British Rail Class 373 Eurostar e300 TGV TMST
A refurbished Class 373 atGare d'Albertville in 2018
The standard-class interior of a refurbished Class 373
Stock type	Electric multiple unit
In service	14 November 1994 – present
Manufacturer	GEC Alsthom Brugeoise et Nivelles
Built at	La Rochelle, France Belfort, France Washwood Heath, England Bruges, Belgium
Family name	TGV
Constructed	1992–1996
Number built	38 (31 ×Three Capitals, 7 ×North of London)
Number in service	11
Number scrapped	17
Successor	Class 374 (e320) TGV Duplex
Formation	Three Capitals: 20 cars North of London: 16 cars (See§ Set formation)
Capacity	Three Capitals as built: 750 seats Three Capitals refurb.: 758 seats North of London: 558 seats
Operators	Eurostar
Depots	Current: Temple Mills (UK) Technicentre du Landy (France) Former: North Pole (UK)[1]
Specifications
Car body construction	Steel
Train length	394 m (1,292 ft 8 in)
Car length	Driving vehicles: 22.15 m (72 ft 8 in) Vehicles with one full bogie:[a] 21.84 m (71 ft 8 in) Intermediate trailers: 18.70 m (61 ft 4 in)
Width	2.81 m (9 ft 3 in)
Wheel diameter	900 mm (2 ft 11 in)[2]
Maximum speed	300 km/h (186 mph)
Weight	Three Capitals empty: 752 t (1,658,000 lb) Three Capitals loaded: 815 t (1,797,000 lb) North of London: 665 t (1,466,000 lb)
Traction system	GEC-AlsthomGTO-VVVF
Traction motors	12 × Brush TM2151Basynchronousthree-phase AC (max 1,020 kW (1,370 hp) each)
Power output	On 25 kV: 12.24 MW (16,414 hp) On 3,000 V: 5.70 MW (7,644 hp)[3] On 675 V: 3.40 MW (4,559 hp)[3]
Tractive effort	Starting: 410 kN (92,172 lbf) on 25 kV 350 kN (78,683 lbf) on 1.5 kV or 675 V Continuous: 220 kN (49,458 lbf) @ 200 km/h (124 mph) on 25 kV[3]
Gear ratio	1:2.19[2]
Electric system(s)	Overhead line:    25 kV 50 Hz AC    3,000 V DC    1,500 V DC Third rail, 750 V DC (removed)
Current collection	Pantograph Contact shoes (removed)[4]
UIC classification	(See§ Set formation)
Safety system(s)	AWS KVB TBL TPWS TVM-430
Coupling system	Scharfenberg
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge

TheBritish Rail Class 373, known in France as theTGV TMST and branded by Eurostar as theEurostar e300, is a French designed and Anglo-French builtelectric multiple unit train that is used forEurostar internationalhigh-speed rail services from theUnited Kingdom toFrance andBelgium through theChannel Tunnel. Part of theTGV family, it was built with a smaller cross-section to fit the smallerloading gauge in Britain, was originally capable of operating on the UKthird rail network, and has extensivefireproofing in case of fire in the tunnel. It is both the second longest—387 metres (1,270 ft)—and second fastest train in regular UK passenger service, operating at speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph).

Known as theTransManche Super Train (TMST) or Cross-channel Super Train before being introduced in 1993, the train is designated Class 373 under the BritishTOPS classification system and series 373000 TGV in France. It was built by the Anglo-French companyGEC-Alsthom at its factories inLa Rochelle (France),Belfort (France) andWashwood Heath (Britain) and byBrugeoise et Nivelles (BN, now part ofAlstom)^[5] inBruges (Belgium).

Since the introduction of the newClass 374e320 units from Siemens in 2015, refurbished versions of the Class 373 or TGV-TMST sets have been officially referred to ase300 by Eurostar to distinguish them from the newVelaro-based e320 fleet.^[6]

Two types of Class 373 were constructed:

• 31Three Capitals sets consisting of twopower cars and 18passenger coaches, 394 metres (1,292 ft 8 in) long^[7] and have 750 seats: 206 in first class, 544 in standard class.^[8] The length of a complete set is dictated by theChannel Tunnel safety regulations, as the distance between consecutive cross passages is 375 metres (1,230 ft 4 in). This means that, if a Eurostar train has to stop inside the Tunnel in case of fire or other emergencies, it would always stop adjacent to a cross passage.
• SevenNorth of London sets (known as "Regional" Eurostars) with 14 coaches and two power cars, they are 312.36 metres (1,024 ft 10 in) in length and have 558 seats: (114 in first class, 444 in standard class).

The North of London sets were intended to provideRegional Eurostar services from continental Europe to and from north of London, using theWest Coast Main Line and theEast Coast Main Line, but these services never came to fruition because of long proposed journey times and the proliferation of budget airlines offering cheaper fares^{[citation needed]}; there were also issues with the relatively crude design ofBritish Rail overhead electrified lines and problems with finding suitable routes withinGreater London.^{[citation needed]}

The sets were ordered by the railway companies involved: 16 bySNCF, four byNMBS/SNCB, and 18 byBritish Rail, of which seven were the North of London sets. Upon theprivatisation of British Rail, the BR sets were bought byLondon and Continental Railways, which named its subsidiaryEurostar (UK) Limited,^[9] now managed bySNCF (55%),LCR (40%) andSNCB (5%).^[10]

The first Eurostar Class 373 set, 373001/373002, was built atBelfort in 1992.^[11] Identified as "PS1" (Pre-Series 1), it was formed of two power cars and seven coaches, and was delivered for test running in January 1993. Its first powered runs were between Strasbourg and Mulhouse, and it was transferred to the UK for third-railDC tests in June 1993. Full-length pre-series train PS2 was completed in May 1993.

To test the 750VDCthird railshoes needed on theSouthern Region lines in Great Britain, an eight-vehicle locomotive-hauled train was used in early 1994, consisting of aClass 73 locomotive (73205), a convertedClass 33 locomotive acting as a Driving Brake Van (33115, reclassified as NZ under TOPS), and six carriages fromClass 438 (4TC) multiple units 8007, 8023 and 8028.

An extra power car, numbered 3999, was built as a spare. This was required for a couple of years, when 3999 was renumbered and replaced another power car whilst it underwent rebuilding at Le Landy. It was overhauled and renumbered 3204 in 2016.^[12]

The 22 sets still operating for Eurostar were refurbished in 2004/05 with a new interior, designed byPhilippe Starck.^[13][14] The grey-yellow look in standard class and the grey-red look in first class were replaced with a more grey-brown scheme in standard and a grey-burnt orange in first class.

In 2008, Eurostar announced that it was beginning the process to institute a mid-life update, which would not include the Class 373 sets being used by SNCF in France.^[15] As a part of the update process, the Italian companyPininfarina was contracted to redesign the interiors;^[16] the first refurbished Eurostar was not originally due in service until 2012.^[17] The refurbishment programme would also include an engine maintenance and a new external livery. Eurostar later planned for the process to be complete by 2014, allowing the fleet to remain in service beyond 2020,^[18] but following additional delays the first refurbished train was not completed until July 2015.^[19][20]

When Eurostar services ran from LondonWaterloo International, maintenance was carried out at North Pole Depot in West London, next to theGreat Western Main Line. Since November 2007, Eurostar maintains its Class 373 fleets at Temple Mills Depot in East London; in France the trains are maintained at Le Landy depot in Paris, and Brussels Forest/Vorst depot.

Eurostar originally ran services to and from Waterloo International along existing mainline tracks, until it moved to St Pancras International in November 2007.

In October 2010, Eurostar ordered tenClass 374Eurostar e320 trains from Siemens to run on its existing routes from London to Paris and Brussels as well the newest route to Amsterdam alongside its Class 373 fleet. In 2016, Eurostar announced that it would retain eight Class 373 once the full Class 374 (e320) fleet were in service; the rest of the Class 373 were either stored or scrapped.^[21]

As of 2020, eight trains had been refurbished with an additional three un-refurbished units in service.

Following theCOVID-19 pandemic e300 trains now run from London to Paris and Brussels with the e320s, as well as exclusively operating the winter ski service toBourg-Saint-Maurice.^[22]

In May 2000, twoRegional Eurostar sets were leased toGNER to operateThe White Rose services fromLondon King's Cross toYork.^[23] From May 2002, theWhite Rose was altered to operate toLeeds with a third set leased.^[24][25] Sets 3301–3306 all had GNER livery applied, whereas the rest carried the original Eurostar livery without logos.

The lease expired in December 2005 and they were handed back to Eurostar; they were later used to operate high speedTGV services withSNCF in northern France.^[26]

When being used for GNER services, the doors of the first and last carriages were locked out of use at some stations due to the units being too long to stop in the platforms.^[27]

Due to restrictions in the power supply on theHertford Loop Line, only one set was permitted to operate on that route at any one time.^[28] They were only allowed to run from King's Cross to York and Leeds because of gauging on the bridges approachingNewcastle. They were not allowed to travel toBradford Forster Square because the electrical infrastructure beyond Leeds was insufficient. Manually lockedselective door opening was used at shorter platforms.

SNCF leased three of Eurostar's "Three Capitals" sets for use on French domestic TGV services (mainly between Paris and Lille). The sets remained in the original Eurostar livery with SNCF branding, and some sets had greyish white or silver front ends. In 2007, SNCF added more Class 373 sets to its fleet by leasing the redundant "North of London" sets from Eurostar. SNCF's lease of the sets was scheduled to last until 2011 with the option to keep the sets running for another two years.^[29]

In October 2014, the three "Three Capitals" sets were withdrawn from traffic and stored, having been replaced by TGV Duplex sets. Some have since been scrapped having provided spare parts to other Class 373 sets with remaining sets still stored in Ambérieu, France.

In November 2018, a Class 373 set consisting of 373213 and 373224 was introduced into service byIZY, the low-cost service that used to run between Paris and Brussels byThalys, replacing aTGV Réseau train.^[30]

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Each power car has a four-digit number starting with "3" (3xxx). This designates the train as a Mark 3 TGV (Mark 1 beingSNCF TGV Sud-Est; and Mark 2 beingSNCF TGV Atlantique). The last digit denotes the country of ownership:

• 3730xx: UK
• 3731xx: Belgium
• 3732xx: France
• 3733xx: "Regional" and "North of London" Eurostar sets
• 373999: Spare Powercar

Each half-set is numbered separately.

Eurostar operates three classes of travel on its Class 373 trains:

• Standard class, with two seats each side of the aisle, predominantly airline-style with a small number of seats around tables.
• Standard Premier class, with wider seats, two on one side and one on the other, predominantly with tables but with some single and duo seats. A light meal and drinks are included in the fare.
• Business Premier class, with the same seats as Standard Premier. A full hot meal and drinks are included in the fare, along with lounge access, fast track access to security checkpoints, the ability to arrive 10 minutes before travel, and other amenities.

As Standard Premier and Business Premier use the same seating, the number of carriages allocated to each class may be varied in line with demand.

For the purpose of travel with Interrail, Eurail, and similar passes, Standard class is considered 2nd class and Standard Premier class is considered 1st class. Business Premier is considered to be above 1st class and pass users cannot travel in Business Premier without purchasing a full public rate ticket.

EachThree Capitals set is formed of two power cars and 18 coaches.North of London andRegional Eurostar sets are formed of two power cars and 14 coaches:

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Named units (All since removed)^[37]

All Class 373 sets were built astri-voltage, able to operate on25 kV 50 Hz AC (LGVs,Eurotunnel,High Speed 1, UKoverhead electrified lines) and3,000 V DC (Belgian classic lines) usingpantographs, and750 V DC (UKthird rail network) usingthird-rail pick-up shoes. The shoes were retracted when switching to overhead power.^[39] After the opening ofHigh Speed 1 in 2007, overhead electrification is used throughout; consequently, the third rail shoes were removed. Five of the SNCF-owned sets are quadri-voltage, able to operate from1,500 V DC (Frenchlignes classiques) in the south of France, used on London–Avignon and ski services.

The trains are powered by asynchronoustraction motors. There are four powered axles in each power car and two powered axles in the outer bogie of the front passenger coach (a layout used on the originalSNCF TGV Sud-Est (PSE) sets) giving twelve powered axles. Each set draws up to16 MW with 12 MW (16,092 hp) of traction power, but this provides the lowestpower-to-weight ratio in the TGV family.

The class uses five different standards ofoverhead: domestic catenary in each of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom; fixed-height catenary onLGV lines and HS1; and taller catenary in theChannel Tunnel, designed to accommodate double-deck car-carrying trains and roll-on roll-off heavy goods vehicle trains. The driver must manually lower and then raise the pantograph during the transition between catenary systems.

The Class 373s are fitted with a wide range of signalling systems, these include:

• AWS (Automatic Warning System), the British signalling system, only used when services call at Ashford International^[40]
• TPWS (Train Protection & Warning System), the safety system that works with the AWS, only used when services call at Ashford International^[40]
• TVM (Transmission Voie-Machine), used on LGV ("lignes à grande vitesse"),^[41] Eurotunnel, HS1 and HSL 1^[42]
• KVB (Contrôle de vitesse par balises), used between Paris Gare du Nord andLGV Nord, on French Classic Lines and on the HS1 connected throat around London St Pancras. It is electro-mechanical with fixed radio beacons.^[40]
• TBL, (theBelgian signalling system,) electro-mechanical, used between Brussels-South/Midi andHSL 1, Belgium.^[40]

When travelling at high speeds, it is not possible for the driver to accurately see colour-light signals at the side of the track. With the TVM signalling used on the high-speed lines, the target speed for the end of the current block is displayed with a flashing indication on the in-cab display for the next block if it is at a different speed. Auxiliary signalling information, including the location of neutral sections in the overhead supply and pantograph adjustment zones, is displayed in cab and by the lineside. The operation of circuit breakers over neutral sections is handled automatically on TVM-signalled lines only, and pantograph adjustments must always be manually performed by the driver.^{[citation needed]}

The Class 373 was designed to comply with the Channel Tunnel safety regulations, and consists of two independent half-sets, each with its own power car. Most of the trailer cars are supported onJacobs bogies shared between adjacent coaches, supporting both of them, with the cars next to the power cars and the two middle coaches (carriages 9 and 10 in a full-length set) not articulated. Non-shared bogies are coupled withScharfenberg couplers, providing three points for separation in the event of an emergency in the tunnel. The electrical supply cables between a power car and the first carriage are designed to break apart during an emergency separation. In the event of a serious fire in the tunnel the passengers would be transferred into the undamaged half of the train, which would then be uncoupled from the damaged half and driven out of the tunnel.^[43] If the undamaged part is the rear half of the train, this would be driven by the guard who is a fully authorised driver and occupies the rear driving cab in the tunnel for this purpose.^[44] Due to limitations on driving hours, the driver and guard exchange roles for the return journey.

Thearticulated design is advantageous during a derailment as the carriages will tend to stay aligned. On non-articulated trainscouplings may break and the carriages mayjackknife. A disadvantage of articulation is that it is difficult to remove and separate the individual carriages for maintenance. Although the power cars can be uncoupled, specialised depot equipment is needed to split carriages by lifting the entire train at once. Once uncoupled, one of the carriage ends is left without a bogie at the point of separation, so a bogie frame is required to support it.^{[citation needed]}

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The Class 373s use threebraking systems:

• The 12 traction motors can providedynamic braking,
• All non-powered axles havedisc brakes,
• All powered axles have tread (clasp) brakes withcast iron shoes.

A train travelling at 300 km/h (186 mph) can slow down to stop in 65 seconds, during which time thebraking distance is about 2.7 km (1.7 miles).

To combat the hypnotic effect of driving through the tunnel at speed for 20 minutes, the power cars have a very small windscreen when compared to other high-speed trains and TGVs.^[45][46][47]

There have been several minor incidents. In October 1994, there were teething problems relating to the start of operations. The first preview train, carrying 400 members of the press and media, was delayed for two hours by technical issues.^[48][49][50] On 29 May 2002, a train was accidentally routed towardsLondon Victoria instead ofLondon Waterloo, causing it to arrive 25 minutes late. The signalling error that caused the incorrect routeing was stated to have caused "no risk" as a result.^[51]

On 5 June 2000, 373101/102, while working a Paris to London service, derailed onLGV Nord near Arras, France at 180 mph (290 km/h). 14 people were treated for light injuries or shock, with no serious injuries or deaths. The articulated design was credited with maintaining stability during the incident and the train stayed upright.^[52] After investigation, the incident was blamed on a component of the transmission between the motors and axles coming loose. To reduce theunsprung mass, TGV trains have the motors mounted on the car body rather than thebogies. In order for the train to be able to manoeuvre around curves, a sliding tripod assembly is used, which became dislodged.

During the night of 18–19 December 2009, there was heavy snow causing widespread disruption to roads, railways and airports across northern Europe. Five trains, one of which was 373217 + 373218, broke down inside the Channel Tunnel because snow in the engine compartment was quickly melted by the warmer temperatures in the tunnel, the resulting water causing electrical and control system faults. Eurostar commissioned an independent report to evaluate what went wrong and how future events could be prevented or better managed.^[53] The report's recommendations included:

• Increased number of diesel rescue locomotives with exhaust filtration to be on standby at each end of the tunnel.
• Major changes to the power cars to prevent snow ingress into electrical compartments.
• Better staff training.
• Improved communication internally and with other stakeholders (Eurotunnel and emergency services).
• Better information provision to passengers.

The majority of the recommendations were implemented by 23 October 2012.^{[citation needed]}

On 30 July 2003, on the opening press run of theChannel Tunnel Rail Link Section 1, 373313/314 established a new Britishrail speed record of 334.7 km/h (208.0 mph), breaking the previous record of 261.0 km/h (162.2 mph) set by anAdvanced Passenger Train on 20 December 1979.^[54][55][13]

On 16 May 2006, 373209/210 created a record for the longest non-stop high-speed journey when it made the 1,421 km (883 mi) journey from London toCannes in 7 hours 25 minutes.^[56] This was a publicity event for theDa Vinci Code film; the train carried actorsTom Hanks andAudrey Tautou, with directorRon Howard, who had jointly named the trainThe Da Vinci Code prior to departing for thefilmpremiere at theCannes Film Festival.

On 4 September 2007, the first revenue train to useHigh Speed 1 toSt Pancras set a new speed record:^[57] it left Paris at 09:44BST and arrived at St Pancras 2 hours 3 minutes and 39 seconds later. Officials aboard recorded speeds of up to 325 km/h (202 mph) inFrance and 314 km/h (195 mph) in Britain.^[58]

On several occasions sets appeared at special events and displays, such as atLille Flandres in 1995,^[a]Rotterdam Centraal Station on 6 April 1996,^[b]Berlin-Grunewald station for Eurailspeed 1998,Madrid Chamartín railway station for Eurailspeed 2002 and at theYork National Railway Museum for the Railfest 200 celebrations in 2004.^[c]

To celebrate ten years of Eurostar service, a barge was floated down theRiver Thames in London on 16 November 2004,^[d] with a power car on board, specially painted byBen Langlands and Nikki Bell. Named"Language of Places on Eurostar" by Langlands and Bell, it consisted of the three-letter "destination codes for all the places where Eurostar goes or connects".^{[citation needed]} The barge went underTower Bridge,^{[citation needed]} past theHouses of Parliament and moored beside the museum-warshipHMS Belfast.^[64]

At the beginning of August 2015, ex North of London powercar 373308 was added to the national collection and put on display at theNational Railway Museum inYork.^[65]

In 1995,Hornby Railways launched its first version of the Eurostar inHO gauge which can be extended from four to six cars.^[66]Hornby Railways then produced aOO gauge train pack model which was released in October 1996, which again can be extended from four cars to six cars.^[67]Hornby Railways released its first OO Gauge train set of the Class 373 in 1997.^[68]

Three Capitals set in the original Eurostar livery

North of London set in GNER livery

Three Capitals set in the original Eurostar livery with SNCF branding

Three Capitals set in the new Eurostar e300 livery

• List of high-speed trains

• Marsden, Colin J. (2011).Traction Recognition (2nd ed.). Ian Allan.ISBN 978-0-7110-3494-5.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toBritish Rail Class 373.

• Perren, Brian (25 January – 7 February 1990). "BR's New European Trains".RAIL. No. 114. EMAP National Publications. pp. 6–7.ISSN 0953-4563.OCLC 49953699.

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