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Buluggin ibn Ziri

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Emir of Maghreb
Buluggin ibn Ziri
Emir of Maghreb
A statue of Buluggin ibn Ziri on the heights of theCasbah of Algiers
Reign2 October 972 – 25 May 984[1]
SuccessorAl-Mansur ibn Buluggin
BornTitteri region (present-day Algeria)
Died25 May 984 in Sijilmasa[2] or Ouarekcen[3]
IssueAl-Mansur ibn Buluggin
Hammad ibn Buluggin
Ibrahim ibn Buluggin
Yattufat ibn Buluggin[4]
Names
Abu'l-Futuh Sayf al-Dawla Buluggin ibn Ziri ibn Manad al-Sanhaji
DynastyZirids
FatherZiri ibn Manad
ReligionIslam

Buluggin ibn Ziri, often transliteratedBologhine, in fullʾAbū al Futūḥ Sayf ad Dawlah Bulukīn ibn Zīrī ibn Manād aṣ Ṣanhājī (Arabic:أبو الفتوح سيف الدولة بلكين بن زيري بن مناد الصنهاجي; died 25 May 984) was the first leader (r. 972–984) of theSanhajaBerber dynasty ofZirids to serve as viceroy ofIfriqiya under theFatimid Caliphs, founding a dynasty that continued to rule the region after him.[5][6]

Bologhine, a suburb in the city of Algiers, is named after him.

Biography

[edit]

Buluggin was born in the region ofTitteri, in what is nowAlgeria.[7] While his fatherZiri ibn Menad was emir of the centralMaghreb, Buluggin ibn Ziri founded the city ofAlgiers on the site of the ancient RomanIcosium in 960, but alsoMédéa andMiliana. He also rebuilt the villages destroyed by the various revolts.[8]

On the death of his father, in a battle againstKharidjite Berber tribes in 971, theFatimid CaliphAl-Mu'izz li-Din Allah appointed Buluggin ibn Ziri asEmir of the Maghreb on Wednesday 2 October 972 (20 Dhu al Hijjah 361 AH).[9] In addition to the attributions of his father Menad Abu Ziri, he received the regions of Zab andM'Sila that the defector Jaʿfar ibn ʿAlī ruled.[10] The honours bestowed on him would provoke the jealousy of theKutamas.[11] Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah left the governance ofSicily to the Kalbids andTripoli to Abd Allah ibn Yakhlof Al Kutami.[12]

Buluggin continued the fight against theZenatas. TheMaghrawa asked for the help of theUmayyads of Cordoba to take back their territory and their cities. Buluggin then took control of almost all of the Maghreb under orders of the Fatimid Caliph.[11] Buluggin defeated theMaghrawa, theHawwaras (branch of the Branis), the Nefzawas (branch of the Zenatas) and the Mazata. The prisoners were resettled in great numbers in the settlement of Ashir.[11]

The Fatimids transferred their court fromMahdia toCairo. Buluggin was then appointed viceroy ofIfriqiya withKairouan as its capital.[13][verification needed][14] The Fatimids had taken the treasury andfleet with them to Egypt, so the first priority of the Zirid government was to consolidate its rule. However, the loss of the fleet meant loss of control over theKalbids inSicily. Buluggin took Fez, Sijilmasa and most of Morocco to the Atlantic coast.[15] During a campaign in Morocco, he fought against theBargawata. TheCaliphate of Córdoba was, however, able to retain the fortresses ofCeuta andTangiers. Nevertheless, Buluggin remained a vassal of the Fatimids, to whom he had to pay tribute, and he remained surrounded by advisors who were there to support him as much as to watch over him. The Fatimids took with them wealth and military equipment. The absolute priority of the Zirids was therefore to strengthen their power, but the displacement of the Fatimid fleet towardsEgypt made the conservation of the Kalbide territories in Sicily impossible.

Bologhine Ziri received from the Caliph the titles ofAbu al-Futuh, "Father of Victories" andSayf ad-Dawla "Sword of Empire".[12][16] In 977,Abu Mansur Nizar al-Aziz Billah, the successor of Al-Muizz li-Dîn Allah, attributed to Bologhine the cities of Tripoli, Ajdabiya and Sirte in addition to his previous attributions.[12] He conquers Fez, Sijilmassa and but stopped before Ceuta. When he saw the square, which he considered impregnable, and the reinforcements of the Zenatas coming fromAndalusia by sea, he turned back.[16] He punished the sovereign of the Barghawata, who was declared prophet, in anexpedition in 979 in which he brought back a large number of Moroccan slaves; while his lieutenant paraded them in the streets the people of Ifriqiya were shocked as they had never seen such a large number of slaves before.[17]

Little is known about the personal life of Buluggin. However, chroniclers state that prior to his rule of the Maghreb he had 400 concubines and seventeen children.[18]

On Sunday 25 May 984 (21 Dhu al Hijjah 373 AH), Bologhine died and his sonAl-Mansur succeeded him.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Hadi, Roger Idris (1962).La Berberie Orientale Sous les Zirides(PDF). p. 60.
  2. ^Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates (2 February 2012).Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. p. 9.ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  3. ^Petite histoire de la Tunisie / Par Mlle L. Métivier ; avec une introduction de M. d'Estournelles de Constant. 1910.
  4. ^Hadi, Roger Idris (1962).La Berberie Orientale Sous les Zirides(PDF). p. 140.
  5. ^Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996).The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press. pp. 35–36.ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3.
  6. ^Jiwa, Shainool (2017).The Fatimids: 1 - The Rise of a Muslim Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 134–135.ISBN 978-1-78673-174-6.
  7. ^Golvin, Lucien (1983)."Buluggîn fils de Zîri, prince berbère".Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée.35 (1):93–113.doi:10.3406/remmm.1983.1983.
  8. ^Khaldūn, Ibn (1854).Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale (in French). Impr. du Gouvernement.
  9. ^Hadi, Roger Idris (1962).La Berberie Orientale Sous les Zirides(PDF). p. 42.
  10. ^Lévi-Provençal, Evariste (1999).Histoire de l'Espagne musulmane (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose.ISBN 978-2-7068-1387-0.
  11. ^abcKhaldūn, Ibn (1854).Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale (in French). Impr. du Gouvernement.
  12. ^abcKhaldūn, Ibn (1854).Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale (in French). Impr. du Gouvernement.
  13. ^Julien, Charles André (1994).Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord : des origines à 1830. Paris: Payot. p. 404.ISBN 2-228-88789-7.OCLC 32160417.
  14. ^Brett, Michael (2017-02-03).Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh University Press.ISBN 978-1-4744-2151-5.
  15. ^Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 March 2014).Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 36.ISBN 978-1-134-25986-1.
  16. ^abKhaldūn, Ibn (1854).Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale (in French). Impr. du Gouvernement.
  17. ^Hady Roger, Idris (1962).La berbérie oriental sous les Zirides(PDF). Adrien-Maisonneuve. pp. 57 58. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2021-08-31. Retrieved2020-08-21.
  18. ^Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Jr, Professor Henry Louis Gates (2012-02-02).Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 232.ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
Preceded byasFatimid caliphZirid emir ofIfriqiya
972–984		Succeeded by
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