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| Bronze Age of Comic Books | |
|---|---|
 The Amazing Spider-Man #122 (July 1973) featuring the deaths of theGreen Goblin andGwen Stacy Cover art byJohn Romita Sr. | |
| Time span | 1970 – 1985[1] |
| Related periods | |
| Preceded by | Silver Age of Comic Books (1956–1970) |
| Followed by | Modern Age of Comic Books (1985–present) |
TheBronze Age of Comic Books is an informal name for a period in thehistory of American superhero comic books, usually said to run from 1970 to 1985.[1] It follows theSilver Age of Comic Books and is followed by theModern Age of Comic Books.
The Bronze Age retained many of the conventions of the Silver Age, with traditionalsuperhero titles remaining the mainstay of the industry. However, a return of darker plot elements and storylines more related to relevant social issues began to flourish during the period, prefiguring the later Modern Age of Comic Books.[citation needed]
There is no one single event that can be said to herald the beginning of the Bronze Age. Instead, a number of events at the beginning of the 1970s, taken together, can be seen as a shift away from the tone of comics in the previous decade.
One such event was the April 1970 issue ofGreen Lantern, which addedGreen Arrow as a title character (Green Lantern/Green Arrow #76). The series, written byDennis O'Neil and penciled byNeal Adams (inking was by Adams orDick Giordano), focused on "relevance" as Green Lantern was exposed to poverty and experienced self-doubt.[2][3]
Later in 1970,Jack Kirby leftMarvel Comics, ending arguably the most important creative partnership of the Silver Age (withStan Lee). Kirby then turned toDC, where he createdThe Fourth World series of titles, starting withSuperman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #133 in December 1970. Also in 1970,Mort Weisinger, the long-term editor of the variousSuperman titles, retired to be replaced byJulius Schwartz. Schwartz set about toning down some of the more fanciful aspects of the Weisinger era, removing mostKryptonite from continuity and scaling back Superman's nigh-infinite—by then—powers, which was done by veteran Superman artistCurt Swan together with author Dennis O'Neil.
The beginning of the Bronze Age coincided with the end of the careers of many of the veteran writers and artists of the time, or their promotion to management positions and retirement from regular writing or drawing, and their replacement with a younger generation of editors and creators, many of whom knew each other from their experiences in comic book fan conventions and publications. At the same time, publishers began the era by scaling back on their superhero publications, canceling many of the weaker-selling titles, and experimenting with other genres such ashorror andsword and sorcery.[citation needed]
The era also encompassed major changes in the distribution of and audience for comic books. Over time, the medium shifted from cheap mass market products sold atnewsstands to a more expensive product sold at specialty comic book shops and aimed at a smaller, core audience of fans. The shift in distribution allowed many small-print publishers to enter the market, changing the medium from one dominated by a few large publishers to a more diverse and eclectic range of books.[citation needed]
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In 1970, Marvel published the first comic book issue ofRobert E. Howard's pulp characterConan the Barbarian. Conan'ssuccess as a comic hero resulted in adaptations of other Howard characters:King Kull,Red Sonja andSolomon Kane. DC Comics responded with comics featuringWarlord,Beowulf andFritz Leiber'sFafhrd and the Gray Mouser. They also took over the licensing ofEdgar Rice Burroughs'sTarzan from longtime publisherGold Key and began adapting other Burroughs creations, such asJohn Carter, thePellucidar series, and theAmtor series. Marvel also adapted to comic book form, with less success,Edwin Lester Arnold's characterGullivar Jones and, later,Lin Carter'sThongor.
The murder ofSpider-Man's longtime girlfriend,Gwen Stacy, at the hands of theGreen Goblin in 1973'sAmazing Spider-Man #121–122 is considered by comics scholar Arnold T. Blumberg to be the definitive Bronze Age event, as it exemplifies the period's trend towards darker territory and willingness to subvert conventions such as the assumed survival of long-established, "untouchable" characters. However, there had been a gradual darkening of the tone of superhero comics for several years prior to "The Night Gwen Stacy Died", including the death ofher father inAmazing Spider-Man #90 and the beginning of theDennis O'Neil/Neal Adams tenure onBatman.
In 1971, Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Stan Lee was approached by theUnited States Department of Health, Education and Welfare to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story, "Green Goblin Reborn!," which portrayed drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. At that time, any portrayal of drug use in comic books was banned outright by theComics Code Authority, regardless of the context. The CCA refused to approve the story, but Lee published it regardless.
The positive reception that the story received led to the CCA revising the Comics Code later that year to allow the portrayal of drug addiction as long as it was depicted in a negative light. Soon after, DC Comics had their own drug abuse storyline inGreen Lantern/Green Arrow #85–86. Written byDennis O'Neil with art byNeal Adams, the storyline was entitled "Snowbirds Don't Fly," and it revealed that the Green Arrow's sidekickSpeedy had become addicted toheroin.
The 1971 revision to the Comics Code has also been seen as relaxing the rules on the use of vampires, ghouls and werewolves in comic books, allowing the growth of a number of supernatural- and horror-oriented titles, such asSwamp Thing,Ghost Rider andThe Tomb of Dracula, among numerous others. However, the tone of horror comic stories had already seen substantial changes between the relatively tame offerings of the early 1960s (e.g.Unusual Tales) and the more violent products available in the late 1960s (e.g.The Witching Hour, revised formats inHouse of Secrets,House of Mystery andThe Unexpected).
At the beginning of the 1970s, publishers moved away from the superhero stories that enjoyed mass-market popularity in the mid-1960s; DC cancelled most of its superhero titles other than those starring Superman and Batman, while Marvel cancelled weaker-selling titles such asDr. Strange,Sub-Mariner andThe X-Men. In their place, they experimented with a wide variety of other genres, including Westerns, horror and monster stories, and the above-mentioned adaptations of pulp adventures. These trends peaked in the early 1970s, and the medium reverted by the mid-1970s to selling predominantly superhero titles.[citation needed]
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A concern with social issues had been a part of comic book stories since their beginnings: early Superman stories, for example, dealt with issues such as child mistreatment and working conditions forminors. However, in the 1970s relevance became not only a feature of the stories, but also something that the books loudly proclaimed on their covers to promote sales. The Spider-Man drug issues were at the forefront of the trend of "social relevance" with comic books noticeably handling real-life issues. The above-mentionedGreen Lantern/Green Arrow series dealt not only with drugs, but other topics like racism and environmental degradation. TheX-Men titles, which were partly based on the premise that mutants were a metaphor for real-world minorities, became wildly popular. Other well-known "relevant" comics include the "Demon in a Bottle", whereIron Man confronts his alcoholism, and the socially conscious stories written bySteve Gerber in such titles asHoward the Duck andOmega the Unknown. Issues regarding female empowerment became trends with female versions of popular male characters (Spider-Woman,Red Sonja,Ms. Marvel,She-Hulk).
Writers and artists began getting a lot more credit for their creations, even though they were still ceding copyrights to the companies for whom they worked. Pencil Artists were allowed to keep their original artwork and sell it on the open market. When word got out that Superman's creatorsJerry Siegel andJoe Shuster were living in poverty, artists such as Neal Adams,Jerry Robinson andBernie Wrightson helped organize fellow artists to pressure DC in rectifying them and other pioneers from the 1930s and 1940s. Newer publishers, such as Pacific Comics and Eclipse Comics, negotiated contracts in which creators retained copyright to their creations.
One of the most significant developments during the period was a substantial rise in the number of black and other non-white minority superheroes. Before the 1970s, there had been very few non-white superheroes (Marvel Comics'Black Panther andFalcon introduced in 1966 and 1969, respectively, being notable exceptions) but starting in the early 1970s this began to change with the introduction of characters such as Marvel'sLuke Cage (who was the first black superhero featured in his own comic book in 1972) of theDefenders,Storm of theX-Men,Blade,Monica Rambeau of the Avengers,Misty Knight,Shang-Chi, andDC's Green LanternJohn Stewart,Bronze Tiger,Black Lightning,Vixen andCyborg ofTeen Titans, many of whom were black (with the exception of Shang-Chi himself). Additionally, Jewish superheroes became more visible with the appearances of Marvel'sKitty Pryde of the X-Men andMoon Knight, respectively.
Characters such as Luke Cage,Mantis, Misty Knight, Shang-Chi andIron Fist have been seen by some as an attempt by Marvel Comics to cash in on the 1970s crazes forkung fu films. However, these and other minority characters came into their own after these film trends faded, and became increasingly popular and important as time progressed. By the mid-1980s, Storm and Cyborg had become leaders of theX-Men andTeen Titans, respectively, and John Stewart briefly replacedHal Jordan as the lead character of theGreen Lantern title.1
Starting with Neal Adams' work inGreen Lantern/Green Arrow a newly sophisticated realism became the norm in the industry. Buyers would no longer be interested in the heavily stylized work of artists of the Silver Age or simpler cartooning of the Golden Age. The so-called "House Style" of DC tended to imitations of Adams' work, while Marvel adopted a more realistic version of Kirby's style. This change is sometimes credited to a new generation of artists influenced by the popularity ofEC Comics in the 1950s. Artists who could distinguish themselves from these House Styles would achieve some renown. Such names includeBerni Wrightson,Jim Aparo,Jim Starlin,John Byrne,Frank Miller,George Pérez andHoward Chaykin. A secondary line of comics at DC, headed by former EC Comics artist Joe Orlando and devoted to horror titles, established a differing set of styles and aggressively sought talent from Asia and Latin America.[citation needed]
TheX-Men were originally created in 1963 byStan Lee andJack Kirby. However, the title never achieved the popularity of other Lee/Kirby creations, and by 1970, after a brief run with Neal Adams' more realistic Silver Age style, Marvel ceased publishing new material and the title was turned over to reprints. But in 1975 an "all-new, all-different" version of the X-Men was introduced byLen Wein andDave Cockrum inGiant-Size X-Men #1, withChris Claremont as uncredited assistant co-plotter.[4] Claremont stayed as writer on just about all X-Men-related titles, including spinoffs, for the next sixteen years, after which other regular writers such asLouise Simonson,Fabian Nicieza andScott Lobdell joined and Claremont eventually left.
One of the most apparent influences from this series was the creation of what became DC Comics' answer to X-Men's character-based storytelling style,The New Teen Titans byMarv Wolfman andGeorge Pérez, which became a highly successful and influential property in its own right. Wolfman would associate himself with the title for sixteen years, while Perez established a large fan base and a sought-after pencilling style. Asuccessful cartoon based on the Titans of the Bronze Age of Comics was launched in 2003, and lasted for four years.[citation needed]
During the Silver Age, comic books frequently had several features, a form harkening back to the Golden Age when the first comics were anthologies. In 1968, Marvel graduated its double feature characters appearing in their anthologies to full-length stories in their own comic. But several of these characters could not sustain their own title and were cancelled. Marvel tried to create new double feature anthologies such asAmazing Adventures andAstonishing Tales which did not last as double feature comic books. A more enduring concept was that of the team-up book, either combining two characters, at least one of which was not popular enough to sustain its own title (Green Lantern/Green Arrow). Even DC combined two features inSuperboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes and had team-up books (The Brave and the Bold,DC Comics Presents andWorld's Finest Comics). Virtually all such books disappeared by the end of the period.
Marvel and DC worked out several crossover titles the first of which wasSuperman vs. The Amazing Spider-Man. This was followed by a second Superman and Spider-Man,Batman vs. the Incredible Hulk and theX-Men vs The New Teen Titans. Another title,The Avengers vs. the Justice League of America was written byGerry Conway and drawn byGeorge Pérez with plotting by Roy Thomas, but was never published, reflecting the later animosity between the two companies. Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter was not pleased that DC wanted the fourth company crossover to includeThe New Teen Titans, DC's best-selling title at the time, as he wanted the crossover to be the X-Men and the Legion of Super-Heroes. This led to Shooter's decision to stall and cancel the JLA/Avengers project.[citation needed]
Beginning around 1970, Marvel introduced vast numbers of reprints into the market, which played a key role in their becoming the overall market leader among comic publishers. Suddenly many titles featured reprints:X-Men,Sgt. Fury,Kid Colt, Outlaw,Rawhide Kid,Two-Gun Kid,Outlaw Kid,Jungle Action,Special Marvel Edition (the early issues),War is Hell (the early issues),Creatures on the Loose,Monsters on the Prowl andFEAR, to name just a few.
In the mid-'70s, DC launched numerous new titles such asJack Kirby'sNew Gods andSteve Ditko'sShade, the Changing Man.Jenette Kahn would eventually take the helm of the company in 1976. The company followed this up in 1978 with the "DC Explosion" where the standard line of books increased in page count and 50 cent price. Many of these titles added backup features with various characters. However, DC greatly overestimated the appeal of so many new titles at once, sales dropped severely during the harsh 1978 winter and it nearly broke the company and the industry, includingCharlton Comics; this event has been called the "DC Implosion".
Marvel eventually gained 50% of the market and Stan Lee handed control of the comic division toJim Shooter while he worked with their growing animation spin-offs.
As the Bronze Age began in the early 1970s, popularity shifted away from the established superhero genre towards comic book titles from which superheroes were absent altogether. These non-superhero comics were typically inspired by genres like Westerns or fantasy & pulp fiction. As previously noted, 1971's revised Comics Code left the horror genre ripe for development and several supernaturally-themed series resulted, such as the popularThe Tomb of Dracula,Ghost Rider andSwamp Thing. In the science fiction genre,post-apocalyptic survival stories were an early trend, as evidenced by characters likeDeathlok,Killraven andKamandi. The long-running sci-fi/fantasy anthology comic magazineMetal Hurlant and its American counterpartHeavy Metal began publishing in the late '70s. Marvel'sStar Wars series was very popular with a nine-year run.
Other titles began from characters originally found in 20th century pulp magazines or novels. Noteworthy examples are the long running titlesConan the Barbarian andSavage Sword of Conan (the latter was published as a magazine, bypassing the Comics Code), as well asMaster of Kung-Fu. The early success of these titles soon led to more pulp character adaptations (Doc Savage,Kull,The Shadow,Justice, Inc.,Tarzan). During this period, Charlton,Western Publishing/Gold Key, Marvel and DC also regularly published official comic book adaptations for various projects, including popular films (Planet of the Apes,Godzilla,Logan's Run,Indiana Jones,Jaws 2,2001: A Space Odyssey,Star Wars), TV shows (The Six Million Dollar Man,Lost in Space, TheMan from Atlantis,Battlestar Galactica,Star Trek,The A-Team,Welcome Back Kotter), toys (G.I. Joe,Micronauts,Transformers,Rom,Atari Force,Thundercats), and even public figures (Kiss,Pope John Paul II).
Though not necessarily "non-superhero", a few unconventional comic book series from the period featured one or more villains as their central character (Super-Villain Team-Up,Secret Society of Super Villains,The Joker).
Archie Comics dominated the female market during this time with their characters,Betty and Veronica having some of the largest circulation of titular female characters. Several clones were attempted by Marvel and DC unsuccessfully. Several Archie titles examined socially relevant issues and introduced a few African-American characters. Archie largely switched topaperbackdigest format in the late 1980s.
Children's comics were still popular with Disney reprints under theGold Key label along withHarvey's stable of characters which grew in popularity. The latter includedRichie Rich,Casper andWendy, which eventually switched to digest format as well. Again Marvel and DC were unable to emulate their success with competing titles.
An 'explicit content' market akin to the nicheUnderground Comix of the late '60s was ostensibly opened with the Franco-Belgian importHeavy Metal Magazine. Marvel launched competing magazine titles of their own withConan the Barbarian andEpic Illustrated which would eventually become its division of Direct Sales comics.
The paper drives ofWorld War II and a growing nostalgia amongbaby boomers in the 1970s made comic books of the 1930s and 1940s extremely valuable. DC experimented with some large-size paperback books to reprint their Golden Age comics, create one-shot stories such asSuperman vs. Shazam andSuperman vs. Muhammad Ali as well as the early Marvel crossovers.
The popularity of those early books also opened up a market for specialty shops. The existence of these shops made it possible for small-press publishers to reach an audience, and some comic book artists began self-publishing their own work. Notable titles of this type includedDave Sim'sCerebus andWendy and Richard Pini'sElfquest series. Other small-press publishers came in to take advantage of this growing market:Pacific Comics introduced in 1981 a line of books by comic-book veterans such as Jack Kirby, Mike Grell andSergio Aragonés, for which the artists retained copyright and shared in royalties.
In 1978,Will Eisner published his "graphic novel"A Contract With God, an attempt to produce a long-format story outside the traditional comic book genres. In the early 1980sArt Spiegelman andFrançoise Mouly began publishingRaw magazine, which included the early serialization of Spiegelman's award-winning graphic novelMaus.
Comics sold on newsstands were distributed on the basis that unsold copies were returned to the publisher. Comics sold to comic shops were sold on a no-return basis. This allowed small-press titles sold through the direct market to keep publishing costs down and increase profits, making viable titles that otherwise would have been unprofitable. Marvel and DC began taking advantage of this direct market themselves, publishing books and titles distributed only through comic book shops.
This period is also marked by the cancellation of most titles in the genres of romance, western, and war stories that had been mainstays of comics production since the 1940s. Most anthologies, whether they presented feature characters or not, also disappeared. They had been used since the Golden Age to introduce new characters, to host characters that lost their own title or to feature several characters. This had the effect of standardizing the length of comics stories within a narrow range, so that multiple stand-alone stories would appear within a single issue. Theunderground comix of the 1960s counterculture continued, but contracted significantly and were ultimately subsumed into the emergingdirect market.
One commonly used ending point for the Bronze Age is the 1985–1986 time frame.[citation needed] As with the Silver Age, the end of the Bronze Age relates to a number of trends and events that happened at around the same time. DC Comics publishedCrisis on Infinite Earths, which overhauled the history of the DC Universe and several of the company's major characters, and revitalized sales for the company, again making it a serious market contender against Marvel. During this period Marvel published the crossoverSecret Wars, cancelledDefenders andPower Man and Iron Fist, and launched theNew Universe andX-Factor (an extension of the X-Men franchise).
After the Bronze Age came theModern Age of Comic Books. According to Shawn O'Rourke ofPopMatters, the shift from the previous ages involved a "deconstructive and dystopian re-envisioning of iconic characters and the worlds that they live in",[5] as typified byFrank Miller'sBatman: The Dark Knight Returns (1986) andAlan Moore's andDave Gibbons'Watchmen (1986–1987). Other features that define the era are a higher amount of adult-oriented material, theX-Men becoming Marvel Comics' "dominant intellectual property", and the comics distribution system being reorganized throughout the industry.[5] These changes would also lead to the appearance of new independent comic book publishers in the early 1990s—such asImage Comics, with titles likeSpawn andSavage Dragon which also boasted a darker, sarcastic and more mature approach to superhero storylines.
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