Tire fires are events that involve the combustion of large quantities oftires, usuallywaste tires, typically in locations where they are stored, dumped, or processed. They exist in two forms: as fast-burning events, leading to almost immediate loss of control, and as slow-burningpyrolysis which can continue for over a decade. They are noted for being difficult to extinguish. Such fires produce much smoke, which carriestoxic chemicals from the breakdown ofsynthetic rubber compounds while burning.[1]
Tire fires are normally the result ofarson or improper manipulation with open fire. Tires are not prone toself-ignition, as a tire must be heated to at least 400 degrees Celsius (750 degrees Fahrenheit) for a period of several minutes prior to ignition.
A deliberately set fire during a protest inLille, France observed by emergency workers waiting to manage the fire.
When tires are piled up and get wet, water may diffuse to the carcasses and steel will rust, this is an exothermic reaction (oxidation). Rubber itself is a good insulator, and within the piled/dumped masses temperature will continuously rise. At about 60 degrees Celsius rotten rubber will split off methane and later cyclic hydrocarbons as touluol and xylol, highly flammable and volatile substances. These fumes may easily be ignited, and the process within the pile is continued. Combustion temperature of degraded compounds released by heated tires is thus more consequential than combustion point of the tires themselves.
Metal in tires may contribute to the tire fire. The hot wires act as kind of "glowing spiral" in a storm lighter Zippo with its steel insert in the wick, restarting the fire, when blown out. This is a reason tire fires are so hard to extinguish.
Extinguishing tire fires is difficult. The fire releases a dark, rich smoke that containscyanide,carbon monoxide,sulfur dioxide, and products ofbutadiene andstyrene. Burning tires are heated, and, as they have a lowthermal conductivity, they are difficult to cool down. Moreover, they frequently burn inside even if they are extinguished from outside, and easily reignite when hot. One possible remedy is to cover the fire with sand, reducing the supply of oxygen and the exhaust of smoke. After extinguishing and cooling down (which may last several days), toxic chemicals can be neutralized.[2]
Protestors are known to burn tires as part of protests.[3][4] Because waste tires are readily available and produce dense smoke, protestors sometimes burn tires and create tire barriers as part of protest.[5] For example, an analysis inThe Times of Israel noticed an increasing trend of tire burning in the demonstrations following the17 October Revolution.[6]
1983 – Arsonists ignited seven million tires that burned for nine months inWinchester, Virginia, polluting nearby areas withlead andarsenic. The location was cleaned up as aSuperfund project from 1983 to 2002.[7]
1984 – A pile estimated at four million tires, known locally as Mount Firestone, ignited inEverett, Washington, and burned for months as the fire department was unable to extinguish it.[8]
1989 – InHeyope (nearKnighton, Powys,Wales), a fire involving approximately 10 million tires began which still smouldered 15 years later.[9]
1993 - InInwood,Berkeley County, West Virginia,Charles David Knox, a localvolunteer firefighter inInwood, set fire to a 10 acre pile of tires; the fire burnt for 3 days before being brought under control. Mutual aid for tankers was called from as far away as Texas. The 1993 Inwood tire fire response was set as the example on how to fight tire fires; some of the techniques used in the 1993 Inwood tire fire are still used to this day.[11][12]
1994 – InEast Chicago, Indiana, a fire consumed 70,000 tons of tires and shredded rubber. It started on July 16, 1994 and burned until August 22, 1994.[13]
1995 – The Hornburg tire fire inSinclairville, New York burned over a million tires in a blaze lasting more than a week.[14]
1995 - InGrawn, Michigan, a tire fire from a retreading service at 5175 Sawyer Woods Drive burned for three weeks and resulted in PFAS contamination of local residential drinking water wells. The fire began on December 29, 1995.[15]
1996 – Anarson in March at an illegal tire yard underneath a section ofI-95 inPhiladelphia caused $6 million in damage and completely closed a section of the highway for weeks and partial closures for six months.[16][17]
1998 – Agrass fire ignited the 7 million tires at the unlicensed S.F. Royster Tire Disposal Facility inTracy, California. It was extinguished, after 26 months, with water and foam in December 2000.[18]
1999 – On August 21, arsonists ignited the former Kirby Tire Recycling facility, containing an estimated 25 million tires located on 110 acres (0.45 km2) nearSycamore, Ohio. The fire burned for 30 hours, involved over 250 firefighters, theOhio National Guard and theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and caused significant environmental damage. The fire was controlled and finally extinguished in part by covering it with dirt. In the intervening years the EPA has performed a massive clean up effort on the site.[19][20]
2002 – The EnTire Tire Recycling facility inNebraska City, Nebraska burned for over eleven days. An explosion occurred during the firefighting effort, injuring thirteen firefighters. Multiple evacuations of up to a 30-block area were ordered during the event. Over 40 agencies assisted during the event at an estimated cost of $1.4 million.[21]
2005 – A fire started at Watertown Tire Recyclers inWatertown, Wisconsin on July 19 and burned for six days. 108 fire departments and more than 25 agencies assisted in handling the disaster.[22]
2008 – A malfunction in the chopper/shredder line of the Golden By-Products tire recycling plant inBallico, California ignited rubber debris around the conveyor system which then ignited two multi-ton piles of shredded/chopped rubber. It only burned for about 12 hours but took over 1 million gallons of water to extinguish. The piles were allowed to form a crust which in turn smothered the fires in them. The plant was later cited for exceeding permitted capacity.[23][24]
2012 – On January 27, 2012, a massive tire fire sparked at atire recycling plant inLockport, New York, causing dangerous amounts of soot and smoke to burn over the city for over 22 hours, causing serious damage to many homes.
2012 – InSulaibiya,Kuwait, a five million tire fire erupted on April 16, 2012.[25] The fire was thought to be started deliberately by scrap metal hawkers looking to recover scrap metal.
2012 – InIowa City,Iowa, at approximately 6:45 p.m. on May 26, 2012, a fire started in the ground tire bedding material at the Iowa City Landfill, involving at least 7.5 acres of landfill. It was finally extinguished on June 12, 2012, after a "stir, burn and cover" operation.[26]
2012 – Tire fire protests erupted all overLebanon. Protesters used burning tires to cut off main roads in Lebanon.[citation needed]
2013 – Static electricity ignited a fire at J&R Tire Recycling inHoopeston, Illinois. Over 100 firefighters from two states fought the fire, in which over 50,000 tires burned, for three days.[27]
2013 – Tire fire ignited inNassau, Bahamas. The poorly managed municipal dump has had multiple fires and finally resulted in a tire fire on August 13.
2015 – On August 18, in northwest Oklahoma, a tire fire in a large pile of tires next to the premises of A&T Tire and Wheel set the exterior of the business ablaze, but crews prevented flames from getting inside.[28]
2015 – On August 18, a fire in Oregon disrupted theWarm Springs Tribal Reservation. Erroneously referred to by locals and news media as a "tire fire", the blaze caused by the sparks formed from a recreational vehicle driving on a bare rim engulfed more than 60,000 acres of land at the reservation.[29]
2016 – On May 13, inSeseña, Spain, a fire started in a tire dump containing around 5 million tires.[30]
2016 – On August 10, a tire fire sparked at Liberty Tire Recycling inLockport, New York. Over 8 million pounds ofcrumb rubber ignited, destroying four buildings and evacuating over 400 families from nearby homes.[citation needed]
2017 – On January 17, a tire fire started atFederal CorporationZhongli Factory inTaoyuan, Taiwan. More than half the factory (50,000 square meters) was on fire and over 140 families were evacuated from nearby homes. The area was heavily contaminated withcarbon black.
2017 – On March 5 at 10:58 pm, firefighters responded to a fire at the EnTire Recycling facility inPhelps City, Missouri. Heavy smoke caused intermittent closure of Highway 136 and officials to advise nearby residents to avoid breathing the smoke, which could be seen over 10 miles away. This fire continued to smolder through August 2017.
2020 – On July 22, firefighters inWeld County, Colorado responded to a fire at a tire recycling facility. Early reports suggested a fire began on equipment which quickly spread to piles of tires. Local officials requested aid from a supertanker aircraft due to the size of the fire and unseasonably dry conditions.[citation needed]
2020 – On October 18, a massive fire in theSulaibiya tire graveyard, the site of a similar fire in 2012, burned approximately 1 million tires in 25,000 square meters.[25]
2020 - On November 16, 90 firefighters and 15appliances attended a major fire involving 600,000 tires stored at a former go-karting facility inBradford, England. The fire was declared out a week later.[31][32] Three people were arrested in connection to the fire, however they were later released without charge.[33]
2021 — On November 9, approximately 100 firefighters responded to a tire fire at a recycling facility in southwest Philadelphia.[34] Unusual winds brought the fire's smoke across Philadelphia'sCenter City and into New Jersey.[35]
