Bulldozer justice,[1][2] also calledbulldozer raj[3] andYogi model,[4] refers to the use of thebulldozer to demolish the illegal constructions of encroachers, criminals and rioters which critics claim is without the due process and state authorities counter that has been done by following the due process under the law,[5][6][7] thus resulting in theSupreme Court of India issuing guidelines which outlaws indiscriminate bulldozer action without the due process but explicitly allows the lawful usage of bulldozer action against encroachment and illegal construction.[8]
Critics of bulldozer action allege that the houses, shops and small establishments have been bulldozed in India, disproportionately targeting Muslims in the Hindu-majority country, and the bulldozer has become a symbol forHindu nationalist politicians.[5][7] On the contrary, the state governments, particularly in BJP-ruled states, have strongly defended the practice, arguing that the demolitions are strictly lawful anti-encroachment drives aimed at targeting theillegal properties of high-profile criminals, mafia, and those accused ofreligious rioting, while maintaining that proper due process is consistently followed.[9][6][10] However, the independent analysis ofNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), an Indian government agency responsible for collecting the crime data as defined by theIndian Penal Code, data by law expert has concluded that the "Yogi Model" (of Bulldozer Justice in Uttar Pradesh) has resulted in lower crime rate and improved public's trust in law and order enforcement.[11] The properties of Hindu criminals have also been targeted by the bulldozer justice, notably the gangsterVikas Dubey in 2020.[12] Bulldozer action also targeted the illegal properties of convicted Muslim gangsters, includingAtique Ahmed andMukhtar Ansari.[13]
Supreme Court of India has issued legally binding guidelines for the government, which outlaws indiscriminate bulldozer action without the due process, yet it explicitly allows the usage of bulldozer action against encroachment and illegal construction.[8][14] Demolitions of illegal properties and encroachments by authorities are carried out under the laws by following the due process, such as the Uttar Pradesh Urban Planning and Development Act, 1973 (and similar municipal acts), and the demolitions are often cited by the government as lawful actions against illegal structures rather than an action directly under the 2020 Damages Act.[15] According to data compiled by the Housing and Land Rights Network (HLRN), the number ofillegal encroachers forcibly evicted or displaced due to state authorities' demolition and anti-encroachment drives—often using bulldozers against illegal properties—rose sharply from over 107,600 people in 2019 to at least 515,752 in 2023. In total, authorities demolished over 153,820 houses in 2022 and 2023, resulting in the displacement of more than 738,438 people.[16][17][18][19][20]
Bulldozer Justice began with the evoking of the machine byUP Chief Minister,Yogi Adityanath of theBJP. While bulldozers are routinely used across India to remove illegal constructions, the bulldozer has been portrayed as a symbol of law enforcement in addressing property-related crimes,communal violence rioters and alleged criminal activity. Demolition of structures has been increasingly reported in states with BJP leadership as a measure against illegal constructions.[16] Following its usage in political messaging inUttar Pradesh, the bulldozer was used inMadhya Pradesh to convey political messages aimed at showing a strong stance against criminals.
Its byAdityanath started following the commencement of his first term in office in March 2017. By 2020, property belonging to numerous criminals such as Vikas Dubey (2024), as well as politician-strongmen and gangsters Atique Ahmed and Mukhtar Ansari had been demolished using bulldozers. The action against Dubey started after he and his associates killed eight policemen in July 2020 during an attempted arrest. The UP government committed to free up 67,000 acres (270 km2)[a] of government land and other illegally occupied land byland mafia, issuing certain directives related to the use of bulldozers and also warning of their misuse. Adityanath began his second term as chief minister in March 2022.
Similarly, theChief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, another state with aBJP-based CM, began usage of the bulldozer in March 2022 against properties of the mafia, accused rapists and rioters. By late April 2022, bulldozers had also been used on the property of rioters inDelhi andGujarat, with politics and legal issues ensuing, including over anti-encroachment drives in a BJP-held municipality inRajasthan, an otherwiseCongress-ruled state. InUttarakhand, rioters duringHanuman Jayanti processions were threatened with bulldozers parked in the vicinity of property owned by the accused.
Demolitions of illegal properties and encroachments by authorities are carried out under the laws by following the due process, such as the Uttar Pradesh Urban Planning and Development Act, 1973 (and similar municipal acts), and the demolitions are often cited by the government as lawful actions against illegal structures rather than an action directly under the 2020 Damages Act.[15]
Supreme Court of India guidelines, which outlaws indiscriminate bulldozer action without the due process, yet it explicitly allows the usage of bulldozer action against encroachment and illegal construction,[8] were issued in response to the multiple pleas were filed by several NGOs opposing thebulldozer justice. After clubbing those pleas together, in November 2024 by the Supreme Court issued the guidelines.[8][21]
| Directions | Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | If order of demolition is passed then time has to be given to appeal this order. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 2 | No demolition is permissible without show cause notice. The notice is to be sent by registered post to the building owner and pasted outside the structure that is proposed to be demolished. At least 15 days from the date of notice must be given before any further demolition action is taken. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 3 | The notice shall contain details of the nature of violations that led the authorities to propose demolition, the date on which a personal hearing for the affected party is fixed, and before whom (which authority) it is fixed. It should also include the list of documents that the noticee has to furnish when making a reply. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 4 | To prevent any allegation of backdating such notices, as soon as the show cause notice is served, intimation of the same shall be sent to the Collector/District Magistrate (DM) of the district by email and an auto-generated reply acknowledging receipt of the mail should also be issued from the office of the Collector/DM. The Collector and DM are to appoint nodal officers and assign an email address for this purpose. This email is to be communicated to all municipal and other authorities in charge of building regulations and demolition within one month from today. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 5 | A designated digital portal is to be provided within three months from the date of the order where details of such notices, replies and the order eventually passed is made available. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 6 | The designated authority shall give an opportunity of personal hearing to the person affected and the minutes of such hearing shall be recorded. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 7 | Once a final order is passed thereafter, it should answer if the offense of constructing the unauthorized structure is compoundable. If only a part of the structure construction is found illegal/ non-compoundable, it has to be examined why the extreme step of demolition is the only answer. Orders so passed (on determining whether demolition is required) shall be displayed on the digital portal. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 8 | Opportunity must be given to the owner to demolish or remove the unauthorized structure within 15 days of the order. Steps to demolish the property can only be takenafter these 15 days have elapsed without the person removing the illegal structureand if no appellate body has stayed the demolition. Only construction found to be unauthorized and not compoundable shall be demolished. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 9 | Before demolition, a detailed inspection report shall be prepared by the concerned authority signed by twoPanchas (witnesses). | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
| 10 | Demolition proceedings are to be videographed. The video recording is to be preserved. A demolition report, recording which officials/ police officers/ civil personnel participated in the demolition proceedings, is to be prepared and forwarded to the concerned municipal commissioner. This report is also to be displayed on the digital portal. | [22][23]Detailed-judgement |
The Supreme Court also warned that if these directions are flouted, the officials responsible will be liable for contempt of Court and prosecution. Such officers shall be held liable to restitute the demolished property at their own cost and also pay compensation. The Court further made it clear that these directions will not be applicable if there is an unauthorized structure in any public place such as road, street, footpath, abutting railway line or any river body or water bodies and also to cases where there is an order for demolition made by a Court of law.[22][21][23]
On 20 April, followingcommunal violence in Delhi's Jahangirpuri, local authorities issued the demolition of certain structures in an eviction and anti-encroachment drive.[24] TheSupreme Court of India intervened to stop the demolition.[25] Supposedly the Supreme Court had to give the orders twice as demolition continued for around an hour after the first order.[26] Street carts were also destroyed with bulldozers.[25] Residents said that even registered buildings were damaged.[25] Nine bulldozers were seen in the area and 20 structures were destroyed.[1][27] A political blame game ensued.[28][29]Tushar Mehta, on behalf ofNorth Delhi Municipal Corporation, stated that the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act provides for the removal of "stall, chair, bench, box, ladder, bale" without notice. Just as Ganesh Gupta's juice shop was removed without notice, everything on public land was removed. In the case of buildings, notices were given. Further, the law provides some days and appellate remedy in the case of building as per the Act.[30] As "houses and other permanent structures were targeted" Advocate Dushyant Dave raised this as a primary point before the court.[31] The timing of the Jahangirpuri demolitions, four days after communal clashes in the same area, "reads extremely suspicious", says political commentator N. S. Moorthy.[32] The Supreme Court's status quo intervention brought immediate relief. However, this order does not seem to make the judiciary the answer to the larger overarching questions related to the perceived targeting of sections of the population, more than what is already being seen.[32]
On 16 April, localized riots took place inHubli,Karnataka.[33] Following violence, there were calls in the state demanding a "bulldozer" form of justice.[34][35][36]
Shivraj Singh Chauhan, the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh, anotherstate with a BJP CM, went on to use the bulldozer similarly as seen in Uttar Pradesh.[37] By 19 March, CM Chauhan had ordered the use of the bulldozer against the property of the mafia as well as against gang rape, rioting and kidnapping accused inSeoni,Sheopur,Jaora,Shahdol andRaisen.[38][39] The Shahdol rape incident took place on 16 March and the house of the accused was demolished on 22 March. This was following an investigation by the chief municipality officer who found a number of illegalities in the construction of the house.[38][40][41] Following clashes on Holi in Khamriya village of Raisen, the administration used bulldozers to demolish encroachments of accused rioters.[42][43] Many of the alleged perps were of a "particular community".[37] Similarly to the tag given to Yogi "bulldozer baba", banners were seen inBhopal with "bulldozer mama"[b] written and an image of CM Chauhan and a bulldozer in the background.[39][44]
Following a rape incident on 28 March in a government guesthouse inRewa, CM Chauhan ordered a bulldozer to be used against the house of the accused, aMahant.[45] Followingclashes inKhargone on 10 April 2022,Ram Navami, 16 houses and 29 shops were demolished by Chouhan's government.[46][47] Some of the demolished buildings were constructed under the government housing initiativePradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.[1]
| 10 April | Khargone, MP;[47] Howrah and Bankura, WB[48] |
|---|---|
| 11 April | Khambat, GJ;[49][50] Lohardaga, JH;[51] Baina, Vasco, GA[52] |
| 16 April | Jahangirpuri, DL;[47] Hubli, KA;[53] Bhagwanpur, Roorkee, UK[54][55] |
| 17 April | Holagunda, Kurnool, AP[56] |
| 18 April | Amravati, MH[57] |
| InBold are locations where bulldozers were used in response. InItalics a threat to use bulldozers was seen. | |
On 22 April, bulldozers were seen demolishing some shops and three temples in Alwar, Rajasthan, a Congress-led state but in the BJP-held municipality of Rajgarh.[58][59][60] Local administration said that consensus had been achieved in the destruction of the shrines, including one which had been built on a drain, and that it was part of an anti-encroachment drive and the shrines would be rebuilt on "non-controversial land".[60] During another anti-encroachment drive the next day, agaushala was part of the removed structures and cleared land.[61][62]
On 16 April, riots took place in Uttarakhand'sBhagwanpur region. In the following days, bulldozers were seen in proximity to properties of the riot accused.[54][55]
Yogi Adityanath started his first term as theChief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in March 2017. His first announcement was that his government would clean up the law and order situation in the state among other connected issues.[63] An anti-mafia task force was set up and political messaging included statements such as "Leave UP or go to jail".[64][65] It was in September 2017 when Yogi first warned that he would bulldoze properties of those involved in crime, "My government will bulldoze houses of anyone even thinking of perpetuating crime against women and weaker sections of the society", adding that it would take some more time to reel in other criminal elements.[66]Uttar Pradesh police had already started taking action against criminals[c] with a number of them dying inpolice encounters.[66]
By the end of 2020, properties had been demolished.[d][67][68] In July 2020,history-sheeter and crime bossVikas Dubey's house was demolished along with four vehicles.[69] A few days eight policemen had been killed in an attempted arrest in which Dubey was the main accused.[70][71][72] Vikas Dubey would go on to die in an encounter after the police vehicle carrying him met with an accident.[73] In August 2020,Mukhtar Ansari, a criminal turned politician, connected properties were razed.[74] A government spokesperson explained that the property had been constructed on the property of migrants in Pakistan.[74] Ansari's sons property was razed.[75] This involved 250 policemen and 20 bulldozers.[75] Part of a hotel he owned was demolished following a decision taken by an administrative board including the district magistrate.[76] In September 2020, properties connected toAtique Ahmed were demolished.[77][78] This includes Mohamed Zaid's two-story house built in 2015 over 600 square yards. 6 bulldozers took 5 hours.[77] The reason given for demolishing the building was that the blueprints of the building were not cleared by local authorities before construction.[77] A number of other structures, illegal constructions, or belonging to known gangsters were also raised.[79][80][81][82] This number increased by the end of 2021.[71] In February 2021, Yogi stated that 67,000 acres (270 km2) of land had been freed from mafia control.[83] Yogi said that the illegal properties that are being seized and bulldozed will be replaced by new houses for the Dalits and the poor, playgrounds and other social needs,[84][85][86] and warned the mafia of harassing the poor, farmers and traders.[87] Public response within Uttar Pradesh in relation to the use of the bulldozer has been mixed.[88] The Yogi government has also warned about the misuse of bulldozers.[89][90]
We have a special machine which we are using for building expressways and highways. At the same time, we are using it to crush the mafia who exploited people to build their properties.
Yogi Adityanath went on to use the bulldozer in his election campaign for the2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election held between 10 February and 7 March 2022. This earned him the tag "bulldozer baba".[91][92] The term had initially been used as a taunt by an opposition party.[93][94] In some rallies, Yogi also mentioned: "bulldozers taking rest".[95]
Dr. Upma Gautam, renowned law expert and professor of criminal law, after analysing the data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) concluded that the "Yogi Model" of Bulldozer Justice in Uttar Pradesh has resulted in lower crime rate and has improved public's trust in law and order enforcement.[11]
Some media reports suggest that certain communities perceive the use of bulldozers as biased. In particular, illegal properties belonging to and illegal settlements primarily populated by Muslims have been disproportionately targeted.[96][97] Critics also argue that giving up on therule of law and adopting"bulldozer justice" is the initial move toward anauthoritarian society. In such a society, the safety, life, andliberty of individuals would depend on the arbitrary decisions of state officials.[98]
Farm leader and national spokesperson of theBharatiya Kisan Union (BKU)Rakesh Tikait warned the government that if the unjust use of bulldozers doesn't stop, tractors will be used by farmers to stop them.[99] Opposition leaders in response also stated the headquarters of the BJP should be demolished and that it was the BJP who allowed illegal constructions in Delhi in areas they had held for years.[100][101]Akhilesh Yadav said that BJP should make the bulldozer its emblem and that it was distracting the Chief Minister from more important governance matters.[102][103]Manish Sisodia said that the bulldozer was being used as a tool of extortion.[104] Names such as "Bulldozernath" or "the lord of bulldozers" were used.[105] The bulldozer was connected to bulldozing the "dreams of the youth" and being "anti-women".[105]Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind filed two petitions in theSupreme Court of India.[106][30] On 24 April 2022, Aam Aadmi Party conducted "foot marches" in all the wards of Delhi.[107]Brinda Karat, an Indian politician, has claimed that BJP aims to vilify Muslims through these actions.[108]
Newslaundry reported on the response of sections of the Indian media and their coverage of the events and how certain anchors supported the proceedings.[109]Anjana Om Kashyap, a media professional, climbed on board the bulldozers at theJahangirpuri site and started asking the drivers questions.[110] During one of the demolitions in Uttar Pradesh, adistrict magistrate (anIndian Administrative Service officer) clicked a selfie, and shared it with the caption "Yeh Hum Hai, Yeh Humaari Car Hai Aur Hamaari Party Ho Rahi Hai"[e] (transl. This is us, this is our car, our party is happening here).[112]
The narrative against the "bulldozer justice" is rejected by the state governments, who characterize it as necessary and lawful executive measures against the criminals and encroachment, undertaken following the due process of law.[6][9][10]
The official justification presented by state governments is that the demolitions are part of routine anti-encroachment campaigns conducted by municipal or development bodies. Leaders, such as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, have publicly asserted that the state is not violating any laws and is only targeting the illegal assets of organized criminals and mafia to establish a strong stance on law and order.[9] Officials in Madhya Pradesh have similarly defended the use of bulldozers as a measure against the illegally acquired properties of criminals and those accused of serious offenses, arguing that the action is directed at the illegality of the structure, regardless of the owner's religious or political affiliation.[10]
In response to legal challenges and accusations of arbitrary punishment, state governments have argued that due process is strictly followed. Before the Supreme Court, the government of Uttar Pradesh officially submitted affidavits claiming that prior written notices of demolition are served to property owners in all cases, directly refuting allegations that the actions are indiscriminate or unlawful.[6] From the perspective of the executive, the demolitions are a legitimate use of administrative power to reclaim government land and dismantle the financial base of criminal elements, rather than an extra-judicial punishment for a recent crime.[9][10]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)...the liberal use of bulldozers to demolish properties of alleged perpetrators of crime (many from a particular community)...