| Burnside carbine | |
|---|---|
 Burnside carbine | |
| Type | Carbine |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Used by | United States |
| Wars | American Civil War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Ambrose Burnside |
| Designed | 1855 |
| Manufacturer | Bristol Firearms Company and Burnside Rifle Company |
| Unit cost | $38.50 apiece withappendages (1861)[1] |
| Produced | 1858–1870 |
| No. built | ~100,000 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 7 lb (3.2 kg) |
| Length | 39.5 inches (1,000 mm) |
| Barrel length | 21 inches (530 mm) |
| Cartridge | .54 Burnside |
| Caliber | .54 inches (14 mm) |
| Action | Lever action |
| Muzzle velocity | 950 ft/s (290 m/s)[1] |
| Effective firing range | 200 yd (180 m)[2] |
| Feed system | Single-shot |
TheBurnside carbine was abreech-loadingcarbine that saw widespread use during theAmerican Civil War.
The carbine was designed and patented byAmbrose Burnside, who resigned his commission in the U.S. Army to devote himself full-time to working on the weapon. The carbine used a special reverse chambered brasscartridge which was also invented by Burnside. This cartridge contained a bullet and powder, but no primer; Burnside considered primed cartridges a safety risk. Pressing the weapon's two trigger guards opened the breech block and allowed the user to insert a cartridge.
When the trigger was pulled, thehammer struck a separatepercussion cap and caused a spark; a hole in the base of the cartridge exposed theblack powder to this spark. The unique, conical cartridge sealed the joint between thebarrel and the breech. Most otherbreech-loading weapons of the day tended to leak hot gas when fired, but Burnside's design eliminated this problem.[2]
In 1857, the Burnside carbine won a competition at West Point against 17 other carbine designs. In spite of this, few of the carbines were immediately ordered by the government, but this changed with the outbreak of the Civil War, when over 55,000 were ordered for use by Unioncavalrymen.[3] This made it the third most popular carbine of the Civil War; only theSharps carbine and theSpencer carbine were more widely used.[4] They saw action in all theatres of the war. There were so many in service that many were captured and used by Confederates. A common complaint by users was that the unusually shaped cartridge sometimes became stuck in the breech after firing.[5]
On the basis of ordnance returns and ammunition requisitions, it has been estimated that 43 Union cavalry regiments were using the Burnside carbine during the 1863-1864 period. Additionally, 7 Confederate cavalry units were at least partially armed with the weapon during this same period.[6]
Five different models were produced.[7] Production was discontinued towards the end of the Civil War, when the Burnside Rifle Company was given a contract to make Spencer carbines instead.[8]
During theAmerican Civil War Burnside, though his military record was mixed, rose through the ranks partly because his carbine was so well known.[9] He was pressured by PresidentLincoln several times to take command of the UnionArmy of the Potomac. He repeatedly declined, saying, "I was not competent to command such a large army as this."[10] When he eventually did accept command, he led the Army of the Potomac to defeat at theBattle of Fredericksburg. The battle and thesubsequent abortive offensive left Burnside's "officers complaining loudly to the White House and the War Department about his incompetence."[11] He also performed poorly at theBattle of Spotsylvania Court House, and a court of inquiry blamed him for the Union failure at theBattle of the Crater, though the blame was later lifted from him.