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TheBrockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary[a] (35 volumes, small; 86 volumes, large) is a comprehensive multi-volume encyclopaedia inRussian. It contains 121,240 articles, 7,800 images, and 235 maps.
It was published in theRussian Empire in 1890–1907, as a joint venture ofLeipzig andSt Petersburg publishers. The articles were written by the prominent Russian scholars of the period, such asDmitri Mendeleev andVladimir Solovyov. Reprints have appeared following thedissolution of the Soviet Union.
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In 1889, the owner of a printing house in St. Petersburg,Ilya Abramovich Efron [ru], at the initiative ofSemyon Afanasyevich Vengerov, entered into an agreement with the German publishing houseF. A. Brockhaus for the translation into Russian of the large German encyclopaedic dictionaryMeyers Konversations-Lexikon. Initially, it was supposed to be limited to the translation of this publication, but only with a more detailed presentation of issues related to Russia. It was supposed to release only 16–18 volumes.
The first eight volumes (up to the letter "B"), published under the general editorship of Professor Ivan Efimovich Andreevsky, were almost literal translation with a slight adaptation for the Russian reader. These volumes caused a lot of complaints about the quality of the translation, and the overall management of the publication also left much to be desired. So, the journalSeverny Vestnik (Northern Herald) noted: "There are too many significant shortcomings. There is too little effort, love, and, what is stranger, not enough impressive edition, both literary and purely scholarly!" (1890, No. 4, pp. 76–77), and the journalHistorical Bulletin added to this that theEncyclopaedic Dictionary was "carelessly and unsatisfactorily compiled. The very language of the articles is heavy and in places wrong. The translation is immediately visible, and it is far from a professorial one, but a gymnasium, awkward, literal" (1890, No. 5, p. 454).
After the death of Professor Ivan Andreevsky, the editorial office was headed by AcademicianKonstantin Konstantinovich Arseniev and Professor ofSt. Petersburg UniversityFyodor Fomich Petrushevsky [ru], which marked a new period in the encyclopaedia's history. Starting from the 9th volume, the translated material fades into the background, and there is much more factual and statistical material. Particular attention was paid to geographical articles; the editorial states: "Absolutely all Russian cities are included, with the addition of more townships, villages and hamlets with over 3 thousand inhabitants or for some reason deserving attention."
TheEncyclopaedic Dictionary began to be published in two versions. The first, more expensive, comprised 41 volumes, the second, with a more modest design, of 82 half-volumes. Having broken its expensive publication by half, the company made it more accessible to a wide audience of readers, thanks to which the circulation was brought to a record for that time – 130,000 copies.
Many prominent scientists and philosophers were invited to the editorial board:Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov,Semyon Afanasyevich Vengerov,Andrey Nikolaevich Beketov,Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov and many others. From that moment on, the encyclopaedia begins to replenish with original articles, and the primary attention is paid to issues related to the history, culture and geography of Russia. The displacement of translated articles by original ones and the appearance of new authors affected the very nature of the publication: from a trivial encyclopaedia it turned into a collection of the latest achievements and discoveries in all fields of science and technology.
The Encyclopaedic Dictionary was published from 1890 to 1904, with 4–5 volumes published annually. The circulation fluctuated significantly, from 12,000 copies in 1890 to 25,000 in 1897. Semi-volumes 54 and 55, containing an extensive description of Russia (1899), were published in a circulation of 35 thousand copies. The large circulation determined the wide distribution of the dictionary on the market, despite the rather high price.
By 1907, four additional half-volumes were published, edited byVladimir Timofeyevich Shevyakov and Arseniev. This also included all the most significant of what, for various reasons, had been omitted in previous volumes or appeared after the encyclopaedia was published. The 82nd half-volume ends with the "Portrait Gallery" of the editors and employees of theEncyclopaedic Dictionary, comprising 300 portrait-prototypes: from the editor-in-chief to a simple typesetter.
Simultaneously, in 1899–1902, theSmall Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron was published in three volumes; in 1907–1909, its second edition was published in four volumes.
In 1911, theNew Encyclopaedic Dictionary was published, edited byKonstantin Konstantinovich Arseniev, which was supposed to cover the same circle of knowledge as ESBE, but in a more compact and modern processing. In 1916, because of wartime difficulties, the publication of the dictionary was discontinued on the 29th volume of the originally planned 48 volumes of this edition.
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