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Hereford Arizona Observatory

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Coordinates:31°27′08″N110°14′16″W / 31.4522°N 110.2378°W /31.4522; -110.2378

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Observatory

Hereford Arizona Observatory
Hereford Arizona Observatory (HAO) HAO#1 and HAO#2.
Organization	Bruce L. Gary
Observatory code	G95
Location	Arizona
Coordinates	31°27′08″N110°14′16″W / 31.4522°N 110.2378°W /31.4522; -110.2378
Altitude	4,670 ft (1,420 m)
Website	www.brucegary.net/HAO/
Commercial telescopes	Celestron CPC 1100 Meade LX200
Location of Hereford Arizona Observatory

Related media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

Hereford Arizona Observatory (HAO), IAU-codeG95, is anastronomical observatory,^[1]^[2] owned and operated by amateur astronomerBruce L. Gary.^[3] Observational studies of unusual starlight fluctuations inTabby's Star (KIC 8462852)^[4] andWD 1145+017^[5] are recent interests.

HAO consists of twotelescopes, in two separate observatory installations: HAO#1 (contains aCelestron CPC 1100, 11-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope on anequatorial mount) and HAO#2 (contains anAstro-Tech Ritchey–Chrétien, 16-inch telescope on an equatorial mount).^[1]

The observatory is located inArizona about 130 km (80 mi) southeast ofTucson and about 11 km (7 mi) north of theMexican border. Coordinates are at the following: North Latitude +31:27:08 and West Longitude 110:14:16, at an altitude of 1,423 m (4,670 ft).^[1]

HAO#2 lit by a full moon withVenus setting behind mountains at 2,900 m (9,500 ft) altitude.

Gallery

[edit]

HAO#1 −Celestron 11-inch CPC-1100 telescope
HAO view of the southern horizon − mountains are at 4.0 deg elevation on themeridian (vertical red line) − starCanopus (declination -52.7 deg) is transiting.
HAO control room − theCelestron-11 telescope is managed by a dedicated computer on the left; theMeade-14 by one on the right.

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^cGary, Bruce L. (17 May 2017)."Hereford Arizona Observatory (HAO)".BruceGary.net. Retrieved22 September 2017.
^Staff (2017)."List Of Observatory Codes".Minor Planet Center. Retrieved22 September 2017.
^Gary, Bruce L. (12 August 2017)."Bruce L. Gary - Resume".BruceGary.net. Retrieved22 September 2017.
^Gary, Bruce L. (16 September 2017)."Hereford Arizona Observatory photometry observations of KIC 8462852 between 2 May and 16 September 2017".BruceGary.net. Archived fromthe original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved17 September 2017.
^Rappaport, S.; Gary, B.L.; Vanderburg, A.; Xu, S.; Pooley, D.; Mukai, K. (2018)."WD 1145+017: Optical Activity During 2016-2017 and Limits on the X-Ray Flux".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.474 (1):933–946.arXiv:1709.08195.Bibcode:2018MNRAS.474..933R.doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2663.

External links

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Comets

Features	Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower
Types	Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley-type Jupiter-family Encke-type Main-belt Non-periodic Near-parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown-orbit Great Comet Sungrazing (Kreutz) Extinct Exocomet Interstellar Dark comet
Related	Naming of comets Observational history of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid
Exploration	List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft
Latest	C/2025 R2 (SWAN) 3I/ATLAS C/2025 F2 (SWAN) C/2025 A6 (Lemmon) C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) C/2024 G3 (ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2023 H2 (Lemmon) C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) C/2021 J1 (Maury–Attard) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2020 S3 (Erasmus) C/2020 X3 (SOHO) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2020 F5 (MASTER) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 2I/Borisov P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)
Culture and speculation	Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Comet vintages

Lists of comets (more)

Periodic
comets

Until 1985
(all)

After 1985
(notable)

Comet-like
asteroids

Lost

Recovered	9P/Tempel 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 15P/Finlay 17P/Holmes 27P/Crommelin 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 69P/Taylor 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 80P/Peters–Hartley 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 107P/Wilson–Harrington 113P/Spitaler 122P/de Vico 157P/Tritton 205P/Giacobini 206P/Barnard–Boattini 226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 271P/van Houten–Lemmon 289P/Blanpain 489P/Denning
Destroyed	3D/Biela D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
Not found	D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 5D/Brorsen 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 20D/Westphal 25D/Neujmin 34D/Gale 75D/Kohoutek 83D/Russell 85D/Boethin D/1978 R1 (Haneda–Campos)

Visited by
spacecraft

Near-Parabolic
comets
(notable)

Until 1990	C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) C/1652 Y1 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)) C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) C/1739 K1 (Zanotti) C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux) C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) C/1846 J1 (Brorsen) C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) C/1852 K1 (Chacornac) C/1853 G1 (Schweizer) C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) C/1862 N1 (Schmidt) C/1864 N1 (Tempel) C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) C/1893 U1 (Brooks) C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) C/1907 G1 (Grigg–Mellish) C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) C/1911 N1 (Kiess) C/1911 O1 (Brooks) C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) C/1915 C1 (Mellish) C/1917 F1 (Mellish) C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) C/1931 P1 (Ryves) C/1936 O1 (Kaho–Kozik–Lis) C/1939 H1 (Jurlof–Achmarof–Hassel) C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) C/1948 L1 (Honda–Bernasconi) C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) C/1961 R1 (Humason) C/1961 T1 (Seki) C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) C/1975 T2 (Suzuki–Saigusa–Mori) C/1975 V1 (West) C/1979 Y1 (Bradfield) C/1980 E1 (Bowell) C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) C/1983 J1 (Sugano–Saigusa–Fujikawa) C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) C/1989 X1 (Austin) C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
After 1990	C/1990 K1 (Levy) C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) C/1998 J1 (SOHO) C/1999 F1 (Catalina) C/1999 H1 (Lee) C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) C/2002 V1 (NEAT) C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) C/2006 M4 (SWAN) C/2006 P1 (McNaught) C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) C/2007 N3 (Lulin) C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) C/2007 W1 (Boattini) C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) C/2009 R1 (McNaught) C/2010 X1 (Elenin) C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) C/2012 E2 (SWAN) C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 S1 (ISON) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 2I/Borisov C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2024 G3 (ATLAS) C/2024 S1 (ATLAS) C/2025 A6 (Lemmon) C/2025 D1 (Gröller)
After 1910 (by name)	Aarseth–Brewington Arend–Roland ATLAS C/2019 Y4 C/2024 G3 C/2024 S1 3I Austin Beljawsky Bennett Bernardinelli–Bernstein Boattini Borisov Bowell Bradfield C/1979 Y1 C/2004 F4 Brooks Catalina C/1999 F1 C/2013 US10 de Kock–Paraskevopoulos Eclipse Elenin Gröller Hale-Bopp Honda–Bernasconi Humason Hyakutake Ikeya C/1963 A1 C/1964 N1 Ikeya-Seki IRAS–Araki–Alcock ISON Iwamoto Jacques Johnson Jurlof–Achmarof–Hassel Kaho–Kozik–Lis Kiess Kohoutek Lee Lemmon C/2012 F6 C/2019 U6 C/2025 A6 Leonard Levy LINEAR C/1999 S4 C/2000 WM1 C/2001 A2 C/2002 T7 LONEOS C/2001 OG108 C/2007 F1 Lovejoy C/2007 E2 C/2011 W3 C/2013 R1 C/2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz McNaught C/2006 P1 C/2009 R1 McNaught–Russell Mellish C/1915 C1 C/1917 F1 Mrkos NEAT C/2001 Q4 C/2002 V1 NEOWISE Nishimura Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 C/2012 K1 311P/PanSTARRS C/2014 Q1 C/2015 ER61 C/2017 K2 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki Seki–Lines Siding Spring C/2007 Q3 C/2013 A1 Skjellerup–Maristany Skorichenko–George SOHO Solwind Southern Spacewatch Stonehouse Sugano–Saigusa–Fujikawa Suzuki–Saigusa–Mori SWAN C/2006 M4 C/2020 F8 Tago–Sato–Kosaka Tsuchinshan–ATLAS West White–Ortiz–Bolelli Wilson–Hubbard Yi–SWAN Zhu–Balam ZTF

Category

Asteroids

Main

Distribution

Trojans
Interior to Earth
Near-Earth
Between Earth and the main belt
- Mars crossers
Asteroid belt
- Kirkwood gap
- Active asteroids
Outer Solar System, does not includedistant minor planets
Centaurs
Exoasteroids

Classification

Orbital

Spectral

Tholen	C-group B-type F-type G-type C-type S-type X-group M-type E-type P-type small classes A-type D-type J-type T-type Q-type R-type V-type
SMASS	C-group B-type C-type Cg Ch Cgh Cb S-group A-type Q-type R-type K-type L-type S-type Sa Sq Sr Sk Sl X-group X-type Xe Xc Xk small types T-type D-type Ld-type O-type V-type

Exploration

Lists

Category

Solar System

The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects

Planets, dwarfs, minors	Terrestrials Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giants Gas Jupiter Saturn Ice Uranus Neptune Dwarfs Ceres Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna Large Minor Planets Salacia Varuna Ixion List
Moons	Earth Moon Claimed Mars Phobos Deimos Jupiter Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 97 Saturn Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 274 Uranus Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 29 Neptune Triton Proteus Nereid all 16 Pluto Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Orcus Vanth Haumea Hiʻiaka Namaka Quaoar Weywot Makemake S/2015 (136472) 1 Gonggong Xiangliu Eris Dysnomia
Exploration (outline)	Colonization Discovery astronomy historical models timeline Space probes timeline list Human spaceflight space stations list programs Mercury Venus Moon mining Mars Ceres Asteroids mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space
Hypothetical objects	Bagby's moon Chiron Coatlicue Counter-Earth Chrysalis Fifth Giant Hyperion Lilith Mercury's moon Neith Nemesis Nibiru Petit's moon Phaeton Planet Nine Effects Planet Ten Planet V Planet X Subsatellites Synestia Theia Themis Tyche Vulcan Vulcanoids Waltemath's moons
Lists	Comets Possible dwarf planets Gravitationally rounded objects Minor planets Natural satellites Solar System models Solar System objects by size by discovery date Interstellar and circumstellar molecules

Rings	Planetary Jovian Saturnian (Rhean?) Uranian Neptunian Minor objects' Charikloan Chironean Haumean Quaoarian
Formation, evolution, contents, and History	Star formation Accretion Accretion disk Excretion Capture theory Capture of Triton Circumplanetary disk Circumstellar disc Circumstellar envelope Coatlicue Co-orbital configuration Trojan moons Co-orbital moons Cosmic dust Debris disk Detached object Disk instability EXCEDE Exozodiacal dust Extraterrestrial materials Curation Sample-return mission Frost/Ice/Snow line Giant-impact hypothesis Grand tack hypothesis Gravitational collapse Hills cloud Hill sphere Interplanetary dust cloud Interplanetary medium/space Interstellar cloud Interstellar medium Interstellar space Kuiper belt Kuiper cliff Late Heavy Bombardment Molecular cloud Nebular hypothesis Nice model Nice 2 model Five-planet Nice model Oort cloud Oort limit Outer space Planet Disrupted Migration System Planetesimal Formation Merging stars Protoplanetary disk Ring system Roche limit vs. Hill sphere Rubble pile Scattered disc
Small Solar System bodies	Asteroid belt Asteroids Ceres Vesta Pallas Hygiea active List families PHA exceptional Kirkwood gap Centaurs Comets Damocloids Meteoroids Minor planets names and meanings moons Planetesimal Planetary orbit-crossers Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Trojans Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Trojan camp Greek camp Saturn Uranus Neptune Near-Earth objects NEAs Trans-Neptunian objects Kuiper belt Cubewanos Plutinos Detached objects Sednoids Scattered disc Hills cloud Oort cloud Oort limit
Related	Double planet Lagrange point Moonlet Syzygy Tidal locking

Solar System →Local Interstellar Cloud →Local Bubble →Gould Belt →Orion Arm →Milky Way →Milky Way subgroup →Local Group→Local Sheet→Local Volume→Virgo Supercluster→Laniakea Supercluster →Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex →Local Hole →Observable universe →Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".

Exoplanets

Main topics

Sizes
and
types

Terrestrial	Carbon planet Catastrophically evaporating planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Hycean planet Ice planet Iron planet (Super-Mercury) Lava planet Ocean world Mega-Earth Steam world Sub-Earth Super-Earth
Gaseous	Cold Jupiter Eccentric Jupiter Mini-Neptune (Gas dwarf) Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Gas giant Ice giant Neptunian Jupiter analogue Super-Jupiter Super-Neptune Super-puff Ultra-hot Jupiter Ultra-hot Neptune Warm Jupiter
Other types	Blanet Brown dwarf Chthonian planet Circumbinary planet Circumtriple planet Disrupted planet Double planet Ecumenopolis Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Second generation planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune Toroidal planet Ultra-cool dwarf Ultra-short period planet (USP)

Formation
and
evolution

Catalogues

Exoplanetary systems
- Multiplanetary systems
- Circumstellar discs

Exoplanets

Discovered exoplanets by year
- before 2000
- 2000–2009
- 2010
- 2011
- 2012
- 2013
- 2014
- 2015
- 2016
- 2017
- 2018
- 2019
- 2020
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
- 2025
- 2026

Other

Molecules detected in outer space

Molecules

Diatomic	Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium(II) oxide Argonium Carbon cation Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Cyano radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Helium hydride ion Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen (molecular) Hydroxyl radical Imidogen Iron(II) oxide Magnesium monohydride Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen (molecular) Oxygen (molecular) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfanyl Sulfur mononitride Sulfur monoxide Titanium(II) oxide
Triatomic	Aluminium(I) hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene Methylidynephosphane N₂H⁺ Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Potassium cyanide Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c-Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Trihydrogen cation Water
Four atoms	Acetylene Ammonia Cyanoethynyl Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methyl cation Methyl radical Methylene amidogen Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thiocyanic acid Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monosulfide Tricarbon monoxide
Five atoms	Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon-carbide cluster
Six atoms	Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical Cyclopropenone Diacetylene E-Cyanomethanimine Ethylene Formamide HC₄N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene
Seven atoms	Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Glycolonitrile Hexatriynyl radical Methyl isocyanate Methylamine Propyne Vinyl alcohol
Eight atoms	Acetic acid Acrolein Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Hexapentaenylidene Methyl formate Methylcyanoacetylene
Nine atoms	Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Dimethyl ether Ethanethiol Ethanol Methyldiacetylene N-Methylformamide Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile
Ten atoms or more	Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀, C₆₀⁺, fullerene, buckyball) Butyronitrile C₇₀ fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyclopentindene Ethyl formate Ethylene glycol Heptatrienyl radical Methyl acetate Methyl-cyano-diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propionaldehyde Pyrimidine