Buffalo Bill | |
|---|---|
 Buffalo Bill in 1911 | |
| Born | William Frederick Cody (1846-02-26)February 26, 1846 Le Claire,Iowa Territory, U.S. |
| Died | January 10, 1917(1917-01-10) (aged 70) |
| Resting place | Lookout Mountain, Colorado 39°43′57″N105°14′17″W / 39.73250°N 105.23806°W /39.73250; -105.23806 (Grave of William "Buffalo Bill" Cody) |
| Other names | Buffalo Bill Cody Pahaska (Long hair)[1] |
| Occupation(s) | Army scout, Pony Express rider,ranch hand, wagon train driver, town developer, railroad contractor, bison hunter, fur trapper, gold prospector, showman |
| Known for | Buffalo Bill's Wild West shows |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 4 |
| Military career | |
| Branch |  United States Army |
| Years of service | 1863–1865, 1868–1872 |
| Rank | Private 2 (Chief of Scouts) |
| Unit | 7th Kansas Cavalry Regiment (Company H) |
| Battles / wars | American Civil War,Indian Wars (16 battles total) |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |
| Signature | |
 | |
William Frederick Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917), better known asBuffalo Bill, was an American soldier,bison hunter, andshowman. One of the most famous figures of theAmerican Old West, Cody began performing at the age of 23. He performed inshows that displayedcowboy themes and episodes from the frontier andIndian Wars. He foundedBuffalo Bill's Wild West in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the United States and, beginning in 1887, in Europe.
He was born inLe Claire,Iowa Territory (now theU.S. state ofIowa), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in modern-dayMississauga,Ontario, before the family returned to theMidwest and settled in theKansas Territory. Buffalo Bill started working at the age of 11, after his father's death, and became a rider for thePony Express at age 15. During theAmerican Civil War, he served theUnion from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865. Later he served as a civilian scout for theU.S. Army during theIndian Wars. While he was initially awarded theMedal of Honor in 1872 for his actions in the Indian Wars, he was among 911 recipients to have the award rescinded in 1917. Congress reinstated the medals for Cody and four other civilian scouts in 1989.
Cody was born on February 26, 1846, on a farm just outsideLe Claire, Iowa.[2] His father, Isaac Cody, was born on September 5, 1811, inToronto Township,Upper Canada, now part ofMississauga,Ontario, directly west ofToronto. Mary Ann Bonsell Laycock, Bill's mother, was born about 1817 inTrenton, New Jersey. She moved to Cincinnati to teach school, and there she met and married Isaac. She was a descendant of Josiah Bunting, aQuaker who had settled inPennsylvania. There is no evidence to indicate Buffalo Bill was raised as a Quaker.[3][page needed] In 1847 the couple moved to Ontario, having their son baptized in 1847, as William Cody, at the Dixie Union Chapel inPeel County (present-dayPeel Region, of which Mississauga is a part), not far from the farm of his father's family. The chapel was built with Cody money, and the land was donated by Philip Cody of Toronto Township.[4] They lived in Ontario for several years.
In 1853, Isaac Cody sold his land in ruralScott County, Iowa, for $2,000 (equivalent to $76,000 in 2024)[5], and the family moved toFort Leavenworth,Kansas Territory.[2] In the years before the Civil War, Kansas was overtaken by political and physical conflict over the slavery question in an episode calledBleeding Kansas. Isaac Cody was against slavery. He was invited to speak at Rively's store, a local trading post where pro-slavery men often held meetings. Hisantislavery speech so angered the crowd that they threatened to kill him if he did not step down. A man jumped up and stabbed him twice with aBowie knife. Rively, the store's owner, rushed Cody to get treatment, but he never fully recovered from his injuries.
In Kansas, the family was frequently persecuted by pro-slavery supporters. Cody's father spent time away from home for his safety. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on the way. Bill, despite his youth and being ill at the time, rode thirty miles (48 km) to warn his father. Isaac Cody went toCleveland,Ohio, to organize a group of thirty families to bring back to Kansas, to add to the antislavery population. During his return trip, he caught a respiratory infection which, compounded by the lingering effects of his stabbing and complications from kidney disease, led to his death in April 1857.[6][7]
After his death, the family suffered financially. At age 11, Bill worked for the freight carrier Russel, Major, and Waddel as a "boy extra". On horseback, he would ride up and down the length of awagon train and deliver messages between the drivers and workmen. Next, he joinedJohnston's Army as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide theUnited States Army toUtah, to put down a rumored rebellion by theMormon population ofSalt Lake City.[7]
According to Cody's account inBuffalo Bill's Own Story, theUtah War was where he began his career as an "Indian fighter":
Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of theSioux, at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet [9 meters] below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my old muzzle-loader and fired. The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. "What is it?" called McCarthy, as he hurried back. "It's over there in the water." "Hi!" he cried. "Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!" So began my career as an Indian fighter.[8]
At the age of 14, in 1860, Cody was caught up in the "gold fever", with news of gold atFort Colville and theHolcomb Valley Gold Rush inCalifornia.[9] On his way to the goldfields, however, he met an agent for thePony Express. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider. He worked at this until he was called home to his sick mother's bedside.[10]
Cody claimed to have had many jobs, includingtrapper,bullwhacker, "Fifty-Niner" inColorado,Pony Express rider in 1860, wagonmaster,stagecoach driver, and ahotel manager, but historians have had difficulty documenting them. He may have fabricated some for publicity.[11] Namely, it is argued that in contrast to Cody's claims, he never rode for the Pony Express, but as a boy, he did work for its parent company, the transport firm of Russell, Majors, and Waddell. In contrast to the adventurous rides, hundreds of miles long, that he recounted in the press, his real job was to carry messages on horseback from the firm's office in Leavenworth to the telegraph station three miles away.[12]
After his mother recovered, Cody wanted to enlist as a soldier in the Union Army during theAmerican Civil War but was refused because of his young age. He began working with a freightcaravan that delivered supplies toFort Laramie in present-day Wyoming. In 1863, at age 17, he enlisted as ateamster with the rank ofprivate in Company H,7th Kansas Cavalry, and served until discharged in 1865.[7][10]
In 1866, he reunited with his old friendWild Bill Hickok inJunction City, Kansas, then serving as a scout. Cody enlisted as a scout himself atFort Ellsworth and scouted between there and Fort Fletcher (later renamed and moved toFort Hays). He was attached as a scout, variously, toCaptain George Augustus Armes (Battle of the Saline River) andLieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (guide and impromptu horse race toFort Larned). It was during this service at Fort Ellsworth that he met William Rose, with whom he would found the short-lived settlement ofRome.[13]
In 1867, with the construction of theKansas Pacific Railway completing throughHays City and Rome, Cody was granted a leave of absence to hunt buffalo to supply railroad construction workers with meat. This endeavor continued into 1868, which saw his hunting contest with William Comstock.[14]
Cody returned to Army service in 1868.[15] From his post inFort Larned, he performed an exceptional feat of riding as a lone dispatch courier from Fort Larned toFort Zarah (escaping brief capture), Fort Zarah to Fort Hays, Fort Hays toFort Dodge, Fort Dodge to Fort Larned, and, finally, Fort Larned to Fort Hays, a total of 350 miles in 58 hours through hostile territory, covering the last 35 miles on foot. In response,General Philip Sheridan assigned him Chief of Scouts for the5th Cavalry Regiment.[16]
He was also Chief of Scouts for theThird Cavalry in later campaigns of thePlains Wars.
In January 1872, Cody was a scout for the highly publicized hunting expedition of theGrand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.[17]
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Cody was awarded theMedal of Honor in 1872 for documented gallantry above and beyond the call of duty as an Army scout in the Indian Wars.[18] It was revoked in 1917, along with medals of 910 other recipients dating back to the Revolutionary War, when Congress decided to create a hierarchy of medals, designating the "Medal of Honor" as the highest military honor it could bestow. Subsequent regulations authorized theWar Department to revoke prior Medal of Honor awards it considered not meeting requirements since the introduction of strict regulations promulgated under the 1917 law. Those regulations required the medal to be awarded for acts of bravery above and beyond the call of duty by officers or enlisted soldiers. The law was enacted days before Buffalo Bill died, so he never knew a law might rescind the medal awarded to him.
All civilian scout medals were rescinded since they did not appear to meet the basic criterion of being officers or enlisted soldiers, which had been expressly listed in every authorizing statute ever enacted for the Medal of Honor. Cody was one of five scouts affected. Their medals were stripped shortly after Cody died in 1917.
Cody's relatives objected, and, for over 72 years, they wrote repeatedly to theUS Congress seeking reconsideration. All efforts failed, until a 1988 letter to theSenate from Cody's grandson was received by the office of senatorAlan K. Simpson of Wyoming,. There a newly assigned legislative assistant (K. Yale) took up the cause in 1989. The legal brief he drafted and submitted to theDepartment of Defense on behalf of the relatives of Buffalo Bill argued that civilian scouts were technically officers, as theirNative American counterparts were nominally scouts. However, the white civilian scouts were given the rank and pay of officers – both for retention purposes. Also, scouts were the equivalent of "reconnaissance" for the military and thus provided highly valued services. In addition, a practical reason was to avoid mistaking them for opponents in skirmishes.
Moreover, although civilian scouts might have normally been officers because of their highly valued skills, the military drawdown and related budget cuts after the Civil War left no billets available for the civilian scouts to fill, and thus they were relegated to a highly qualified status that treated them as valuable military assets without the designation or retirement benefits of officers. Nevertheless, they were treated as high-ranking military officials and had status of officers alongside their Native American brethren. The brief argued for retroactive restoration of the Medal of Honor to Buffalo Bill. The Department of Defense required the appeal to be adjudicated by the Army Board for Correction of Military Records. After months of deliberation, the Board agreed with the persuasive legal brief and made the decision to restore the Medal of Honor, not only to Buffalo Bill but also to several other civilian scouts whose medals had also been rescinded.
Long after the medal was restored, the decision was thought to be controversial for several reasons. Some people interpreted Simpson's submission as arguing that the law had never required Cody to be a soldier. However, this was not a key element of Simpson's brief. According to these interpretations, Simpson's submission cited a book,Above and Beyond, to illustrate the lack of requirement to be a soldier. But, the legal brief acknowledged that Medal of Honor recipients had to be an officer or enlisted soldier. Another problem cited by some was the authority of the Board to contravene several federal statutes because the Medal of Honor revocation had been expressly authorized by Congress, meaning that the restoration went against the law in force in 1872, the law requiring the revocation in 1916, and the modern statute enacted in 1918 (it remains substantially unmodified today). However, the legal brief clearly did not suggest overturning of the law, but rather conforming the status of civilian scouts to that of other scouts similarly situated (source: copy of the actual legal brief, by the author).
Since the Board of Correction is merely a delegation of theSecretary of the Army's authority, some suggest a separation of powers conflict, since even the president cannot contravene a clear statute and, although Cody's case was dealt with below the cabinet level, the legal brief was written in conformance with the statutes. Modern Medal of Honor cases originating from the board, such as the recent case ofGarlin Conner, required both executive action as well as a statutory waiver from Congress, which underscores the point that some cases might be in conflict with statutes.
In the Cody case, the board's governing assistant secretary recognized that it lacked the authority to reinstate the medal directly, and so decided to return the case to the board for reconsideration. As a result, the board amended Cody's record to make him an enlisted soldier – aligning it with the legal argument that civilian scouts were the equivalent to officers or enlisted soldiers – so that he would fall within the legal requirements, and did the same for four other civilian guides who had also had their medals rescinded. In doing so, the board overlooked the fact that Cody was a civilian guide with far greater employment flexibility than a soldier, including the ability to resign at will.[19] Nevertheless the Board did recognize the value that all scouts provided, whether Native American or otherwise, and that they volunteered to put themselves in harm's way (e.g. Buffalo Bill saved the lives of several soldiers by rushing onto an active battlefield and pulling them to safety while under fire) instead of pursuing less demanding civilian jobs.
Cody received the nickname "Buffalo Bill" after the American Civil War, when he had a contract to supplyKansas Pacific Railroad workers withbuffalo (American bison) meat.[20] Cody is purported to have killed 4,282 buffalo in eighteen months in 1867 and 1868.[10] Cody and another hunter, Bill Comstock, competed in an eight-hour[15] buffalo-shooting match over the exclusive right to use the name, which Cody won by killing 68 animals to Comstock's 48.[21] Comstock, partCheyenne and a noted hunter, scout, and interpreter, used a fast-shootingHenry repeating rifle, while Cody competed with a larger-caliberSpringfield Model 1866, which he calledLucretia Borgia, after the notorious Italian noblewoman, the subject of a popular contemporaryGaetano Donizetti operaLucrezia Borgia, based onVictor Hugo's play of the same name. Cody explained that while his formidable opponent, Comstock, chased after his buffalo, engaging from the rear of the herd and leaving a trail of killed buffalo "scattered over a distance of three miles", Cody – likening his strategy to abilliards player "nursing" his billiard balls during "a big run" – first rode his horse to the front of the herd to target the leaders, forcing the followers to one side, eventually causing them to circle and create an easy target, and dropping them close together.[3]: 94
In 1869, the 23-year-old Cody metNed Buntline, who later published a story based on Cody's adventures (largely invented by the writer) in Street and Smith'sNew York Weekly and then published a highly successful novel,Buffalo Bill, King of the Bordermen, which was first serialized on the front page of theChicago Tribune, beginning that December 15.[22] Many other sequels followed by Buntline,Prentiss Ingraham and others from the 1870s through the early part of the twenty first century.[23]
PlaywrightFrederick G. Maeder adapted Buntline's novel into the hit playBuffalo Bill which premiered atNiblo's Garden in 1872 withJ. B. Studley in the title role. Cody attended this play while visiting New York which gave him the idea to portray himself on the stage.[24] He later became world-famous forBuffalo Bill's Wild West, atouring show which traveled around the United States, Great Britain, and Continental Europe. Audiences were enthusiastic about seeing a piece of theAmerican West.[25]Emilio Salgari, a noted Italian writer of adventure stories, met Buffalo Bill when he came to Italy and saw his show; Salgari later featured Cody as a hero in some of his novels.
In December 1872, Cody traveled to Chicago to make his stage debut with his friendTexas Jack Omohundro inThe Scouts of the Prairie, one of the originalWild West shows produced byNed Buntline.[26] The effort was panned by critics – one critic compared Cody's acting to a "diffident schoolboy" – but the performer was a hit with the sold-out crowds.[22]
In 1873, Cody invitedWild Bill Hickok to join the group in a new play calledScouts of the Plains. Hickok did not enjoy acting and often hid behind scenery; in one show, he shot at the spotlight when it focused on him. He was therefore released from the group after a few months.[27] Cody founded theBuffalo Bill Combination in 1874, in which he performed for part of the year while scouting on the prairies the rest of the year.[22] The troupe toured for ten years. Cody's part typically included a reenactment of an 1876 incident atWarbonnet Creek, where he claimed to havescalped aCheyenne warrior.[28]
In 1883, in the area ofNorth Platte, Nebraska, Cody foundedBuffalo Bill's Wild West, a circus-like attraction that toured annually.[11] (Contrary to the popular misconception, the wordShow was not a part of the title.)[25][29] In 1886, Cody andNate Salsbury, his theatrical manager, entered intopartnership with Evelyn Booth (1860–1901), abig-game hunter and scion of thearistocraticBooth family.[30] It was at this time Buffalo Bill's Cowboy Band was organized. The band was directed by William Sweeney, a cornet player who served as leader of the Cowboy Band from 1883 until 1913. Sweeney handled all of the musical arrangements and wrote a majority of the music performed by the Cowboy Band.[31]
In 1893, Cody changed the title toBuffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World. The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included the US and another military,cowboys,American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire.[11]Turks,gauchos,Arabs,Mongols andGeorgians displayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many historical western figures participated in the show. For example,Sitting Bull appeared with a band of 20 of his soldiers.
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Cody's headline performers were well-known in their own right.Annie Oakley and her husband,Frank Butler, were sharpshooters, together with the likes ofGabriel Dumont andLillian Smith. Performers re-enacted the riding of thePony Express, Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show was said to end with a re-enactment ofCuster's Last Stand, in which Cody portrayed General Custer, but this is more legend than fact. The finale was typically a portrayal of an Indian attack on a settler's cabin. Cody would ride in with an entourage of cowboys to defend a settler and his family. This finale was featured predominantly as early as 1886 but was not performed after 1907; it was used in 23 of 33 tours.[32] Another celebrity appearing on the show wasCalamity Jane, as a storyteller as of 1893. The show influenced many 20th-century portrayals of the West in cinema and literature.[25]
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With his profits, Cody purchased a 4,000-acre (16-km²) ranch nearNorth Platte, Nebraska, in 1886. TheScout's Rest Ranch included an eighteen-room mansion and a large barn for winter storage of the show's livestock.
In 1887, invited by the British businessmanJohn Robinson Whitley, Cody took the show toGreat Britain in celebration of theJubilee year ofQueen Victoria, who attended a performance.[11][33] Itplayed in London and then inBirmingham andSalford, nearManchester, where it stayed for five months.
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In 1889, the show toured Europe, and, in 1890, Cody metPope Leo XIII. On March 8, 1890, a competition took place. Buffalo Bill had met some Italianbutteri (a less-well-known sort of Italian equivalent of cowboys) and said his men were more skilled at roping calves and performing other similar actions. A group of Buffalo Bill's men challenged ninebutteri, led byAugusto Imperiali [it], atPrati di Castello neighbourhood in Rome. Thebutteri easily won the competition. Augusto Imperiali became a local hero after the event: a street and a monument were dedicated to him in his hometown,Cisterna di Latina, and he was featured as the hero in a series of comic strips in the 1920s and 1930s.
Cody set up an independent exhibition near theChicago World's Fair of 1893, which greatly contributed to his popularity in the United States.[11] It vexed the promoters of the fair, who had rejected his request to participate.[34][citation needed]
In 1894,Edison Studios invited Buffalo Bill and his show to be filmed in an earlysilent film,Buffalo Bill.
On October 29, 1901, outsideLexington, North Carolina, a freight train crashed into one unit of the train carrying Buffalo Bill's show fromCharlotte, North Carolina, toDanville, Virginia. The freight train's engineer had thought that the entire show train had passed, not realizing it was three units, and returned to the tracks; 110 horses, including his mounts Old Pap and Old Eagle, were killed in the crash or had to be killed later.[35] Three young Native Americans were killed in the train accident and many others injured.[36] Annie Oakley's injuries were so severe that she was told she would never walk again. She did recover and continued performing later. The incident put the show out of business for a while, and this disruption may have led to its eventual demise.[37]
In 1908,Pawnee Bill and Buffalo Bill joined forces and created theTwo Bills show. That show was foreclosed on when it was playing in Denver, Colorado.
The Buffalo Bill and Pawnee Bill Film Company, based in New York City, produced a three-reel motion picture in 1912 titledThe Life of Buffalo Bill. Cody himself appears in scenes that bookend the short film, a series of adventures presented in flashback as Buffalo Bill's dreams. The film had two other directors before it was successfully completed byJohn B. O'Brien. The film is in the collection of the Library of Congress.[38][39]
Buffalo Bill's Wild West toured Europe eight times, the first four tours between 1887 and 1892, and the last four from 1902 to 1906.[40]: xviii
TheWild West first went to London in 1887 as part of the American Exhibition,[41] which coincided with theGolden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The Prince of Wales, laterKing Edward VII, requested a private preview of theWild West performance; he was impressed enough to arrange a command performance forQueen Victoria. The Queen enjoyed the show and meeting the performers, setting the stage for another command performance on June 20, 1887, for her Jubilee guests. Royalty from all over Europe attended, including the futureKaiser Wilhelm II and the futureKing George V.[3]: 330–331 These royal encounters providedBuffalo Bill's Wild West an endorsement and publicity that ensured its success. Also, at this time, Buffalo Bill was presented with written accolades from several of America's high ranking generals includingWilliam T. Sherman,Philip H. Sheridan andWilliam H. Emory testifying to his service, bravery, and character. Among the presentations was a document signed byGovernorJohn M. Thayer ofNebraska appointing Cody as aide-de-camp on the Governor's staff with the rank of colonel dated March 8, 1887. The rank had little official authority but the English press quickly capitalized on the new title of "Colonel Cody".[3]: 326 Buffalo Bill's Wild West closed its successful London run in October 1887 after more than 300 performances, with more than 2.5 million tickets sold.[42]: 129 The tour made stops in Birmingham and Manchester before returning to the United States in May 1888 for a short summer tour.
Buffalo Bill's Wild West returned to Europe in May 1889 as part of theExposition Universelle in Paris, an event that commemorated the 100th anniversary of theStorming of the Bastille and featured the debut of theEiffel Tower.[43] On this tour, his portrait was painted by Europe's leading female painterRosa Bonheur. The tour moved to the South of France andBarcelona, Spain, then on to Italy. While in Rome, a Wild West delegation was received byPope Leo XIII.[42]: 157 Buffalo Bill was disappointed that the condition of theColosseum did not allow it to be a venue; however, atVerona, theWild West did perform in the ancientRoman amphitheater.[3]: 352 The tour finished with stops inAustria-Hungary andGermany.
In 1891 the show toured cities in Belgium and the Netherlands before returning to Great Britain to close the season. Cody depended on several staffs to manage arrangements for touring with the large and complex show: in 1891 MajorArizona John Burke was the general manager for the Buffalo Bill Wild West Company; William Laugan [sic], supply agent; George C. Crager, Sioux interpreter, considered leader of relations with the Indians; and John Shangren, a native interpreter.[45] In 1891, Buffalo Bill performed inKarlsruhe, Germany, in the Südstadt Quarter. The inhabitants of Südstadt are nicknamedIndianer (German for "American Indians") to this day, and the most accepted theory says that this is due to Buffalo Bill's show.[citation needed] In October Cody brought the show toDennistoun,Glasgow, where it ran from November 16 until February 27, 1892, in the East End Exhibition Building, and George C. Crager soldThe Ghost Shirt to theKelvingrove Museum.[46]
The show's 1892 tour was confined to Great Britain; it featured another command performance for Queen Victoria. The tour finished with a six-month run in London before leaving Europe for nearly a decade.[40]: xxi
Buffalo Bill's Wild West returned to Europe in December 1902 with a fourteen-week run in London, capped by a visit from King Edward VII and the future King George V. TheWild West traveled throughout Great Britain in a tour in 1902 and 1903 and a tour in 1904, performing in nearly every city large enough to support it.[3]: 439 The 1905 tour began in April with a two-month run in Paris, after which the show traveled around France, performing mostly one-night stands, concluding in December. The final tour, in 1906, began in France on March 4 and quickly moved to Italy for two months. The show then traveled east, performing inAustro-Hungarian territories ofBohemia (now theCzech Republic) andCroatia-Slavonia, before returning west to tour inGalicia (now part ofPoland), then Germany, and Belgium.[47]: 189
The show was enormously successful in Europe, making Cody an international celebrity and an American icon.[48]: 88 Mark Twain commented, "It is often said on the other side of the water that none of the exhibitions which we send to England are purely and distinctly American. If you will take theWild West show over there you can remove that reproach."[3]: 321 TheWild West brought an exotic foreign world to life for its European audiences, allowing a last glimpse at the fading American frontier.
Several members of theWild West show died of accidents or disease during these tours in Europe:
In 1895, Cody was instrumental in the founding of the town ofCody, the seat ofPark County, in northwesternWyoming. Today the Old Trail Town museum is at the center of the community and commemorates the traditions of Western life. Cody first passed through the region in the 1870s. He was so impressed by the development possibilities from irrigation, rich soil, grand scenery, hunting, and proximity toYellowstone Park that he returned in the mid-1890s to start a town. Streets in the town were named after his associates: Beck, Alger, Rumsey, Bleistein, and Salsbury. The town was incorporated in 1901.
In November 1902, Cody opened theIrma Hotel, named after his daughter. He envisioned a growing number of tourists coming to Cody on the recently opened Burlington rail line. He expected that they would proceed up Cody Road, along the north fork of the Shoshone River, to visit Yellowstone Park. To accommodate travelers, Cody completed the construction of the Wapiti Inn andPahaska Tepee in 1905 along Cody Road[51] with the assistance of the artist and rancherAbraham Archibald Anderson.
Cody established theTE Ranch, located on the south fork of the Shoshone River about thirty-five miles from Cody. When he acquired the TE property, he stocked it with cattle sent from Nebraska and South Dakota. The new herd carried the TE brand. The late 1890s were relatively prosperous years for theWild West show, and he bought more land to add to the ranch. He eventually held about eight thousand acres (12+1⁄2 square miles; 32 square kilometers) of private land for grazing operations and ran about a thousand head of cattle. He operated adude ranch, pack-horse camping trips, and big-game hunting business at and from the TE Ranch. In his spacious ranch house, he entertained notable guests from Europe and America.
Cody founded the local newspaper,The Cody Enterprise, in 1899 with Col. John Peake.[52]
Cody published his autobiography,The Life and Adventures of Buffalo Bill, in 1879.[53] Another autobiography,The Great West That Was: "Buffalo Bill's" Life Story, was serialized inHearst's International Magazine from August 1916 to July 1917.[3] and ghostwritten byJames J. Montague.[54] It contained several errors, in part because it was completed after Cody's death in January 1917.[3] It was accompanied by illustrations byN. C. Wyeth.[55]
Larry McMurtry, along with historians such as R. L. Wilson, asserted that at the turn of the 20th century, Cody was the most recognizable celebrity on Earth.[25] While Cody's show brought an appreciation for the Western and American Indian cultures, he saw theAmerican West change dramatically during his life. Bison herds, which had once numbered in the millions, were threatened with extinction. Railroads crossed the plains,barbed wire, and other types of fences divided the land for farmers and ranchers, and the once-threatening Indian tribes were confined to reservations.Wyoming's coal,oil and natural gas were beginning to be exploited toward the end of his life.[25]
TheShoshone River was dammed forhydroelectric power andirrigation. In 1897 and 1899, Cody and his associates acquired from the State of Wyoming the right to take water from the Shoshone River to irrigate about 169,000 acres (680 km2) of land in theBig Horn Basin. They began developing a canal to carry water diverted from the river, but their plans did not include a water storage reservoir. Cody and his associates were unable to raise sufficient capital to complete their plan. Early in 1903, they joined with the Wyoming Board of Land Commissioners in urging the federal government to step in and help with irrigation in the valley.
TheShoshone Project became one of the first federal water development projects undertaken by the newly formed Reclamation Service, later known as theBureau of Reclamation. After Reclamation took over the project in 1903, investigating engineers recommended constructing a dam on the Shoshone River in the canyon west of Cody. Construction of the Shoshone Dam started in 1905, a year after the Shoshone Project was authorized. When it was completed in 1910, it was the tallest dam in the world. Almost three decades after its construction, the name of the dam and reservoir was changed toBuffalo Bill Dam by an act of Congress.[56]
Cody marriedLouisa Frederici on March 6, 1866, just a few days after his twentieth birthday.[48]: 139 The couple met when Cody had traveled toSt. Louis under his command during theCivil War. Cody's autobiography barely mentioned the courtship to Frederici but declared, "I now adored her above any other young lady I had ever seen."[48] Cody suggested in letters and his autobiography that Frederici had pestered him into marriage, but he was aware that it was "very smart to be engaged."[48] This rhetoric became pushed more and more in his explanations for marriage as the relationship between him and his wife began to decline.
Frederici stayed home with their children. Two of their children died young while the family was living inRochester, New York. These two and a third child were buried inMount Hope Cemetery, in Rochester.[57] While his wife and children remained in North Platte, Bill stayed outside the home, hunting, scouting, and building up his acting career in theWild West show.[48] As Cody began to travel more frequently and to places farther from home, problems over infidelity, real or imagined, began to arise. These concerns grew so great that in 1893, Frederici showed up at his hotel room inChicago unannounced and was led to "Mr. and Mrs. Cody's suite."[48] Cody mentions in his autobiography that he was "embarrassed by the throng of beautiful ladies" who surrounded him both in the cast and the audiences, and this trend continued as he became involved with more and more actresses who were not afraid to show their attraction to him in front of an audience.[6][48]
Cody filed fordivorce in 1904, after 38 years of marriage.[48] His decision was made after years of jealous arguments, bad blood between his wife and his sisters, and friction between the children and their father. By 1891, Cody had instructed his brother-in-law to handle Frederici's affairs and property, saying "I often feel sorry for her. She is a strange woman but I don't mind her – remember she is my wife – and let it go at that. If she gets cranky, just laugh at it, she can't help it."[58] Cody hoped to keep the divorce quiet, to not disrupt his show or his stage persona, but Frederici had other ideas. Filing for divorce was scandalous in the early 20th century when marital unions were seen as binding for life. This furthered Cody's determination to get Frederici to agree to a "quiet legal separation," to avoid "war and publicity."[48] The court records and depositions that were kept with the court case threatened to ruin Cody's respectability and credibility. His private life had not been open to the public before, and the application for divorce brought unwanted attention to the matter. Not only did townspeople feel the need to take sides in the divorce, but headlines rang out with information about Cody's alleged infidelities or Frederici's excesses.[48]
Cody's two main allegations against his wife were that she attempted to poison him on multiple occasions (this allegation was later proved false) and that she made living in North Platte "unbearable and intolerable" for Cody and his guests.[59] The press picked up on the story immediately, creating a battle between Cody and Frederici's teams of lawyers, both of which seemed to be the better authority on Nebraska divorce law.[59] Divorce laws varied from state to state in the early 1900s. Desertion was the main grounds for divorce, but in some jurisdictions, such as Kansas, divorce could be granted if a spouse was "intolerable."[60][61] The Victorian ideal of marriage did not allow for divorce in any case, but the move westward forced a change in the expectations of husbands and wives and the ability to remain married.[61] In Lewis and Clark County, Montana, 1867 records show that there were more divorces in that year than marriages.[62] Part of the appeal of the frontier was that "a man cannot keep his wife here."[62]
After Cody's announcement that he was suing for divorce, Frederici began to fight back. She claimed that she had never attempted to poison him and that she wished to remain married.[63] The trial then moved to court in February 1905.[63] One of the witnesses who spoke to a newspaper was Mrs. John Boyer, a housekeeper in the Cody home who was married to a man who worked for theWild West show. She claimed that Frederici acted inhospitably towards Cody's guests and that, when Cody was not at the ranch, she would "feed the men too much and talk violently about Cody and his alleged sweethearts ... and that she was seen putting something into his coffee."[63] Other witnesses mentioned Cody's comment that to handle his wife he had to "get drunk and stay drunk."[63] The battle in court continued, with testimony from three witnesses, Mary Hoover, George Hoover, and M. E. Vroman.[64] After the witnesses had testified, Cody changed his mind about the divorce.
Cody's change of mind was not due to any improvement in his relationship with Frederici but rather was due to the death of their daughter, Arta Louise, in 1904 from "organic trouble."[59] With this weighing heavily on him, Cody sent a telegram to Frederici hoping to put aside "personal differences" for the funeral. Frederici was furious and refused any temporary reconciliation.[59] Cody decided to continue pursuing the divorce, adding to his complaint that Frederici would not sign mortgages and that she had subjected him to "extreme cruelty" in blaming him for the death of Arta. When the trial proceeded a year later, in 1905, both their tempers were still hot. The final ruling was that "incompatibility was not grounds for divorce," so that the couple was to stay legally married.[59] The judge and the public sided with Frederici, the judge deciding that her husband's alleged affairs and his sisters' meddling in his marriage had caused his unhappiness, not his wife. Cody returned to Paris to continue with theWild West show and attempted to maintain a hospitable, but distant, relationship with his wife.[59] The two reconciled in 1910, after which Frederici often traveled with her husband until he died in 1917.[59]
Bill's daughter, Irma Cody, died in Cody in 1918.[citation needed] She is buried at Riverside Cemetery in Cody, Wyoming.
Cody died on January 10, 1917. He was baptized in theCatholic Church the day before his death by Father Christopher Walsh of theCathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception.[3]: 469 [65][47]: 193 He received a fullMasonic funeral.[66] Upon the news of Cody's death, tributes were made byKing George V,Kaiser Wilhelm II, and PresidentWoodrow Wilson.[67] His funeral service was held at the Elks Lodge Hall in Denver. The governor of Wyoming,John B. Kendrick, a friend of Cody, led the funeral procession to the cemetery.
At the time of his death, Cody's once-great fortune had dwindled to less than $100,000 (approximately $2,454,000 in 2024). He left his burial arrangements with his wife. She said that he had always said he wanted to be buried on Lookout Mountain, which was corroborated by their daughter Irma, Cody's sisters, and family friends. But other family members joined the people of Cody in saying that he should be buried in the town he founded.
On June 3, 1917, Cody was buried onLookout Mountain, inGolden, Colorado, west of Denver, on the edge of theRocky Mountains, overlooking theGreat Plains. His burial site was selected by his sister Mary Decker.[68] In 1948, the Cody chapter of theAmerican Legion offered a $10,000 reward (approximately $131,000 in 2024) to anyone who could steal Cody's body and deliver it to Cody, Wyoming. In response, the Denver chapter of the American Legion mounted a guard over the grave.[67] There are still rumors about the true burial place of Buffalo Bill Cody. Although Lookout Mountain has a gravesite behind a fence and under concrete, there are claims thatCody, Wyoming, was the beneficiary of a body swap carried out before he was buried in Colorado and that he was instead laid to rest on top of Cedar Mountain in Cody.[69]
On June 9, 1917, his show was sold to Archer Banker ofSalina, Kansas, for $105,000 (approximately $2,577,000 in 2024).[70]
As a frontier scout, Cody respected Native Americans and supported theircivil rights. He employed many Native Americans, as he thought his show offered them good pay with a chance to improve their lives. He described them as "the former foe, present friend, the American" and once said, speaking of later events than the original frontier raids, that "everyIndian outbreak that I have ever known has resulted from broken promises and broken treaties by the government."[25]
Cody supported therights of women.[25] He said, "What we want to do is give women, even more, liberty than they have. Let them do any kind of work they see fit, and if they do it as well as men, give them the same pay."[71] Women such as Annie Oakley and Calamity Jane had legendary roles in his show, and later in life Cody continued to hire and treat women fairly.[72] Cody said in an interview in 1898, "Set that down in great big black type that Buffalo Bill favors woman suffrage… These fellows who prate about the women taking their places make me laugh… If a woman can do the same work that a man can do and do it just as well, she should have the same pay."[73]
In his shows, the Indians were usually depicted attackingstagecoaches andwagon trains and were driven off by cowboys and soldiers. Many family members traveled with the men; Cody encouraged the wives and children of his Native American performers, as part of the show, to set up camp just as they would in their homelands. He wanted the paying public to see the human side of the "fierce warriors".[25]
Cody was known as aconservationist who spoke out against hide-hunting and advocated the establishment of ahunting season.[25]
Cody was active in the concordant bodies of thefraternal organization ofFreemasonry having been initiated in Platte Valley Lodge No. 32, in North Platte, Nebraska, on March 5, 1870. He received his second and third degrees on April 2, 1870, and January 10, 1871, respectively. He became aKnight Templar in 1889 and received his 32nd degree in theScottish Rite of Freemasonry in 1894.[66][74]
Buffalo Bill has been portrayed in many literary, musical, and theatrical works, movies, and television shows, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, whenWesterns were most popular. Some examples are listed below.
Pahaska, also Pe-Ha-Has-Ka and Paha-Haska, as translated from Lakota Sioux language, means 'Long Hair', the name given to William F. Cody by the Sioux Nation.
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