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Bru language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mon–Khmer dialect continuum of Southeast Asia

Not to be confused withBrao language.

Bru
Bruu
Native to	Laos, Vietnam, Thailand
Ethnicity	Bru,Katang
Native speakers	(300,000 cited 1991–2006)^[1]
Language family	Austroasiatic Katuic West Brou–So Bru
Writing system	Latin,Lao,Thai
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `bru` – Eastern Bru `brv` – Western Bru `sss` – Sô `xhv` – Khua `ncq` – Northern Katang `sct` – Southern Katang
Glottolog	`brou1236`

Bruu (also spelledBru,B'ru,Baru,Brou) is aMon–Khmer dialect continuum spoken by theBru people of mainland Southeast Asia. Sô and Khua are dialects.^[2]

Names

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There are various local and dialect designations for Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).

So ~ Sô
Tri (So Tri, Chali)
Van Kieu
Leu ~ Leung (Kaleu)
Galler
Khua
Katang (not the same asKataang)

Distribution

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The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast fromSalavan,Laos, throughSavannakhet,Khammouane, andBolikhamsai, and over into neighboringThailand andVietnam (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune,Đắk Tô District,Kon Tum Province.^[3]

Dialects

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Thailand has the following Western Bru dialects (Choo, et al. 2012).

Bru Khok Sa-at^[4] ofPhang Khon District andPhanna Nikhom District,Sakon Nakhon Province
Bru Woen Buek of Woen Buek (Wyn Buek),Ubon Ratchathani Province (more similar to Katang)
Bru Dong Luang ofDong Luang District,Mukdahan Province

The following Bru subgroups are found inQuảng Bình Province (Phan 1998).^[5]

Vân Kiêu: 5,500 persons inLệ Thủy District andVĩnh Linh District (inQuảng Trị Province)
Măng Coong: 600 persons inBố Trạch District
Tri: 300 persons inBố Trạch District
Khùa: 1,000 persons inTuyên Hóa District

Below is a comparative vocabulary of Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, and Khùa from Phan (1998:479-480),^[5] with words transcribed inVietnamese orthography.

Gloss	Vân Kiêu	Măng Coong	Tri	Khùa	Vietnamese
one	mui	muôi			một
two	bar				hai
three	pei				ba
four	pon				bốn
five	shăng		t'shăng		năm
hair	sok				tóc
eye	mat				mắt
nose	lyu	mu			mũi
sky	plang			giang	trời
ground	kute	katek		k'tek	đất
water	dơ			do	nước
fish	sia				cá
bird	cham				chim
water buffalo	trick				trâu
cattle	ntro	tro			bò

Phonology

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Consonants

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The consonant sounds in both East and West dialects consist of the following:^[6]

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tɕ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Liquid	rhotic		r
Liquid	lateral		l
Fricative		w	s			h
Approximant		w		j

/w/ is typically pronounced as labiodental fricative[v] or approximant[ʋ] when occurring in initial position. In final position, it is always heard as[w].
/r/ can be heard as either a trill[r] or a tap[ɾ].
/tʰr/ as a consonant cluster, can be phonetically heard as[tʰɹ̥] in the Western dialect.
/h/ can also be heard as a voiced glottal[ɦ] when a preceding a breathy vowel sound in the Western Bru dialects. It can also be heard as nasal[h̃] when preceding a nasal vowel in the Western dialects.^[7]

Final consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive		p	t		k	ʔ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative						h
Rhotic			r
Approximant	plain	w	l	j
	aspirated	wʰ		jʰ
	glottalized	wˀ		jˀ

Plosive sounds/p,t,k/ in final position are heard as unreleased[p̚,t̚,k̚].

Vowels

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	Front	Central		Back
Close	iiː	ɨɨː		uuː
Close-mid	eeː	əəː		ooː
Open-mid	ɛɛː	ɜɜː		ɔɔː
Open		aaː	ɒ̈ɒ̈ː

Vowels in the Western Bru dialect
	Front	Central		Back
Close	iiː			ɯɯː	uuː
Close-mid	eeː			ɤɤː	ooː
Open-mid	ɛɛː			ʌʌː	ɔɔː
Open		aaː	ɒ̈ɒ̈ː

Breathy vowels

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Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:

Breathy vowels
	Front	Central		Back
Close	i̤i̤ː	ɨ̤ɨ̤ː		ṳṳː
Close-mid	e̤e̤ː	ə̤ə̤ː		o̤o̤ː
Open-mid	ɛ̤ɛ̤ː	ɜ̤ɜ̤ː		ɔ̤ɔ̤ː
Open		a̤a̤ː	ɒ̤̈ɒ̤̈ː

Breathy vowels in the Western Bru dialect
	Front	Central		Back
Close	i̤i̤ː			ɯ̤ɯ̤ː	ṳṳː
Close-mid	e̤e̤ː			ɤ̤ɤ̤ː	o̤o̤ː
Open-mid	ɛ̤ɛ̤ː			ʌ̤ʌ̤ː	ɔ̤ɔ̤ː
Open		a̤a̤ː	ɒ̤̈ɒ̤̈ː

Nasal vowels

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Nasal vowel sounds may occur in the Western Bru dialect:

Nasal vowels in the Western Bru dialect
	Front	Central		Back
Close	ĩː			ɯ̃	ũũː
Open-mid	ɛ̃ɛ̃ː			ʌ̃ː	ɔ̃ɔ̃ː
Open		ããː	ɒ̈̃ɒ̈̃ː

References

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^Eastern Bru atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Western Bru atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Sô atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Khua atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Northern Katang atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
Southern Katang atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^"Mon-Khmer Classification (Draft)".
^Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; Viện hàn lâm khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - Viện dân tộc học. 2014.Các dân tộc ít người ở Việt Nam: các tỉnh phía nam. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.ISBN 978-604-90-2436-8
^Engelkemier, Jennifer M. (2010).Aspects of Bru Khok Sa-at grammar based on narrative texts(PDF) (M.A. thesis). Payap University. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-11-17. Retrieved2015-11-13.
^^a ^bPhan Hữu Dật. 1998. "Về tên gọi các tộc người nói ngôn ngữ Môn-Miên ở miền tây tỉnh Quảng Bình." InMột số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam, p.476-482. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội.
^Miller, Carolyn P. (2017).Eastern Bru Grammar Sketch. SIL Language and Culture Archives.
^Thongkum, Theraphan L. (1980). "The distribution of the sounds of Bruu".Mon-Khmer Studies.8:221–293.

External links

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UCLA phonetics lab data
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-AD64-5@view Bru in the RWAAI Digital Archive

Languages of Laos

Official language

Indigenous
languages

Austroasiatic

Bahnaric	Alak Duan Halang Jeh Jru' Juk Laven Lavi Nyaheun Oi Sapuan Sedang Su'
Katuic	Bru Brao Katu Kuy Ta'Oi
Khmuic	Khmu Mlabri Phong-Kniang
Palaungic	Bit Kiorr Lamet
Vietic	Arem Chut Cuoi Kri Liha Maleng Nguồn Thavung Vietnamese

Austronesian

Cham
- Western Cham

Hmong–Mien

Sino-Tibetan

Kra–Dai

Main foreign languages

Sign languages

Laotian sign languages

Laos portal

Languages of Thailand

Official language

Thai

Other Thais

Lao–Phutai	Isan Phu Thai
Chiang Saen	Northern Thai Tai Lü Phuan Thai Song
Sukhothai	Southern Thai
Northwestern	Khün Shan Tai Nüa

Minority
by languages groups

Austroasiatic	Bru Chong Chung Jahai Kensiu Khmer Northern Western Kintaq Kuy Mlabri Mon Nyah Kur Palaung Ten'edn Thavung Vietnamese
Austronesian	Cham Malay Bangkok Malay Pattani Malay Satun Malay Moken Moklen Urak Lawoi’
Hmong–Mien	Hmong Iu Mien
Sino-Tibetan	Akha Eastern Pwo Lisu Sinitic Cantonese Teochew Hakka Hokkien Hainanese Hokchew Nuosu Mpi Northern Pwo Phrae Pwo Red Karen (Eastern Kayah) S'gaw Karen Ugong

Non-Indigenous

Immigrant language	Burmese Hindi Punjabi Russian Southwestern Mandarin
Working language	English Japanese Korean

Sign languages

Languages of Vietnam

Official language

Vietnamese

Indigenous
languages

Austroasiatic

Bahnaric	Chrau Cua Duan Halang Hrê Jeh Katua Kayong Koho Maa (Mạ) Monom Rengao Sedang Stieng Takua Tariang Todrah
Katuic	Bru Katu Pacoh Ta'Oi
Khmer	Khmer
Vietic	Chut Arem May Ruc Sach Cuối Maleng Mường Nguồn
Other	Mảng Quảng Lâm Kháng

Austronesian

Hmong–Mien

Sino-Tibetan

Akha
Chinese (Cantonese ·Teochew ·Hakka ·Hokkien)
Hani
Xapho
Mantsi Lolo

Kra-Dai

Foreign languages

Vietnamese sign languages

Austroasiatic languages

Italics and followed by (Extinct) indicateextinct languages
Languages between parentheses and preceded by @ arevarieties of the language on their left.

Bahnaric

North

West

Central

Alak Tariang Tampuan
South	Chrau Koho Stieng Raʼong Mnong Mel-Khaonh Thmon

Others

Cua (@ East)

Katuic

West	Kuy Bru
Katu	Katu Phuong
Others	Pacoh Ta'Oi

Vietic

Viet-Muong	Vietnamese @Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern [vi] @in China [vi] @in the US Mường Nguồn
Chut	Arem Mày Ruc Sach
Kri	Maleng Kri Thavưng
Phong–Liha	Phong Liha
Others	Cuối

Khmuic

Phay-Pram	Prai Mal Ksingmul Oʼdu Phong-Kniang
Others	Khmu Mlabri

Pearic

Pear

Western
(Chong)

Central	Central Chong Samre Kasong
Southern	Suoi Sa'och
Others	Somray (@ Northern Chong) Western Chong

Khasi–
Palaungic

Khasic

Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam	Khasi Pnar Lyngngam Maharam
Others	War

Palaungic

West

East

Angkuic	Hu U Man Met Mok Muak Va
Waic	Blang Lawa Wa Meung Yum Savaiq
Bit-Khang	Bit Quảng Lâm Kháng Bumang
Lamet	Lamet Kiorr

Others

Munda

North

Korku

Kherwarian

Mundaric	Korwa Asur Birjia Birhor Ho Mundari Koda Majhwar Turi Agariya
Santalic	Santali Kol

South

Sora-Gorum	Gorum Sora Juray Lodhi
Gutob-Remo	Bonda Gutob
Others	Gtaʼ Juang Kharia

Nicobarese

Car
Chaura-Teresa	Chaura Teressa
Central	Nancowry Camorta Katchal
Southern	Southern Nicobarese Shompen

Aslian

Jahaic (Northern)	Batek Cheq Wong Jahai Jedek Kensiu Kintaq Minriq Mintil Ten'edn Wila'
Senoic (Central)	Lanoh Sabüm (Extinct) Semai Semnam Temiar
Semelaic (Southern)	Mah Meri Semaq Beri Semelai Temoq
Others	Jah Hut Kenaboi (Extinct) (unclassified; possibly a language isolate)