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Abusiness jet,private jet, orbizjet is ajet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people, typicallybusiness executives and high-rankingassociates. Business jets are generally designed for fasterair travel and more personal comfort thancommercial aircraft, and may be adapted for other roles, such ascasualty evacuation or expressparcel deliveries, and some are used bypublic bodies,government officials,VIPs, or even themilitary.
The first small, jet-powered civilian aircraft was theMorane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris, developed privately in the early 1950s from theMS.755 Fleuret two-seatjet trainer. First flown in 1954, the MS.760 Paris differs from subsequent business jets in having only four seats arranged in two rows without a center aisle, similar to alight aircraft, under a large slidingcanopy similar to that of afighter. A U.S.type certificate was awarded in July 1958, but commercial sales were limited, with most examples going to the military; an improved civilian version similar to a modernvery light jet, with a six-seat enclosed cabin and a conventional door, never proceeded past the prototype stage.[2] The commercial failure of the MS.760 Paris prompted the cancellation of projects byCessna andDouglas Aircraft to market similar jets.[3]
The development of center-aisle cabin business jets was accelerated by an August 1956United States Air Force (USAF) letter of the requirement for two "off-the-shelf" aircraft, the larger UCX (cargo) and smaller UTX (trainer).[citation needed] These requirements differed from standard USAF procurement contracts in that no formal competitions would occur, and manufacturers were expected to develop the aircraft without government funds; despite this, a substantial USAF purchase would offset the large investment necessary to develop prototypes. BothLockheed Corporation andMcDonnell Aircraft began the development of UCX aircraft, whileNorth American Aviation pursued the UTX requirement.[3][4]
TheMorane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris had agross weight of 7,650 lb (3.47 t), initially powered by twoTurboméca Marboréturbojets of 880 lbf (3.9 kN) thrust, although most aircraft were later upgraded to 1,058 lbf (4.71 kN) units. The aircraft seated a single pilot and up to three passengers under a sliding canopy, and was first flown on 29 July 1954; 219 were built.
TheLockheed JetStar, designed to meet USAF UCX requirements and seating 10 passengers and 2 crew, first flew on 4 September 1957. In total, 204 aircraft were produced from 1957 to 1978 powered by several different engines; four 3,300 lbf (15 kN)Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojets, thenGarrett TFE731 turbofans for a 44,500 lb (20.2 t)maximum take-off weight (MTOW), then twoGeneral Electric CF700 turbofans.
The smaller, 17,760-pound (8.06 t) MTOWNorth American Sabreliner, tailored to the USAF UTX requirement, first flew on 16 September 1958. Powered by twoPratt & Whitney JT12 turbojet engines thenGarrett TFE731s, more than 800 were produced from 1959 to 1982.
Designed in 1957 for the UCX requirement, theMcDonnell 119 was delayed by the cancellation of theFairchild J83 engine program, and first flew on 11 February 1959 powered by fourWestinghouse J34 turbojets. The 119 was certified for a 45,328 lb (20.6 t) MTOW with four Pratt & Whitney JT12 or General Electric CF700 engines, but no firm orders were received, and only the single prototype was completed.[5]
The 25,000 lb (11 t) MTOWBritish Aerospace 125 first flew on 13 August 1962 as the de Havilland DH.125, powered by two 3,000 lbf (13 kN)Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojets. Its engines were replaced by Garrett TFE731s, thenPratt & Whitney Canada PW300 turbofans. Almost 1,700 aircraft of all variants, including theHawker 800, were produced between 1962 and 2013.
The Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander, which later became theIAI Westwind, first flew on 27 January 1963, powered by twoGeneral Electric CJ610 turbojets, thenGarrett TFE731s. Production of Jet Commanders and Westwinds from 1965 to 1987 came to 442 aircraft, and it was developed as theIAI Astra, later rebranded as theGulfstream G100.
The 29,000 lb (13 t) MTOWDassault Falcon 20 first flew on 4 May 1963, powered by twoGeneral Electric CF700s, thenGarrett ATF3 turbofans and Garrett TFE731s. In total, 508 were built from 1963 to 1988, and it is the basis of theDassault Falcon family.
The first light jet first flew on 7 October 1963 - theLearjet 23. Powered by two 2,850 lbf (12.7 kN)General Electric CJ610s, its 12,500 lb (5.7 t) MTOW complies withFAR Part 23 regulations. The first member of theLearjet family, 104 were built between 1962 and 1966.
The forward wing-sweep, 20,280 lb (9.20 t) MTOWHamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet first flew on 21 April 1964, powered by two General Electric CJ610s; 47 were built between 1965 and 1973.The joint Piaggo-Douglas, 18,000 lb (8.2 t) MTOWPiaggio PD.808 first flew on 29 August 1964, powered by twoArmstrong Siddeley Vipers; 24 were built for the Italian Air Force.
On 2 October 1966 the first large business jet first flew, the 65,500 lb (29.7 t) MTOWGrumman Gulfstream II, powered by two 11,400 lbf (51 kN)Rolls-Royce Spey turbofans. From 1967 to the late 1970s, 258 were built, and it led to the ongoingGulfstream Aerospace long-range family.
The 11,850 lb (5.38 t) MTOWCessna Citation I first flew on 15 September 1969, powered by two 2,200 lbf (9.8 kN)Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D turbofans. Produced between 1969 and 1985, for a total of 689 examples, it is the first of theCessna Citation family.
The trijetDassault Falcon 50 made its first flight on 7 November 1976. The 40,000 lb (18 t) MTOW airplane is powered by three 3,700 lbf (16 kN) TFE731 engines. With the cross-section of the Falcon 20, it is the basis of the largerFalcon 900.
On 8 November 1978, the prototypeCanadair Challenger took off. The 43,000–48,000 lb (20–22 t) MTOW craft, usually powered by two 9,200 lbf (41 kN)General Electric CF34s, formed the basis of the long rangeBombardier Global Express family and of theBombardier CRJ regional airliners. The 1000th Challenger entered service in 2015.
On 30 May 1979 the all-new 22,000 lb (10.0 t) MTOWCessna Citation III took off for the first time, powered by two 3,650 lbf (16.2 kN) TFE731s.
TheMitsubishi MU-300 Diamond made its first flight on 29 August 1978. The 16,100 lb (7.3 t) MTOW jet was powered by two 2,900 lbf (13 kN)JT15D. The design was later sold and was renamed Beechjet 400 thenHawker 400, with a total of 950 produced of all variants.
The 1980s only saw the introduction of derivatives and no major new designs. The late 1980s saw the advent of fractional ownership for business jets.[6] For much of the 1980s, sales of new aircraft slumped.[7]
On 29 April 1991, theCessna CitationJet was first flown. Powered by two 1,900 lbf (8.5 kN)Williams FJ44 engines, the 10,500 lb (4.8 t) light jet used a modifiedCitation II fuselage with a new wing and tail, and was subsequently developed into the CJ series and M2, ultimately replacing the Citation I, Citation II andCitation V series. The 2,000th CitationJet was delivered in 2017.
The first flight of the all-newLearjet 45 was on 7 October 1995. All of the 642 aircraft built since then have been powered by two 3,500 lbf (16 kN) TFE731 engines.
Powered by two 2,300 lbf (10 kN) Williams FJ44s, the 12,500 pounds (5.7 t)Beechcraft Premier I light jet made its first flight on 22 December 1998. Nearly 300 had been made before production stopped in 2013.
In the opposite way compared to Bombardier, which developed airliners from a business jet, Embraer derived theLegacy 600 from theEmbraer ERJ family of regional jet airliners. Powered by two 8,800 lbf (39.2 kN)Rolls-Royce AE 3007s, the first flight of the 50,000-pound (22.5 t) aircraft was on 31 March 2001.
On 14 August 2001, theBombardier Challenger 300 made its first flight. The 38,850-pound (17.62 t) aircraft is powered by two 6,825 lbf (30.36 kN)HTF7000s. The 500th example was delivered in 2015.
The first very light jet, the 5,950-pound (2.70 t) MTOWEclipse 500, took off for the first time on 26 August 2002, powered by two 900 lbf (4.0 kN)Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s. Between then and the end of production in 2008, 260 were produced.
Another new small jet, the 10,701-pound (4.854 t)Honda HA-420 HondaJet, first flew on 3 December 2003 powered by two 2,050 lbf (9.1 kN)GE Honda HF120 engines mounted above the wing in a configuration unique amongst business jets. As of March 2020, 150 had been delivered.
It was followed by the 8,645-pound (3.921 t) MTOWCessna Citation Mustang on 23 April 2005, powered by two 1,460 lbf (6.5 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s and with more than 450 produced.
TheEmbraer Phenom 100 made its maiden flight on 26 July 2007. The 10,500-pound (4.75 t) MTOW airplane is powered by two 1,600 lbf (7.2 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s. With itsPhenom 300 development, nearly 600 have been built.
The first flight of the midsize,fly-by-wire, 7,000 lbf (31 kN)Honeywell HTF7000-poweredEmbraer Legacy 500 was on 27 November 2012. It was followed by the shorterLegacy 450 on 28 December 2013.
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After peaking in 2008, deliveries slowed due topolitical instability but the industry hopes to revive demand by introducing more attractive and competitive new models, four in 2018:[8]
In October 2018, consultant Jetcraft expected 20 variants or new designs to enter service before 2023 (seven large, seven midsize and six small):in 2019 theGlobal 5500/6500,Gulfstream G600,Citation XLS++ and aCitationJet CJ4+/, while theEmbraer Praetor 500/600 to be introduced in 2019 were predicted for 2021/2022;in 2020 aGulfstream G750;in 2021 theDassault Falcon 6X,Learjet 70XR/75XR andGlobal 7500XR;in 2022 theBombardier Challenger 350XRS;in 2023 theCitation Hemisphere, anEmbraer Legacy 700,Phenom 100V+,Dassault Falcon 9X,Bombardier Challenger 750 andGulfstream G400NG;in 2025 aCitation Mustang 2+.[9]
Most production business jets use twojet engines as a compromise between the operating economy of fewer engines and the ability to safely continue flight after an engine failure. Exceptions include the earlyLockheed JetStar with four engines; theDassault Falcon 50 and derivatives with three; and theCirrus Vision SF50 with one, a configuration also used in several similarvery light jet design concepts. Most business jets usepodded engines mounted on the rear fuselage with acruciform tail orT-tail to reduceinterference drag and increase exhaust clearance. Practical limits on the ground clearance of these smaller aircraft have prompted designers to avoid the commonjetliner configuration of alow wing with underslung podded engines. The sole business jet to use this layout, the early McDonnell 119, was rejected by the USAF due toforeign object damage concerns, leading to the failure of the program.[10] The recent HondaJet uses wing-mounted engines but mitigates this problem with its unique over-the-wing engine pods.
As with jetliners,swept wings are often used to increase cruise speed, butstraight wings are also commonplace; notably, Cessna deliberately prioritized docile low-speed handling in choosing straight wings for many models in its popular Citation family, envisioning that owners transitioning from slowerpiston engined orturboprop aircraft would want to maintain the ability to use relatively short runways, and that lower approach speeds would ease single-pilot operations, particularly by relatively inexperienced owner-pilots.[11]
Rolls-Royce plc powers over 3,000 business jets, 42% of the fleet:[12] all theGulfstreams andBombardier Globals, theCessna Citation X andEmbraer Legacy 600, earlyHawkers, and many small jets with theWilliams-Rolls FJ44.[13]
About 70% of the fleet was in North America at the end of 2011, the European market is the next largest, with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, and Central America.[14]
On 1 April 2017, there were 22,368 business jets in the worldwide fleet, of which 11.2% were for sale.[15]
By October 2018, the entire private jet fleet was dominated byTextron (Beechcraft,Cessna andHawker branded aircraft) with 43.9%, then Bombardier with 22.4%, Gulfstream with 13.0%, Dassault with 9.6% and Embraer with 5.8%, mostly in North America (64.6%), followed by Europe (13.0%) South America (12.1%) and Asia-Pacific (5.9%).[16]
As on March 31, 2019, there are 22,125 business jets in the worldwide fleet and top 20 country markets account for 89% of this total fleet.[17]
In 2015 the total airplane billing amounted to US$21.9 billion, and 718 business jets were delivered to customers across the globe: 199 (27.7%) byBombardier Aerospace, 166 (23.1%) byTextron Aviation, 154 (21.4%) byGulfstream Aerospace, 120 (16.7%) byEmbraer and 55 (7.7%) byDassault Aviation.[18]
In 2017, 676 business jets were shipped, led by Gulfstream with $6.56 billion for 120 aircraft, Bombardier with $5.2 billion for 140, Textron with $2.87 billion (including propeller aircraft and 180 jets), Dassault with $2.42 billion for 49 and Embraer with $1.35 billion for 109.[19]
In 2022, 712 business jets were shipped, led by Gulfstream with $6.60 billion for 120 aircraft, Bombardier with $6,04 billion for 123, Textron Aviation with $3,62 billion, Dassault Aviation with $1,76 billion for 32, Embraer with $1,36 for 102 and Pilatus with $900 million for 123 aircraft.[20]
| Year | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Planes | 278 | 300 | 316 | 438 | 515 | 667 | 752 | 784 | 676 | 518 | 592 | 750 | 887 | 1137 | 1317 | 874 | 767 | 696 | 672 | 718 | 722 | 718 |
| Value ($B) | 2.92 | 3.35 | 3.88 | 6.02 | 10.19 | 7.22 | 11.66 | 12.12 | 10.43 | 8.62 | 10.40 | 13.16 | 16.56 | 19.35 | 21.95 | 17.44 | 18.00 | 17.26 | 17.11 | 21.06 | 22.02 | 21.87 |
| Average ($M) | 10.5 | 11.2 | 12.3 | 13.7 | 14 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 16.6 | 17.6 | 17.5 | 18.7 | 17 | 16.7 | 20 | 23.5 | 24.8 | 25.5 | 29.3 | 30.5 | 30.5 |
The residual value level for a five-year old aircraft is at 56% of the list price.[21]A newbusiness aircraft typically depreciates by 50% in five years beforedepreciation flattens between years 10 and 15, and the owner of a 15-to-20 year old aircraft is often the last, matchingluxury cars.[22]
Business jets have varyingvalue retention, between the leadingEmbraer Phenom 300E, sold for $9.45 million in 2018 and expected to retain 68% of its value 15 years later for $6.46 million in 2033, and the trailing $24.5 millionGulfstream G280, predicted to retain 42% of its value for $10.25 million.[23]
In October 2017 Jetcraft forecast 8,349 unit deliveries in the next decade for $252 billion, a $30.2 million average. Cessna should lead the numbers with 27.3% of the deliveries ahead of Bombardier with 20.9%, while Gulfstream would almost lead the revenue market share with 27.8% trailing Bombardier with 29.2%.[21]For 2016–2025, Jetcraft forecastPratt & Whitney Canada should be the first engine supplier with 30% of the $24 billion revenue, in front of the current leaderRolls-Royce at 25%. Honeywell will hold 45% of the $16 billion inavionics revenue ahead ofRockwell Collins with 37% andGarmin.[24]
For 2019–2028,Honeywell predicts 7,700 aircraft to be delivered for $251 billion. Its breakdown is 62% big (87% in value) – super-midsize to business liner, 10% midsize (7% in value) – light-medium to medium, and 28% small (6% in value). The global demand is expected to come from North America for 61%, 16% from Europe, 12% from Latin America, 7% from Asia-Pacific and 4% from Middle East and Africa.[25]
For the next decade,Aviation Week predicts 8,683 business jets and 2,877 turboprops deliveries, from 792 jets in 2019 to 917 in 2028, and mostly in North America with 5,986 jets and 2,024 turboprops worth $126.1 billion.Most value will come from ultra-long-range jets with $104.7 billion, followed by super-midsize jets for $33.3 billion and large jets for $30.6 billion.The fleet was predicted to grow from 31,300 aircraft to nearly 35,600 with Textron leading the market with 25% of deliveries worth $32.1 billion.[26]For the decade starting in 2018, 22,190 engine deliveries were forecast (including severalturboprop engine models), led by theHoneywell HTF7000,Williams FJ44 andPratt & Whitney Canada PW300. The average usage was forecast to be 365 flight hours per aircraft per year.[27]
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Built byPratt & Whitney Canada, variants of the 4,700–8,000 lbf (21–36 kN)PW300 power theDassault Falcon 7X andDassault Falcon 8X trijets andDassault Falcon 2000 twinjet.The 10,000–20,000 lbf (45–89 kN)PW800 was launched in 2008 but was selected for theCessna Citation Columbus, cancelled a year after. It was then chosen for theGulfstream G500/G600 launched in 2014 and due to enter service in 2018/2019, and picked in 2018 for theDassault Falcon 6X 2021 first flight.The 12,000 lbf (53 kN)Safran Silvercrest was rejected for the cancelledFalcon 5X, it is still selected for theCessna Citation Hemisphere, but the aircraft development is suspended until the turbofan is perfected.GE Aviation produces the 10,000–20,000 lbf (44–89 kN)Passport for theBombardier Global 7500, due to enter service in 2018, and is developing an engine for the supersonicAerion AS2.[28]
Rolls-Royce plc was revealed as the engine supplier for theGlobal 5500/6500 with theRolls-Royce Pearl 15, an improvedBR710 resembling theGulfstream G650'sBR725.TheAE3007C poweredCessna Citation X+ is near its production end.TheHoneywell HTF7700L replaced the Silvercrest for theCitation Longitude, due to enter service in 2018, and already powers theBombardier Challenger 300/350,Gulfstream G280 andEmbraer Legacy 450/500.Its 3,500–5,000 lbf (16–22 kN)TFE731 powers theLearjet 70/75 andDassault Falcon 900LX.Williams International’sFJ44 powers thePilatus PC-24, launched in 2013 and introduced in early 2018, theNextant 400XTi and the in-developmentSyberJet SJ30i, as well as theCessna Citation CJ3+/4, while the smallerFJ33 powers theCirrus Vision SF50 single-engine business jet.[28]
 | The examples and perspective in this sectiondeal primarily with the United States and do not represent aworldwide view of the subject. You mayimprove this section, discuss the issue on thetalk page, or create a new section, as appropriate.(June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
There are three basic types of operators that own, manage and operate private jets.[citation needed]
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Flight departments are corporate-owned operators that manage the aircraft of a specific company.Ford Motor Company,Chrysler, andAltria are examples of companies that own, maintain and operate their own fleet of private aircraft for their employees. Flight departments handle all aspects of aircraft operation and maintenance. In the United States, flight-department aircraft operate underFAR 91 operating rules.
A 2010 study by the United StatesNational Business Aviation Association found that small and midsize companies that use private jets produce a 219% higher earnings growth rate than those that strictly use airlines.[29]
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Charter operators own or manage private jets for multiple clients. Like traditional flight departments, charter companies handle all aspects of aircraft operation and maintenance. However, they are not aligned with just one corporation. They manage aircraft for a private owner or corporation and also handle the sales of available flight time on the aircraft they own or manage. Maintenance services can also be provided.
In the United States, business aircraft may be operated under either FAR 91 as private operations for the business purposes of the owner, or underFAR 135 of the Federal Aviation Regulations as commercial operations for the business purposes of a third party. One common arrangement for operational flexibility purposes is for the aircraft's owner to operate the aircraft under FAR 91 when needed for its own purposes, and to allow a third-party charter-manager to operate it under FAR 135 when the aircraft is needed for the business purposes of third parties (such as for other entities within the corporate group of the aircraft's owner).[30]
Aircraft charter brokers have entered the marketplace through the ease of setting up a website and business online. Aircraft charter operators are legally responsible for the safe operation of aircraft and charter brokers require no economic authority and are largely unregulated. TheDepartment of Transportation requires that air charter brokers disclose to the consumer that they do not operate aircraft and cannot use terms like "our fleet of aircraft", "we operate", "our charter service" and others.[31]
Since 1996 the term "fractional jet" has been used in connection with business aircraft owned by a consortium of companies. Under such arrangements, overhead costs such asflight crew, hangarage and maintenance are split among the users.
Fractional ownership of aircraft involves an individual or corporation that pays an upfront equity share for the cost of an aircraft. If four parties are involved, a partner would pay one-fourth of the aircraft price (a "quarter share"). That partner is now an equity owner in that aircraft and can sell the equity position if necessary. This also entitles the new owner to a certain number of hours of flight time on that aircraft, or any comparable aircraft in the fleet. Additional fees include monthly management fees and incidentals such as catering and ground transportation. In the United States, fractional-ownership operations may be regulated by either FAApart 91 or part 135.[32]
Buying blocks of time in predetermined increments involves buying blocks of time in hours. This model usually depends on how many flight hours a client will be needing. Pay as you fly resembles the business model used bycommercial airlines where a client only pays for a flight they use. The downside to this model is that clients find it difficult to secure flights because most private flights are usually booked in advance.[citation needed]
Paying a flat rate for unlimited usage as the name implies, uses a business model where clients pay a flat rate, and then the jet is made available to them for the duration that payment lasts. This model makes it possible for a client to pay a certain amount for unlimited access and usage to a jet, or a fleet of jets for the duration. This model has been discontinued by most private jet hire companies because clients have exploited the usage in the past. This model now employs afair usage policy.[citation needed]
With smaller equipment, long-range business aircraft can be modified assurveillance aircraft to perform specialized missions cost-effectively, from ground surveillance to maritime patrol:[33]
Business jets can be categorized according to their size.
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Thevery light jet (VLJ) is a classification initiated by the release of theEclipse 500,[34][35][36] on 31 December 2006, which was originally available at around US$1.5 million, cheaper than existing business jets and comparable with turboprop aircraft. Its introduction coincided with aspeculative bubble forair taxi services, exemplified byDayJet, which ceased operations in September 2008.Eclipse Aviation failed to sustain its business model and filed for bankruptcy in February 2009.
A 10,010 lb (4,540 kg)MTOW limit was cited by engineering companyBurns & McDonnell in 2005,[37]Popular Mechanics in 2007,[38] orGlobalSecurity.org.[39]
Cessna simultaneously developed theCitation Mustang,[40][34][35] a six-place twinjet (2 crew + 4 passengers), followed by theEmbraer Phenom 100[40][34][35][36] and theHonda Jet.[34][36] They have a maximum takeoff weight lighter than theFAR Part 23 12,500-pound (5,700 kg) limit, and are approved for single-pilot operation. They typically accommodate 6–7 passengers over a 1174nmi average range, with a $4.4 million mean price.
| Model | Pax | Length | Span | int. L | int. W | Engines | Thrust | MTOW | Range | Cruise | Fuel/nmi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cirrus SF50 G2 | 4–6 | 30.9 ft | 38.3 ft | 9.8 ft | 5.1 ft | 1FJ33 | 1846 lbf | 6,000 lb | 622 nmi | 233 kn | 1.51 lb (0.68 kg) |
| Phenom 100EV | 5–7 | 42.1 ft | 40.4 ft | 11.0 ft | 5.1 ft | 2PW617 | 3460 lbf | 10,703 lb | 1,092 nmi | 340 kn | 1.87 lb (0.85 kg) |
| Citation M2 | 7 | 42.6 ft | 47.3 ft | 11.0 ft | 4.8 ft | 2FJ44 | 3930 lbf | 10,700 lb | 1,183 nmi | 370 kn | 1.99 lb (0.90 kg) |
| HondaJet Elite | 5–6 | 42.6 ft | 39.8 ft | 12.1 ft | 5.0 ft | 2HF120 | 4100 lbf | 10,700 lb | 1,171 nmi | 342 kn | 1.75 lb (0.79 kg) |
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Light jets have been a staple of the business jet industry since the advent of theLearjet 23 in the early 1960s. They provide access to small airports and the speed to be an effective air travel tool. Aircraft of this class include:
They typically accommodate 6–8 passengers over a 1953 nmi average range, with a $9.6 million mean price.[41]
| Model | Pax | Length | Span | int. L | int. W | Engines | Thrust | MTOW | Range | Cruise | Fuel/nmi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SyberJet SJ30i | 5–6 | 46.8 ft | 42.3 ft | 12.5 ft | 4.8 ft | 2FJ44 | 4600 lbf | 13,950 lb | 2,205 nmi | 408 kn | 1.68 lb (0.76 kg) |
| Citation CJ3+ | 8–9 | 51.2 ft | 53.3 ft | 15.7 ft | 4.8 ft | 2FJ44 | 5640 lbf | 13,870 lb | 1,825 nmi | 376 kn | 2.06 lb (0.93 kg) |
| Phenom 300E[47] | 7–10 | 51.2 ft | 52.2 ft | 17.2 ft | 5.1 ft | 2PW535E1 | 6956 lbf | 18,387 lb | 1,936 nmi | 411 kn | 2.33 lb (1.06 kg) |
| Nextant 400XTi | 7–9 | 48.4 ft | 43.5 ft | 15.5 ft | 4.9 ft | 2FJ44 | 6104 lbf | 16,300 lb | 1,801 nmi | 406 kn | 2.06 lb (0.93 kg) |
| Citation CJ4 | 8–9 | 53.3 ft | 50.8 ft | 17.3 ft | 4.8 ft | 2FJ44 | 7242 lbf | 17,110 lb | 1,927 nmi | 416 kn | 2.55 lb (1.16 kg) |
| Pilatus PC-24 | 8–11 | 55.2 ft | 55.8 ft | 23.0 ft | 5.6 ft | 2FJ44-4A | 6840 lbf | 17,650 lb | 2,035 nmi | 367 kn | 2.42 lb (1.10 kg) |
| Learjet 70 | 6–7 | 56.0 ft | 50.9 ft | 17.7 ft | 5.1 ft | 2TFE731 | 7700 lbf | 21,500 lb | 2,045 nmi | 426 kn | 2.48 lb (1.12 kg) |
These aircraft are suitable for longer-range travel such as transcontinental flights and for travel with larger passenger capacity requirements. Aircraft of this class include:
They typically accommodate 9 passengers over a 2540 nmi average range, with a $15.7 million mean price.
| Model | Pax | Length | Span | int. L | int. W | Engines | Thrust | MTOW | Range | Cruise | Fuel/nmi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citation XLS+ | 9–12 | 52.5 ft | 56.3 ft | 18.5 ft | 5.7 ft | 2PW545 | 8238 lbf | 20,200 lb | 1,841 nmi | 398 kn | 2.98 lb |
| Learjet 75 | 8–9 | 58.0 ft | 50.9 ft | 19.8 ft | 5.1 ft | 2TFE731 | 7700 lbf | 21,500 lb | 2,026 nmi | 427 kn | 2.50 lb |
| Legacy 450 | 7–9 | 64.7 ft | 66.5 ft | 20.6 ft | 6.8 ft | 2HTF7000 | 13080 lbf | 35,759 lb | 2,904 nmi | 431 kn | 3.54 lb |
| Praetor 500 | 7–9 | 64.7 ft | 66.5 ft | 20.6 ft | 6.8 ft | 2HTF7000 | 13080 lbf | 3,250 nmi | |||
| Citation Latitude | 9 | 62.3 ft | 72.3 ft | 21.8 ft | 6.4 ft | 2PW300 | 11814 lbf | 30,800 lb | 2,678 nmi | 401 kn | 3.58 lb |
Super mid-size jets feature wide-body cabin space, high-altitude capability, speed, and long range. These jets combine transatlantic capability with the speed and comfort of a wide-body, high-altitude aircraft. Aircraft of this class include:
They typically accommodate 10–11 passengers over a 3420 nmi average range, with a $22.2 million mean price:
| Model | Pax | Length | Span | int. L | int. W | Engines | Thrust | MTOW | Range | Cruise | Fuel/nmi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citation Sovereign+ | 9–12 | 63.5 ft | 72.3 ft | 25.3 ft | 5.7 ft | 2PW300 | 11814 lbf | 30,775 lb | 3,069 nmi | 402 kn | 3.15 lb |
| Legacy 500 | 8–12 | 68.1 ft | 66.4 ft | 24.6 ft | 6.8 ft | 2HTF7000 | 14072 lbf | 38,360 lb | 3,125 nmi | 433 kn | 3.59 lb |
| Falcon 2000S/EX | 10–19 | 66.3 ft | 70.2 ft | 26.2 ft | 7.7 ft | 2PW300 | 14000 lbf | 41,000 lb | 3,540 nmi | 430 kn | 3.60 lb |
| Praetor 600 | 8–12 | 68.1 ft | 66.4 ft | 24.6 ft | 6.8 ft | 2HTF7000 | 15056 lbf | 42,857 lb | 4,018 nmi | 423 kn | 3.58 lb |
| Gulfstream G280 | 10–19 | 66.8 ft | 63.0 ft | 25.8 ft | 7.2 ft | 2HTF7000 | 15248 lbf | 39,600 lb | 3,646 nmi | 451 kn | 3.50 lb |
| Challenger 350 | 9-11 | 68.7 ft | 69.0 ft | 25.2 ft | 7.2 ft | 2HTF7000 | 14646 lbf | 40,600 lb | 3,250 nmi | 448 kn | 3.76 lb |
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They typically accommodate 13–14 passengers over a 4,000 nmi average range, with a $33.8 million mean price.
| Model | Pax | Length | Span | int. L | int. W | Engines | Thrust | MTOW | Range | Cruise | Fuel/nmi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Embraer Legacy 650E | 13–19 | 86.4 ft | 69.5 ft | 42.4 ft | 6.9 ft | 2AE3007 | 18040 lbf | 53,572 lb | 3,919 nmi | 415 kn | 4.70 lb |
| Challenger 650 | 12–19 | 68.4 ft | 64.3 ft | 25.6 ft | 7.9 ft | 2CF34 | 18440 lbf | 48,200 lb | 4,011 nmi | 419 kn | 4.48 lb |
| Falcon 2000LXS/EX | 8–19 | 66.3 ft | 70.2 ft | 26.2 ft | 7.7 ft | 2PW300 | 14000 lbf | 42,800 lb | 4,065 nmi | 430 kn | 3.64 lb |
| Falcon 900LX/EX | 12–19 | 66.3 ft | 70.2 ft | 33.2 ft | 7.7 ft | 3TFE731 | 15000 lbf | 49,000 lb | 4,650 nmi | 420 kn | 4.07 lb |
| Gulfstream 500 | 13–19 | 91.2 ft | 86.3 ft | 41.5 ft | 7.6 ft | 2PW814 | 30288 lbf | 79,600 lb | 5,292 nmi | 480 kn | 5.18 lb |
_K5_Aviation_VKO_UUWW_(34418467530).jpg)
They typically accommodate 12–19 passengers over a 6500 nmi average range, with a $61.2 million mean price.
At 102 in (259 cm), theG650ER has the widest cabin yet but should be joined by theFalcon 5X (a Global 5000/G500 competitor) and its replacement, and the 4,500 nmi (8,300 km)Citation Hemisphere in 2021; at 98 in (249 cm), theGlobal 7000/8000 is wider than the 95 in (241 cm)Global 5000/6000, the same as theGulfstream G500/G600 and theCanadair Challenger, while theDassault Falcon 8X is 92 in (234 cm) wide and the G450/G550 88 in (224 cm).[8]
| Model | Pax | Length | Span | int. L | int. W | Engines | Thrust | MTOW | Range | Cruise | Fuel/nmi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global 5000 | 13–19 | 96.8 ft | 94.0 ft | 40.7 ft | 7.9 ft | 2BR710 | 29500 lbf | 92,500 lb | 5,475 nmi[a] | 463 kn | 6.52 lb |
| Falcon 7X | 12–19 | 76.1 ft | 86.0 ft | 39.1 ft | 7.7 ft | 3PW300 | 19206 lbf | 70,000 lb | 5,760 nmi[a] | 454 kn | 5.13 lb |
| Gulfstream G600 | 16–19 | 96.1 ft | 94.1 ft | 45.2 ft | 7.6 ft | 2PW815 | 31360 lbf | 94,600 lb | 6,518 nmi | 481 kn | 5.97 lb |
| Falcon 8X | 12–19 | 80.3 ft | 86.3 ft | 42.7 ft | 7.7 ft | 3PW300 | 20166 lbf | 73,000 lb | 6,235 nmi | 453 kn | 5.17 lb |
| Gulfstream G550 | 16–19 | 96.4 ft | 93.5 ft | 42.6 ft | 7.3 ft | 2BR710 | 30770 lbf | 91,000 lb | 6,708 nmi | 453 kn | 5.70 lb |
| Global 6000 | 13–19 | 99.4 ft | 94.0 ft | 43.3 ft | 7.9 ft | 2BR710 | 29500 lbf | 99,500 lb | 6,124 nmi | 464 kn | 6.77 lb |
| Gulfstream G650ER | 16–19 | 99.8 ft | 99.6 ft | 46.8 ft | 8.2 ft | 2BR725 | 33800 lbf | 103,600 lb | 7,437 nmi | 482 kn | 6.07 lb |
| Global 7500 | 17–19 | 111 ft | 104 ft | 54.4 ft | 8.0 ft | 2GE Passport | 37840 lbf | 114,850 lb | 7,725 nmi | 475 kn | 6.28 lb |
Business airliner can be contracted asbizliner.[52]Airliners converted into business jets are used by sports teams orVIPs with a large entourage or press corps. Such airplanes can face operational restrictions based on runway length or localnoise restrictions. They can be the most expensive type of private jet as they provide the greatest space and capabilities.
Aircraft of this class include:
| Model | Pax | Length | Span | int. L | int. W | Engines | Thrust | MTOW | Range | Cruise | Fuel/nmi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lineage 1000E | 13–19 | 118.9 ft | 94.2 ft | 84.3 ft | 8.8 ft | 2CF34 | 37000 lb | 120,152 lb | 4,602 nmi[a] | 446 kn | 9.61 lb (4.36 kg) |
| BBJ MAX-7 | 19-172 | 116.7 ft | 117.8 ft | 85.5 ft | 11.6 ft | 2CFM LEAP | 58600 lb | 177,000 lb | 7,000 nmi | ||
| BBJ MAX-8 | 19-189 | 129.7 ft | 117.8 ft | 98.5 ft | 11.6 ft | 2CFM LEAP | 58600 lb | 181,200 lb | 6,640 nmi | ||
| ACJ319 | 19-156 | 111.0 ft | 111.8 ft | 78.0 ft | 12.2 ft | 2CFM56 | 54000 lb | 168,650 lb | 6,002 nmi | 442 kn | 10.92 lb (4.95 kg) |
| BBJ MAX-9 | 19–220 | 138.3 ft | 117.8 ft | 107.2 ft | 11.6 ft | 2CFM LEAP | 58600 lb | 194,700 lb | 6,515 nmi |
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Calculations suggest that people traveling in their own private jets leave a disproportionatecarbon footprint relative to those who use commercial jetliners or other means of travel. Some individuals travel over 350,000 km (220,000 mi) annually, generating thousands of tons of CO2 emissions.[54][55]
On 14 July 2021, theEuropean Commission adopted a series of legislative proposals setting out how it intends to achieve climate neutrality in theEU by 2050. The intermediate target is an at least 55% net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Every member of theEuropean Economic Area has appointed a competent authority to manage the inclusion of aviation in theEU emissions trading system (EU ETS).[56]
As a reaction to the disproportionate emission ofgreenhouse gases by private jets, projects dedicated to tracking the movement of these airplanes in general, as well as the jets owned by specific celebrities, politicians, entrepreneuers and elite groups, have gained widespread attention by the internet public and the media. The programmerJack Sweeney became known for his various social media accounts that track jets owned by individuals such asTaylor Swift,Elon Musk,Jeff Bezos,Mark Zuckerberg,Bill Gates,Donald Trump,[57] andDrake.[58]
"the SME companies using business aviation outperformed nonusers... users generated more income based on productivity and efficiency, outperforming in both EBITDA and Earnings (230 percent and 219 percent higher, respectively).
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