Brocade (/broʊˈkeɪd/) is a class of richly decorativeshuttle-wovenfabrics, often made in colouredsilks and sometimes withgold andsilver threads.[1] The name, related to the same root as the word "broccoli", comes fromItalianbroccato meaning 'embossed cloth', originallypast participle of theverbbroccare 'to stud, set with nails', frombrocco, 'small nail', fromLatinbroccus, 'projecting, pointed'.[2]
Brocade is typically woven on a drawloom. It is a supplementaryweft technique; that is, the ornamental brocading is produced by a supplementary, non-structural, weft in addition to the standard weft that holds thewarp threads together. The purpose of this is to give the appearance that the weave was actually embroidered on.
InGuatemala, brocade is the most popular technique used to decorate fabric woven byMaya weavers onbackstrap looms.
Ornamental features in brocade are emphasised and wrought as additions to the main fabric, sometimes stiffening it, though more frequently producing on its face the effect of low relief. In some, but not all, brocades, these additions present a distinctive appearance on the back of the material where the supplementary weft or floating threads of the brocaded or broached parts hang in loose groups or are clipped away.[1] When the weft is floating on the back, this is known as a continuous brocade; the supplementary weft runs fromselvage to selvage. The yarns are cut away incutwork and broché. Also, a discontinuous brocade is where the supplementary yarn is only woven in the patterned areas.
The manufacture of brocade began during theWarring States period of China.[3] Many products of brocade have been found in tombs of the era.[3][4] Several distinct styles of brocade have been developed in China, the most famous beingYunjin (Cloud brocade) ofNanjing, Song brocade ofSuzhou, andShu brocade ofChengdu.
Songket is a type of brocade in theMalay world (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei etc.)
Dating back to theMiddle Ages, brocade fabric was one of the few luxury fabrics worn by nobility throughoutChina,India,Persia,Greece,Japan,Korea andByzantium. Woven by the Byzantines, brocades were an especially desirable fabric. From the 4th to the 6th centuries, production ofsilk was seemingly non-existent, aslinen andwool were the predominant fabrics. During this period, there was no public knowledge of silk fabric production except for that which was kept secret by the Chinese. Over the years, knowledge of silk production became known among other cultures and spread westward. As silk production became known to Western cultures, trade from the East began to decrease. It was discovered by Byzantine historians that in the 6th century a pair of monks brought the secret ofsericulture – silk production – to the Byzantine emperor. As a result, Western cultures were able to learn how to breed, raise, and feedsilkworms. From this point until the 9th century, Byzantium became the biggest and most central producer for all of the Western world in the production of all types of silk motifs, including brocades,damasks,brocatelles and tapestry-like fabrics.[5]
During theEarly Middle Ages, brocade fabrics were available only to the wealthiest of people as theByzantine emperor charged extreme prices for the fabric. The designs woven into brocade fabrics were oftenPersian in origin. It was also common to see Christian subjects depicted in the complex weaves of the fabric. When these luxurious fabrics were made into clothing or wall hangings, they were at times adorned with precious and semiprecious stones, small medallions ofenamel,embroidery andappliqués.[5]
Wealthy noblemen and noblewomen dressed in silk brocades from Italy, andvelvets trimmed with fur fromGermany. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Court ofBurgundy was made known for their continuous fashionable tastes and luxurious dress.[6]
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Brocades were also an important fabric during theRenaissance, and especially theItalian Renaissance. As wool and silk were the primary fabrics used by Europeans during the Renaissance, and despite the lack of documentary evidence, it is said[according to whom?] that due to the increase in complexity of decoration of Italian silk fabrics of the 15th century, there must have been improvements in silk-weaving looms around this time.[original research?] The complexity and high quality of luxurious silk fabrics caused Italy to become the most important and superior manufacturer of the finest silk fabrics for all of Europe.[citation needed] The almost sculptural lines of the fashions during the Renaissance were paired perfectly with the exquisite beauty and elegance of brocade, damask, and other superior silk textiles.[7]
Brocade fabrics are mostly forupholstery anddraperies. They are also used for evening and formal clothing, forvestments, as well as for costumes. In India, Banarasi brocade is extensively used in decoratingBanarasi saris, dresses, anddupattas. The use of precious and semi-precious stones in the adornment of brocades is not common, but has been replaced by the use ofsequins andbeading. Brocade fabrics are now largely woven on aJacquard loom that is able to create many complex tapestry-like designs using theJacquard technique. Although many brocade fabrics look like tapestries and are advertised in some fashion promotions as such, they are not to be confused with truetapestries. Patterns such as brocade, brocatelle, damask and tapestry-like fabrics are known as jacquard patterns.[8]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brocade".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 620–622.| International | |
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