Buckingham's rebellion
Part of theWars of the Roses
Date 10 October – 25 November 1483 Location England andWales Result Victory for Richard III
Belligerents
House of York(Ricardian Yorkist)	House of York(Edwardian Yorkist) House of Tudor(Lancastrian) Supported by: Duchy of Brittany
Commanders and leaders
Richard III Duke of Norfolk	Duke of Buckingham  Henry Tudor

Buckingham's rebellion was a failed but significant uprising, or collection of uprisings, of October 1483 in England and parts of Wales againstRichard III of England.

To the extent that these local risings had a central coordination, the plot revolved aroundHenry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who had become disaffected from Richard, and had backing from the exiledHenry Tudor (the future king Henry VII) and his motherMargaret Beaufort. Rebels took arms against the king, who had deposedEdward V in June of that year. They included many loyalists of Edward V, and others, who had beenYorkist supporters of his fatherEdward IV.

Seven ships fromBrittany carrying over 500 Breton soldiers, Henry Tudor, and many of his supporters were to have risen simultaneously against Richard III. A gale prevented this planned landing from being successfully carried out, and in England a premature uprising in Kent forewarned Richard that Buckingham had changed sides.

When his brotherKing Edward IV died in April 1483,Richard of Gloucester was namedLord Protector of the realm for Edward's son and successor, the 12-year-oldEdward V. As the young king travelled to London fromLudlow with a large and armed entourage, Richard intercepted the party with his own forces and escorted him to lodgings in theTower of London, where Edward V's own brotherRichard of Shrewsbury joined him shortly afterwards. Arrangements were made for Edward's coronation on the 22 June 1483; but, before the young king could be crowned, his father's marriage to his motherElizabeth Woodville was declared invalid, making their children illegitimate and ineligible for the throne. Historians widely agree that Richard took the two princes into custody by force and orchestrated their illegitimacy for his own political gain.

On the 25 June, an assembly of Lords and commoners endorsed the claims. The following day, Richard III began his reign, and he was crowned on the 6 July 1483. The young princes were not seen in public after August, and accusations circulated that the boys had been murdered on Richard's orders, giving rise to the legend of thePrinces in the Tower.

In late September 1483 aconspiracy arose among a number of disaffected gentry, many of whom had been supporters of Edward IV and the "whole Yorkist establishment".^[1] The conspiracy was nominally led by Richard's former ally and first cousin once removedHenry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, although it had begun as a Woodville-Beaufort conspiracy (being "well under way" by the time of the duke's involvement).^[2] Indeed, Davies has suggested that it was "only the subsequent parliamentary attainder that placed Buckingham at the centre of events", in order to blame a single disaffected magnate motivated by greed, rather than "the embarrassing truth" that those opposing Richard were actually "overwhelmingly Edwardian loyalists".^[3]

It is possible that they planned to depose Richard III and place Edward V back on the throne, and that when rumours arose that Edward and his brother were dead, Buckingham proposed thatHenry Tudor, Earl of Richmond should return from exile, take the throne and marryElizabeth of York, elder sister of the Tower Princes.

The Lancastrian claim to the throne had descended to Henry Tudor on the death ofHenry VI and his sonEdward of Westminster in 1471, thus ending the line ofHenry IV. Henry's father,Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, had been a half-brother of Henry VI on their mothers side, but Henry's claim to royalty was through his own mother,Margaret Beaufort. She was a granddaughter ofJohn Beaufort, who was the second oldest son ofJohn of Gaunt, the third son of Edward III. John Beaufort had been illegitimate at birth, though later legitimised by the marriage of his parents. Henry had spent much of his childhood under siege inHarlech Castle or in exile inBrittany. After 1471, Edward IV had preferred to belittle Henry's pretensions to the crown, and made only sporadic attempts to secure him. However, his mother, Margaret Beaufort, had been twice remarried, first to Buckingham's uncle, and then toThomas, Lord Stanley, one of Edward's principal officers, and continually promoted her son's rights.

Buckingham's precise motivation has been called "obscure"; he had been treated well by Richard.^[4] The traditional naming of the rebellion after him has been labelled a misnomer, withJohn Morton andReginald Bray more plausible leaders.^[5]

The plan was for forces to assemble at Maidstone, Guildford and Essex and march on London in a feint. Other forces would gather at Newbury and Salisbury. The Bishop of Exeter would lead a revolt in Devon. Buckingham would lead an army from Wales to England, join with Exeter and then join with Henry Tudor. Henry would lead an army of 3,500, provided by the treasurer ofBrittanyPierre Landais. He would then join with Exeter and Buckingham. Henry, in exile inBrittany, enjoyed the support of the Breton treasurerPierre Landais, who hoped Buckingham's victory would cement an alliance between Brittany and England.^[6]However, Kent launched their rebellion 10 days early and announced Buckingham as their leader, drawing attention to his involvement. Richard acted fast. He nominatedRalph de Ashton as Vice- Constable of England, (as Buckingham wasconstable ) with power to arrest, bring to trial andattain conspirators. The Duke of Norfolk moved 100 men to the Thames Estuary to block forces from Kent and Essex joining. At Leicester, Richard declared bounties on the rebel heads: 1000 pounds for Buckingham, or 100 pounds a year for life, 1000 marks (660 pounds) forMarquess of Dorset and his uncleLionel Woodville,Bishop of Salisbury and 500 marks for other leading insurgents.

Some of Henry Tudor's ships ran into a storm and were forced to return to Brittany or Normandy,^[7] while Henry and two ships anchored off Plymouth. He was confronted by a group of supporters of the king, and fled to Brittany. Here he learned of Buckingham's failure.^[8]

For his part, Buckingham raised a substantial force from his estates inWales and the Marches, with a plan to join with Exeter and his brotherEdward Courtenay.^[9] Buckingham's army was troubled by the same storm and were unable to communicate with Courtenay and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Richard in the field defeated the rising in a few weeks.

Buckingham tried to escape in disguise, but was either turned in byRalph Bannaster for thebounty Richard had put on his head, or was discovered in hiding with him.^[10] He was convicted oftreason andbeheaded inSalisbury,^[11] near the Bull's Head Inn, on 2 November. His widow,Catherine Woodville, later marriedJasper Tudor, the uncle of Henry Tudor, who was in the process of organising another rebellion.^[3]

In military terms it was a complete failure. It did, however, deepen the opinion of many towards Richard as king, and its effect over the next few months was to drive a number of leading figures into Henry Tudor's camp. Five hundred Englishmen slipped through the King's net and found their way toRennes, the capital of Brittany, where in desperation or fresh expectation they forged an alliance with the Earl of Richmond.^[12]

The failure of Buckingham's revolt was clearly not the end of the plots against Richard, who could never again feel secure, and who also suffered the loss of hiswife in March 1485 and eleven-year-oldson in April 1484, putting the future of the Yorkist dynasty in doubt.

Richard made overtures to Landais, offering military support for Landais's weak regime under DukeFrancis II of Brittany in exchange for Henry. Henry fled to Paris, where he secured support from the French regentAnne of Beaujeu, who supplied troops for an invasion in 1485.^[13] Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing in Mill Bay, Pembrokeshire, close to his birthplace on 7 August 1485. Forces under Henry defeated and killed Richard during thebattle of Bosworth Field on 22 August and Henry subsequently became king of England under the name of Henry VII.

• Ross, C. (2011).Richard III. The English Monarchs Series (in German). Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-22974-5. Retrieved21 February 2022.

• 1483 Timeline – anonymous author, edwardv1483.com

• 1483 in England
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