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Bunu language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hmongic language of China

Not to be confused withBunu language (Nigeria).

Bunu
Pu Nu
Buod Nuox
Native to	China
Region	Guangxi and bordering regions
Ethnicity	Yao
Native speakers	359,474 (2001)^[1]
Language family	Hmong–Mien Hmongic West Hmongic Bu–Nao Bunu
Dialects	Dongnu Nunu Bunuo
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`buna1273`

Bunu is aHmongic language of southern China. Bunu speakers are classified ethnically asYao by thePeople's Republic of China.

Varieties

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Meng (2001) lists the following language varieties for Bunu.^[1]

Bunu (Chinese:布努) (Pu Nu) - 359,474 speakers; representative dialect: Nongjing, QibainongTownship,Dahua County (大化七百弄乡弄京)
- Dongnu (Chinese:东努) (Tung Nu,autonyms:no22,tuŋ11no22) - 293,489 speakers inFuning County,Yunnan (in Longshao 龙绍, etc.) and northernGuangxi:Du'an (in Meizhu 梅珠, etc.),Dahua,Bama,Pingguo,Tiandong,Mashan,Debao,Long'an,Baise,Tianyang,Donglan,Hechi,Shanglin,Xincheng,Yishan,Laibin. InFuning County, they are known as Buzha (布咋) (their autonym) or the Mountain Yao (山瑶).
- Nunu (Chinese:努努) (Nu Nu, autonyms:no22no22,po33no22) - 53,870 speakers in northwesternGuangxi:Lingyun (in Taohua 陶化, etc.),Fengshan,Donglan,Bama (in Xishan 西山, etc.),Tianlin,Leye
- Bunuo (Chinese:布诺) (Pu No, autonym:pu33no22) - 12,115 speakers inDu'an (in Sanzhiyang 三只羊; Longma (龙麻) of Xia'ao (下坳乡),^[2] etc.),Guangxi

TheShaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer (1997:533) reports that theMiao ofXinning County,Hunan, speak a Bunu-branch language.

TheYunnan Province Gazetteer (1989) reports that a Bunu dialect known aspu55ʐa11 (布咋) is spoken by about 7,000 people in Guichao (归朝乡) and Dongbo (洞波瑶族乡) (including in Dadongzhai 大洞寨, Saxiangdong Village 三湘洞村^[3]) townships ofFuning County,Yunnan.

Others

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The following may be alternative names for speakers of Bunu languages.^[4]

Beidalao (北大老): 15,000 (1990) inRong'an County andRongshui County,Guangxi; probably Bunu, though divergent^[5]
Changpao (长袍): 5,000 (1999) in southernGuizhou; undetermined linguistic affiliation, but could possibly be Bunu.^[6] Identified as Dongmeng by Bradley (2007).^[7]
Youmai (优迈): 2,000 (1999) in southwesternGuizhou; possibly a Bunu variety;^[8] classified asPingtang Miao by Li Yunbing (2000)^[9]

Phonology

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This section presents the phonology of the Dongnu variety of Qibainong (七百弄) Township,Dahua Yao Autonomous County,Guangxi as representative.^[10]

Consonants

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		Labial		Dental/Alveolar			Retroflex	(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar			Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	sib.	lat.	Retroflex	(Alveolo-) palatal	plain	lab.	pal.	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	m̥	m̥ʲ	n̥				ɲ̟̊	ŋ̊	ŋ̊ʷ
Nasal	voiced	m	mʲ	n				ɲ̟	ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop	voiceless	p	pʲ	t			ʈ		k	kʷ	kʲ
	aspirated	pʰ	pʲʰ	tʰ			ʈʰ		kʰ	kʷʰ	kʲʰ
	prenasal	ᵐp	ᵐpʲ	ⁿt			ᶯʈ		ᵑk	ᵑkʷ	ᵑkʲ
	prenasal asp.	ᵐpʰ	ᵐpʲʰ	ⁿtʰ			ᶯʈʰ		ᵑkʰ	ᵑkʷʰ
Affricate	voiceless					tɬ		tɕ
	aspirated					tɬʰ		tɕʰ
	prenasal			ⁿtθ	ⁿts	ⁿtɬ		ᶮtɕ
	prenasal asp.			ⁿtθʰ	ⁿtsʰ	ⁿtɬʰ		ᶮtɕʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f		θ	s	ɬ	ʂ	ɕ				h
	aspirated			θʰ	sʰ
	voiced	v					ʐ	ʑ	ɣ			ɦ
Approximant						l

Sounds /tɬ, tɬʰ, ⁿtɬ, ⁿtɬʰ/ may be pronounced as [pl, plʰ, ᵐpl, ᵐplʰ] in some areas.^[11]

Vowels

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	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		ɯ	u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Open		a

Examples of vowels
Vowel	Example word
i	pi⁴³ 'fruit'
ɯ	tɯ¹³ 'speak'
u	ɬu⁴¹ 'iron'
e	he³³ 'open (a door)'
ə	s^hə⁴³ 'on top'
o	no¹³ 'person'
ɛ	hɛ³³ 'fast'
ɔ	tɔ⁴¹ 'kill'
a	ka³³ 'chicken'

Diphthongs and Other Rimes

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Qibainong Dongnu has sevendiphthongs: /ei/, /ai/, /au/, /ou/, /ɔi/, /iu/, and /eu/.^[12] Of these, /ɔi/, /iu/, and /eu/ only appear in recent loans fromChinese andZhuang.^[13] Examples of words with diphthongs appear in the table below; yellow background is for those diphthongs that appear only in recent borrowings.

Examples of diphthongs
Diphthong	Example word
/ei/	tei³⁵ 'team'
/ai/	mpai⁴¹ 'pig'
/au/	sau⁴¹ 'satiated'
/ou/
/ɔi/	sɔi²²¹ 'crime'
/iu/	ʐiu²²¹ 'cotton tree'
/eu/

Several vowels in Qibainong Dongnu permit a nasal consonant following, either /n/ or /ŋ/; most vowels permit one or the other, but not both.^[12] Qibainong also permits therime /iaŋ/, despite not having a diphthong /ia/; /iaŋ/ is used only in recent loans.^[14] The possible combinations of vowel with final nasal, organized by the position of the vowel, appear in the table below.

Vowel + nasal sequences
	Front	Central	Back
Close	iŋ			uŋ
Close-mid	en	ən,əŋ
Open-mid		ən,əŋ	ɔn,ɔŋ
Open		an,aŋ

Examples of rimes with nasals
Rime	Example
iŋ	iŋ³³ 'bitter'
uŋ	muŋ³³ 'sick'
en	pen¹³ 'flower'
ən
əŋ	nəŋ³³ 'snake'
ɔn
ɔŋ	nɔŋ¹³ 'eat'
an	man⁴³ 'village'
aŋ	aŋ³³ 'water'
iaŋ

Tone

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Qibainong Dongnu has eight tones, with four having an alternate realization, giving a total of 12 tone values.^[15]

Tones
Tone number	Tone class	Tone value	Example word
1	A1	33	tɔ³³ 'deep'
1′	A1′	55	ven⁵⁵ 'winnowing basket'
2	A2	13	tɔ¹³ 'come'
2′	A2′	35	ven³⁵ 'garden'
3	B1	43	tɔ⁴³ 'hit'
3′	B1′	54	pe⁵⁴ 'bowl'
4	B2	232	tɔ²³² 'read'
4′	B2′	454	pe⁴⁵⁴ 'handle'
5	C1	41	tɔ⁴¹ 'kill'
6	C2	221	tɔ²²¹ 'die'
7	D1	32	tɔ³² 'affix (a seal)'
8	D2	21	tɔ²¹ 'bite'

Alphabet

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Bunu is written in aLatin script similar to other minority languages of China, such asHmong-Mien languages, likeHmong orTai-Kadai languages, likeKam orSui. It usesDigraphs or combinations of letters instead of diacritics to represent additional sounds. The Bunu alphabet is:^[16]

Letter
a	b	by	c	ch	d	dl	e	ee	f	g	gw	gy	h	hl	hm	hmy	hn	hng	hngw	hny	hs	i	j	k	kw	ky	l	m	mb	mby	mc	mch	md	mdl	mg
IPA
a	p	pʲ	sʰ	ʈʰ	t	tɬ	ə	e/ɛ	f	k	kʷ	kʲ	h/ɦ	ɬ	m̥	m̥ʲ	n̥	ŋ̥	ŋ̥ʷ	ɲ̥	θʰ	i	tɕ	kʰ	kʷʰ	kʲ	l	m	mp	mpʲ	ntsʰ	ɳʈʰ	nt	ntɬ	ŋk
Letter
mgw	mgy	mhs	mj	mk	mkw	mp	mpy	mq	ms	mt	mtl	mz	mzh	n	ng	ngw	ny	o	p	py	q	r	s	sh	t	tl	u	uo	v	w	x	y	z	zh
IPA
ŋkʷ	ŋkʲ	ntθʰ	ntɕ	ŋkʰ	ŋkʷʰ	mpʰ	mpʰʲ	ntɕʰ	ntθ	ntʰ	ntɬʰ	nts	ɳʈ	n	ŋ	ŋʷ	ɲ	ɔ	pʰ	pʰʲ	tɕʰ	ʐ	θ	ʂ	tʰ	tɬʰ	u	o	ɣ	v/ɯ	ɕ	ʑ	s	ʈ

Tones

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Tones are marked with a consonant letter written at the end of a syllable.

Tone
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Value
33	13	43	232	41	221	32	21
Orthography
b	x	d	l	t	s	k	f

Grammar

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Word Classes

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According to Meng (2001), Bunu has 12 parts of speech, namely, nouns, pronouns, numerals, classifiers, adjectives, verbs, intensifiers (状词), adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, and interjections.^[17]

Pronouns

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Personal pronouns in Bunu exhibit a three-way distinction in both person and number, yielding nine contrasting terms:^[18]

Personal pronouns in Qibainong Dongnu
	Singular	Dual	Plural
First Person	tɕuŋ⁴³	a³³	pe³³
Second Person	kau¹³	me³³	me¹³
Third Person	ni²³²	mo³³	mo¹³

Bunu also has pronouns for 'oneself' and 'everyone', as well as a set of interrogative expressions:^[19]

Interrogative expressions in Qibainong Dongnu
Pronoun	Meaning
po³³si⁵⁴	'what'
ɦau²²¹tau²²¹	'how'
po⁴³tau²²¹	'who, which'
ɦa²³²tau²²¹	'where'
pan³³tau²²¹	'when'

Demonstratives

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According to Meng (2001), demonstratives fall within the word class of pronouns. Five demonstratives are attested in Qibainong:nɔŋ^43/54 'this (visible)',kau^13/35 'that (medial, visible)',uŋ^33/55 'that (distal, visible)',no⁴³ 'that (unknown)', andi⁴³ 'that (known, not visible)'.^[20]

Numerals

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Cardinal numerals include the following:^[21]

Cardinal numerals in Qibainong Dongnu
Numeral	Meaning	Note
len¹³	'zero'
tɕau²²¹	'one'	used only in combination with classifiers
i⁵⁵	'one'	general use
au³³	'two'
pe³³	'three'
tɬa³³	'four'
pjo³³	'five'
ʈu⁴¹	'six'
sɔŋ²²¹	'seven'
ʑo²¹	'eight'
tɕu¹³	'nine'
tɕu²¹	'ten'
pai⁴¹	'hundred'
sen³³	'thousand'
van²²¹	'ten thousand'

References

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^^a ^bMeng, Chaoji 蒙朝吉 (2001).Yáozú Bùnǔyǔ fāngyán yánjiū瑤族布努语方言研究 [A Study of the Bunu Dialects of the Yao People] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
^Meng, Youyi 蒙有义 (2011)."Lóngmá Bùnǔyǔ yǔyīn xìtǒng"龙麻布努语语音系统 [On Phonetic System of Bunu Language in Longma].Sānxiá lùntán (Sānxiá wénxué. Lǐlùn bǎn)三峡论坛（三峡文学.理论版） (in Chinese).2011 (5):61–65, 148.Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved2013-02-13.
^"Fùníng Xiàn Dòngbō Yáozú Xiāng Sānxiāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Shàngdàdòng"富宁县洞波瑶族乡三湘洞村委会上大洞 [Shangdadong, Sanxiangdong Village Committee, Dongbo Yao Ethnic Township, Funing County].ynszxc.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived fromthe original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved2017-09-26.
^"China".Asia Harvest. Archived fromthe original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved2013-07-19.
^"Beidalao"(PDF) – via Asia Harvest.
^"Changpao"(PDF) – via Asia Harvest.
^Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. New York: Routledge.
^"Youmai"(PDF) – via Asia Harvest.
^Li, Yunbing 李云兵 (2000).Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū苗语方言划分遗留问题研究 [Research on Remaining Questions in the Division of Miao Dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
^Meng 2001, pp. 32–37.
^Meng, Chaoji (2008).瑶汉词典 : (布努语) [Yao Han ci dian : (Bunu yu)]. 民族出版社 [Minzu chubanshe], Beijing Shi.
^^a ^bMeng 2001, p. 35.
^Meng 2001, pp. 36–37.
^Meng 2001, pp. 35–37.
^Meng 2001, p. 37.
^Meng 1996, pp. 10-14.
^Meng 2001, p. 107.
^Meng 2001, p. 108.
^Meng 2001, p. 108-109.
^Meng 2001, pp. 110–111.
^Meng 2001, p. 111.