable for cultivation of the five grains; they do not produce the five fruits. Their people are coarsely big; by temperament strong and brave, assiduous and generous, they are not prone to brigandage... For their dress within their state they favor white; they have large sleeves, gowns, and trousers, and on their feet they wear leather sandals... The people of their state are good at raising domestic animals; they also produce famous horses, red jade, sables, and beautiful pearls... For weapons they have bows, arrows, knives, and shields; each household has its own armorer. The elders of the state speak of themselves as alien refugees of long ago. The forts they build are round and have a resemblance to prisons. Old and young, they sing when walking along the road whether it be day or night; all day long the sound of their voice never ceases... When facing the enemy the several Ka themselves do battle; the lower households carry provisions for them to eat and drink.[42]
The same text states that theBuyeo language was similar to those of its southern neighboursGoguryeo andYe, and that the language ofOkjeo was only slightly different from them.[17]Based on this account, Lee Ki-Moon grouped the four languages as thePuyŏ languages, contemporaneous with theHan languages of theSamhan confederacies in southern Korea.[43]
The earliest mentions of the Korean practice of wearingMinbok[44] are also from this source.[40][44] The text reads:[45]
In Buyeo, white clothing is revered, so they wear wide-sleeveddopo andbaji made from white linens, as well as leather shoes.
Buyeo had a law that makes the thief reimburse the price that is equivalent to twelve times of the original amount the person stole, and had an eye to eye approach in terms of law.[46]
In the 1930s, Chinese historian Jin Yufu (金毓黻) developed a linear model of descent for the people of Manchuria and northern Korea, from the kingdoms of Buyeo,Goguryeo, andBaekje, to the modern Korean nationality. Later historians of Northeast China built upon this influential model.[47]
Goguryeo andBaekje, two of theThree Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves successors of Buyeo.King Onjo, the founder of Baekje, is said to have been a son of KingDongmyeong, founder of Goguryeo. Baekje officially changed its name to Nambuyeo (South Buyeo,Korean: 남부여;Hanja: 南夫餘) in 538.[48]Goryeo also considered itself a descendant of Buyeo through their direct ancestral ties with Goguryeo and Baekje. This is seen in their representation of palace names that were named after former kingdoms that were considered their forefathers.[49]
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