InAustralia,Buddhism is a minorityreligion. According to the 2021 census, 2.4 percent of the total population or 610,000 ofAustralia identified as Buddhist.[citation needed] It was also thefastest-growing religion by percentage, having increased its number of adherents by 79 percent between the 1996 and 2001 censuses.[1] The highest percentage of Buddhists in Australia is present inChristmas Island, where Buddhists constitute 18.1% of the total population according to the 2016 Census.[2] Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the country afterChristianity,Islam andHinduism.
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| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 610,000 (2021) ; 2.4% of theAustralian population | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Languages | |
| English, many otherlanguages of Asia |
The change in demography of Buddhism in Australia is given[3][circular reference]:
| Year | Percent | Increase |
|---|---|---|
| 1986 | 0.5% | – |
| 1996 | 1.1% |  0.6% |
| 2006 | 2.1% | 1.0% |
| 2011 | 2.5% | 0.4% |
| 2016 | 2.4% |  0.1% |
| 2021 | 2.4% |  0% |
2011 census data showed the Buddhist affiliated population had grown from 418,749 to 528,977 people, an increase of 20.8%.[4] As Australia's population was estimated at 21.5 million at the time, according to the same census, the Buddhist population may be estimated at 2.46% of the population.
According to the2016 census, the Buddhist population numbered 563,677 individuals, of whom 33% live in GreaterSydney, 30% in GreaterMelbourne, and 8% each in GreaterBrisbane and GreaterPerth. The states and territories with the highest proportion of Buddhists areVictoria (3.07%) andNew South Wales (2.78%), whereas those with the lowest areQueensland (1.51%) andTasmania (0.79%).[5]
The highest percentage of Buddhists are present inChristmas Island, where Buddhism constitutes 18.1% of the total population according to the 2016 Census. Buddhism was the largest religion inChristmas Island before 2013; Islam later become the dominant religion there when Malays become biggest ethnic group in the island.[2]
The first clear example of Buddhist settlement in Australia dates to 1858. However, there has been speculation from someanthropologists that there may have been contact hundreds of years earlier; in the bookAboriginal Men of High Degree, A.P. Elkin cites what he believes is evidence that traders fromIndonesia may have brought fleeting contact withBuddhism andHinduism to areas near modern-dayDampier.[6] Elkin interpreted a link betweenIndigenous Australian culture and Buddhist ideas such asreincarnation.[6] He argued this link could have been brought through contact withMacassan traders.[6] There was also speculation due to reports ofChinese relics appearing in northern Australia dating to the 15th century, although it may have been brought much later through trade rather than earlier exploration.
In 1851, the first large group of Chinese to come to Australia came as part of thegold rush, most of them staying briefly for prospecting purposes rather than mass migration. In 1856, a temple was established inSouth Melbourne by the secularSze Yap group. This temple was also used forTaoism,Confucianism, various cultural deities and evenastrological activities. However, no clerics from China ever came to Australia. While numbers of worshipers at theSee Yup temple in South Melbourne varied over time (primarily due to theWhite Australia Policy), it has been in continuous use as a temple ever since.[7]
The first Buddhist group to arrive in Australia was a troupe of acrobats and jugglers fromJapan who toured in 1867.[citation needed] More arrived throughout the century, mostly involved in the pearling industry in northern Australia, reaching an estimate of 3600 onThursday Island, and also inBroome andDarwin, Northern Territory.[citation needed]
The firstSinhalese Buddhists fromSri Lanka arrived in 1870 to work insugarcane plantations. A community was believed to exist on Thursday Island in 1876. In 1882, a group of 500 leftColombo forQueensland, mostly inMackay. The oldest remaining structure attesting to the establishment of Buddhism in Australia are twoBodhi Trees planted on Thursday Island in the 1890s, although the temple which once stood there no longer exists.
During the 20th century, the number of Buddhists gradually declined due to emigration and a lack of immigration caused by theWhite Australia Policy.
In 1891, the American Buddhist, ColonelHenry Steel Olcott, who was the co-founder ofTheosophical Society came to Australia and participated in a lecture series, which led to a greater awareness of Buddhism in small circles of mainly upper-class society. One of the members of the Theosophical Society was futureAustralian Prime MinisterAlfred Deakin, who had spent three months inIndia and Sri Lanka in 1890 and wrote a book which discussed spiritual matters, including Buddhism.
The first instance of a monk arriving in Australia was in 1910, when U Sasana Dhaja, born E.H. Stevenson inYarmouth, arrived fromBurma. Over the years, various monks visited Australia, but it was not until the 1970s that a resident monk (named Venerable Somaloka) arrived from Sri Lanka.
The first specific Buddhist group, the Buddhist Study Group Melbourne, was formed inMelbourne in 1938 by Len Bullen, but it collapsed during theSecond World War. The Buddhist Society of Victoria was formed in 1953, and in 1956 the Buddhist Society of New South Wales was formed. From the 1950s until the 1970s, the Buddhist Societies were lay organizations which self-discussed Buddhism.
In the late 1970s, Buddhism began to become more widespread, mainly due to immigration fromSouth East Asia following theVietnam War, as well as the spread to Western countries ofTibetan Buddhism, led by figures such asLama Yeshe, who established religious institutions with resident monks, andSogyal Rinpoche, during the 1980s, the founder of the Rigpa organization. This was supplemented by further immigration fromAsia in the proceeding decades.
In 2009 in Australia four women receivedbhikkhuni ordination as Theravada nuns, the first time such ordination had occurred in Australia.[8] It was performed in Perth, Australia, on 22 October 2009 at Bodhinyana Monastery. Abbess Vayama together with VenerablesNirodha, Seri, and Hasapanna were ordained as Bhikkhunis by a dual Sangha act of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis in full accordance with the Pali Vinaya.[9]
Buddhism used to have thehighest percentage growth of all religions in Australia, having had an increase of 79 percent in the number of adherents from the 1996 to the 2001 census. Since the 1986 census, the number of adherents has increased from 80,387 to around 370,345 in 2001. However, it started to decline from 2.5 percent in 2011 to 2.4 percent in 2016, although there is still an increase of about 34,700 Buddhists in the number of adherents.
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 Statue of theBuddha in theJapanese Tea Garden,San Francisco |
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