TheBritish Overseas Territories (BOTs) comprise fourteenterritories that maintain a constitutional or historically recognised connection with theUnited Kingdom (UK) and constitute part of its sovereign territory, yet lie outside theBritish Islands. These territories are remnants of the formerBritish Empire which remained under British sovereignty followingdecolonisation, albeit with varying constitutional statuses.[2][3][4]
The permanently inhabited territories exercise varying degrees of internalself-governance, although the UK retains ultimate constitutional oversight, and authority overdefence,foreign relations and internal security.[5][6] While three of the territories are inhabited primarily by military or scientific personnel, the remainder host substantial civilian populations. All fourteen territories recognise theBritish monarch ashead of state and oversight is primarily exercised by theForeign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO).[7] The total land area of all the BOTs make up 18,015 km2 (6,956 sq mi), roughly the size ofFiji, which was itself a formerBritish colony.[c]
Collectively, the territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people.[9] The two largest territories by population, theCayman Islands andBermuda, account for about half of the total BOT population. The Cayman Islands alone comprise 28% of the entire BOT population.[10] At the other end of the scale, three territories have no civilian inhabitants – the Antarctic Territory (currently consisting of five research stations),[11] the British Indian Ocean Territory (whose inhabitants, theChagossians, were forcibly moved toMauritius and the United Kingdom between 1968 and 1973),[12] andSouth Georgia (which actually did have a full-time population of two between 1992 and 2006).[13] ThePitcairn Islands, settled by the survivors of themutiny on theBounty, is the smallest settled territory, with 49 inhabitants (all of whom live on the titular island).[14]
Collectively, the territories encompass a land area of about 480,000 sq nmi (1,600,000 km2).[15] The vast majority of this land area constitutes the almost uninhabited British Antarctic Territory (the land area of all the territories excepting the Antarctic territory is only 18,015 km2 [6,956 sq mi]). The smallest by land area is Gibraltar, which lies on the southern tip of theIberian Peninsula.[16] The United Kingdom participates in theAntarctic Treaty System[17] and, as part of a mutual agreement, the British Antarctic Territory is recognised by four of the six othersovereign nations making claims to Antarctic territory.
The oldest territory, accidentally settled by theVirginia Company in 1609 and officially added to its Royal Charter in 1612. TheHouse of Assembly of Bermuda held its first session in 1612.
Includes seven atolls of theChagos Archipelago and the island ofDiego Garcia. Claimed byMauritius, with which an agreement to handover sovereignty was finalized in May 2025 and is pending going into effect.
Highly separatedsea-mounts running 3,642 kilometres (2,263 mi) fromequatorial Ascension Island to the small archipelago of Tristan da Cunha, having a three main islands — withGough andInaccessible Islands — and three uninhabited minorNightingale isles, these are SW ofCape Town. St Helena is about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) SE of Ascension.
A loose archipelago ofSouth Georgia with theScotia Arc chain of smaller isles, known as the South Sandwich Islands. Originally used as awhaling station, but now for just Antarctic research. Claimed byArgentina, these islands were occupied by Argentinian forces during theFalklands War in 1982.
St. George's town (originally namedNew London), in the Islands of Bermuda, or "The Somers Isles". The colony was founded by the wrecking of the flagship of theVirginia Company in 1609. The company's charter was extended to include Bermuda in 1612, and it has remained an English (since 1707,British) colony ever since. Since the rebellion ofVirginia, it has been the oldest-remaining British colony, and the town of St. George's is the oldest continuously inhabited British settlement in the New World.[44]
Early colonies, in the sense of English subjects residing in lands hitherto outside the control of the English government, were generally known asplantations.
After failed attempts, including theRoanoke Colony, the permanentEnglish colonisation of North America began officially in 1607 with the settlement ofJamestown, the first successful permanent colony inVirginia (a term that was then applied generally to North America). Its offshoot,Bermuda, was settled inadvertently after the wrecking of theVirginia Company's flagship there in 1609, with the company's charter extended to officially include the archipelago in 1612.St. George's town, founded in Bermuda in that year, remains the oldest continuously inhabited British settlement in the New World (with some historians stating that – its formation predating the 1619 conversion ofJames Fort intoJamestown – St. George's was actually the first successful town the English established in theNew World). Bermuda and Bermudians have played important, sometimes pivotal, but generally underestimated or unacknowledged roles in the shaping of the English and British transatlantic empires. These include maritime commerce, settlement of the continent and of theWest Indies, and the projection of naval power via the colony'sprivateers, among other areas.[46][47]
The growth of theBritish Empire in the 19th century, to its territorial peak in the 1920s, saw Britain acquire nearly one quarter of the world's land mass, including territories with large indigenous populations in Asia and Africa. From the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century, the larger settler colonies – in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa – first becameself-governing colonies and then achieved independence in all matters except foreign policy, defence and trade. Separate self-governing colonies federated to becomeCanada (in 1867),Australia (in 1901),South Africa (in 1910) andRhodesia (in 1965). These and other large self-governing colonies had by the 1920s become known asdominions. The dominions achieved almost full independence with theStatute of Westminster (1931).
Five of the overseas territories are in the Caribbean, as shown on the map.
After the independence ofSouthern Rhodesia (nowZimbabwe) in Africa in 1980 andBritish Honduras (nowBelize) in Central America in 1981, the last major colony that remained wasHong Kong, with a population of over 5 million.[50] With 1997 approaching, the United Kingdom and China negotiated theSino-British Joint Declaration, which led to the whole of Hong Kong becoming aspecial administrative region of China in 1997, subject to various conditions intended to guarantee the preservation of Hong Kong's capitalist economy and its way of life under British rule for at least50 years after the handover.George Town,Cayman Islands, has consequently become the largest city among the dependent territories, partly because of the constant and healthy flow of immigration to the city and the territory as a whole, which saw its population jump 26% from 2010 to 2021, the fastest population growth of any of the territories.[10]
Prior to 1 January 1983, the territories were officially referred to as theCrown Colonies. At that time they were renamedBritish Dependent Territories. In 2002, the British Parliament passed theBritish Overseas Territories Act 2002 which introduced the current name ofBritish Overseas Territories. This reclassified the UK's dependent territories asoverseas territories and, with the exception of those people solely connected with the Sovereign Base Areas on Cyprus, restored full British citizenship to their inhabitants.[51]
During theEuropean Union (EU)membership of the United Kingdom, the main body of EU law did not apply and, although certain slices of EU law were applied to the overseas territories as part of the EU's Association ofOverseas Countries and Territories (OCT Association), they were not commonly enforceable in local courts. The OCT Association also provided overseas territories with structural funding for regeneration projects.Gibraltar was the only overseas territory that was part of the EU, although it was not part of the European Customs Union, the European Tax Policy, the European Statistics Zone or the Common Agriculture Policy. Gibraltar was not a member of the EU in its own right; it received representation in theEuropean Parliament through its being part of theSouth West England constituency. Overseas citizens held concurrent European Union citizenship, giving them rights of free movement across all EU member states.
The Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus were never part of the EU, but they are the only British Overseas Territory to use theEuro as official currency, having previously had theCypriot pound as their currency until 1 January 2008.
Following the Chagos Archipelago handover agreement, the UK government is also due to introduce legislation to implement the agreement, including amending the British Nationality Act 1981 to reflect that the British Indian Ocean Territory is no longer an overseas territory following Parliament's ratification of the treaty.[53]
The head of state in the overseas territories is the British monarch, currently[when?] KingCharles III. The monarch appoints a representative in each territory to exercise the executive power of the monarch. In territories with a permanent population, a governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government. Currently (2019) all but two governors are either career diplomats or have worked in other civil service departments. The remaining two governors are former members of the British armed forces. In territories without a permanent population, a commissioner is usually appointed to represent the monarch. Exceptionally, in the overseas territories of Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha and the Pitcairn Islands, an administrator is appointed to be the governor's representative. In the territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, there is an administrator in each of the two distant parts of the territory, namelyAscension Island andTristan da Cunha. The administrator of the Pitcairn Islands resides on Pitcairn, with the governor based in New Zealand.
Following the Lords' decision inEx parte Quark, 2005, it is held that the King in exercising his authority over British Overseas Territories does not act on the advice of the government of the UK, but in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. The reserve powers of the Crown for each territory are no longer considered to be exercisable on the advice of the UK government. To comply with the court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures.[54]
The role of the governor is to act as thede factohead of state, and they are usually responsible for appointing the head of government, and senior political positions in the territory. The governor is also responsible for liaising with the UK government, and carrying out any ceremonial duties. A commissioner has the same powers as a governor, but also acts as the head of government.[55]
Although the British Government is the national government, much of governance within the territories has been delegated to local government, with all of those that have permanent populations having some degree of representative government (which was not the case forBritish Hong Kong) which have been delegated responsibility for local legislation, irrevocably guaranteed the same rights and representation they would have if born in England, representation in the nationalParliament of the United Kingdom has yet to be extended to any overseas territory. The structure of the territorial government appears to be closely correlated to the size and political development of the territory.[55]
There is no native or permanent population; therefore there is no elected government. The commissioner, supported by an administrator, runs the affairs of the territory.
There is no elected government, as there is no native settled population. TheChagossians – who wereforcibly evicted from the territory in 1971 – won aHigh Court judgement allowing them to return, but this was then overridden by anOrder in Council preventing them from returning. The final appeal to theHouse of Lords (regarding the lawfulness of the Order in Council) was decided in the government's favour, exhausting the islanders' legal options in the United Kingdom at present.
There is no elected government. The CommanderBritish Forces Cyprus acts as the territory's administrator, with a chief officer responsible for the day-to-day running of the civil government. As far as possible, laws are converged with those of the Republic of Cyprus.[56][57][58]
There are an electedmayor andIsland Council, who have the power to propose and administer local legislation. However, their decisions are subject to approval by the governor, who retains near-unlimited powers of plenary legislation on behalf of the United Kingdom government.
The government consists of an elected Legislative Council. The governor is the head of government and leads the Executive Council, consisting of appointed members made up from the Legislative Council and twoex-officio members. Governance on Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha is led by administrators who are advised by elected Island Councils.[60]
These territories have a House of Assembly, Legislative Assembly (Montserrat), with political parties. The Executive Council is usually called a cabinet and is led by apremier, who is the leader of the majority party in parliament. The governor exercises less power over local affairs and deals mostly with foreign affairs and economic issues, while the elected government controls most "domestic" concerns.[61]
The Cayman Islands has a unicameral legislature with multiple political parties. On 11 November 2020, constitutional reforms were approved which would reintroduce the islands' Governmental body as theParliament of the Cayman Islands. Other changes include giving the territory more autonomy and reducing the power of the Governor.[62]
Bermuda, settled in 1609 and self-governed since 1620, is the oldest of the Overseas Territories. The bicameralParliament consists of aSenate and aHouse of Assembly, and most executive powers have been delegated to the head of government, known as thepremier.[64]
The Turks and Caicos Islands adopted a new constitution effective 9 August 2006; their head of government now also has the titlePremier, their legislature is called theHouse of Assembly, and their autonomy has been greatly increased.[65]
Each overseas territory has its own legal system independent of the United Kingdom. The legal system is generally based onEnglish common law, with some distinctions for local circumstances. Each territory has its own attorney general and court system. For the smaller territories, the United Kingdom may appoint a UK-based lawyer or judge to work on legal cases. This is particularly important for cases involving serious crimes and where it is impossible to find a jury who will not know the defendant in a small population island.[66] Whilst many are geographically remote, the British Overseas Territories share a direct connection with elements of supervisory governance (as did the now independent Commonwealth Nations) still exercisable by the UK’s Government in London, UK.[67]
The2004 Pitcairn Islands sexual assault trial is an example of how the United Kingdom may choose to provide the legal framework for particular cases where the territory cannot do so alone.
The British overseas territories generally look after their own policing matters and have their ownpolice forces. In smaller territories, the senior officer(s) may be recruited or seconded from a UK police force, and specialist staff and equipment may be sent to assist the local force.
Some territories may have other forces beyond the main territorial police, for instance an airport police, such asAirport Security Police (Bermuda), or a defence police force, such as theGibraltar Defence Police. In addition, most territories have customs, immigration, border and coastguard agencies.
Territories with military bases or responsibilities may also have "Overseas Service Police", members of the British or Commonwealth Armed Forces.
A Joint Ministerial Council of UK ministers, and the leaders of the overseas territories has been held annually since 2012 to provide representation between UK government departments and overseas territory governments.[68][69][70]
The British Antarctic Territory overlaps with territory claims by both Argentina and Chile. However, territorial claims on the continent may not currently be advanced, under the holding measures of theAntarctic Treaty System.[71]
Gibraltar was captured from Spain in 1704 by a force led by Admiral Sir George Rooke representing the Grand Alliance on behalf of the Archduke Charles, pretender to the Spanish throne. Spanish attempts to regain the territory failed, and it was eventually ceded to theKingdom of Great Britain under the 1713Treaty of Utrecht as part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession.
TheBritish Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was the subject of a territorial dispute withMauritius, the government of which claims that the separation of theChagos Archipelago from the rest ofBritish Mauritius in 1965, three years before Mauritius was granted independence from the United Kingdom, was unlawful. The long-running dispute was referred in 2017 to theInternational Court of Justice, which issued an advisory opinion on 25 February 2019 which supported the position of the government of Mauritius. On 3 October 2024, British prime ministerKeir Starmer and Mauritian prime ministerPravind Jugnauth jointly announced that an agreement had been reached under which the UK would cede sovereignty over the territory. Under the deal, Diego Garcia will be excluded from any resettlement, and the UK will continue to administer the island for at least 99 years.[72][73]
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
Of the eleven territories with a permanent population, all except theSovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia inCyprus continue to be listed by theUN Special Committee on Decolonization asnon-self-governing territories since they were listed as dependent territories by the UK when it joined the UN in 1945. This means that the UK remains the official administrative power of these territories, and under Article 73 is therefore required "to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions."[74]
Historically theSecretary of State for the Colonies and theColonial Office were responsible for overseeing all British Colonies, but today theForeign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) has the responsibility of looking after the interests of all overseas territories except the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, which comes under the jurisdiction of theMinistry of Defence.[76][77] Within the FCDO, the general responsibility for the territories is handled by the Overseas Territories Directorate.[78]
In 2012, the FCO publishedThe Overseas Territories: security, success and sustainability which set out Britain's policy for the Overseas Territories, covering six main areas:[79]
Defence, security and safety of the territories and their people
Successful and resilient economies
Cherishing the environment
Making government work better
Vibrant and flourishing communities
Productive links with the wider world
Britain and the Overseas Territories do not have diplomatic representations, although the governments of the overseas territories with indigenous populations all retain a representative office in London. TheUnited Kingdom Overseas Territories Association (UKOTA) also represents the interests of the territories in London. The governments in both London and territories occasionally meet to mitigate or resolve disagreements over the process of governance in the territories and levels of autonomy.[80]
Britain provides financial assistance to the overseas territories via the FCDO (previously theDepartment for International Development). As of 2019, only Montserrat, Saint Helena, Pitcairn and Tristan da Cunha receive budgetary aid (i.e. financial contribution to recurrent funding).[81] Several specialist funds are made available by the UK, including:
The Good Government Fund which provides assistance on government administration;
The Economic Diversification Programme Budget which aim to diversify and enhance the economic bases of the territories.
The territories have no official representation in the UK Parliament, but have informal representation through theall-party parliamentary group,[82] and canpetition the UK government through theDirectgov e-Petitions website.[83]
On 29 January 2024, theChief Minister of GibraltarFabian Picardo addressed the House of Commons Procedure Committee, discussing Gibraltar's representation in the UK Parliament. He highlighted that the UK Government's "Votes for Life" policy now allows all Gibraltarians who have previously lived in the UK, such as students, to register to vote in UK general elections, regardless of how long ago they lived there. However, Picardo noted that there is currently no formal mechanism to ensure Gibraltar's interests are represented under the constituency system, relying instead on the voluntary interest of individual MPs, such as those in the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Gibraltar. He acknowledged the challenge of balancing Westminster representation with Gibraltar's self-governance but suggested that the evolving devolution landscape could provide a framework for addressing this issue.[86]
Although theCrown Dependencies ofJersey,Guernsey and theIsle of Man are also under thesovereignty of theBritish monarch, they are in a different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom.[87][88] The British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are themselves distinct from theCommonwealth realms, a group of 15 independent countries (including the United Kingdom) sharingCharles III asmonarch andhead of state, and from theCommonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of 56 countries mostly with historic links to the British Empire (which also includes all Commonwealth realms). Notably, while not independent Commonwealth realms, the territories are separately represented at theCommonwealth Games on the same basis as independent nation members, as are the three Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and Isle of Man.
Most countries do not recognise the sovereignty claims of any other country, including Britain's, to Antarctica and its off-shore islands. Five nations contest, with counter-claims, the UK's sovereignty in the following overseas territories:
Thousands ofGibraltarians dress in their national colours of red and white during the 2013Gibraltar National Day celebrations. Gibraltarians were the only group of overseas territories residents who could apply for full British citizenship without restrictions before 2002.
From 1949 to 1983, the nationality status ofCitizenship of UK and Colonies (CUKC) was shared by residents of the UK proper and residents of overseas territories, although most residents of overseas territories lost their automatic right to live in the UK after the ratification ofCommonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 that year unless they were born in the UK proper or had a parent or a grandparent born in the UK.[90] In 1983, CUKC status of residents of overseas territories without the right of abode in the UK was replaced by British Dependent Territories citizenship (BDTC) in the newly mintedBritish Nationality Act 1981, a status that does not come with it the right of abode in the UK or any overseas territory. For these residents, registration as full British citizens then required physical residence in the UK proper. There were only two exceptions: Falkland Islanders, who were automatically granted British citizenship, and with the Falkland Islands treated as a part of the UK proper through the enactment ofBritish Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 due to theFalklands War with Argentina; and Gibraltarians, who were given the special entitlement to be registered as British citizens upon request without further conditions because of its individual membership in theEuropean Economic Area and theEuropean Economic Community.[91]
Five years after thehandover of Hong Kong to China in 1997, the British government amended the 1981 Act to give British citizenship without restrictions to all BDTCs (the status was also renamed BOTC at the same time) except for those solely connected withAkrotiri and Dhekelia (whose residents already heldCypriot citizenship).[92] This restored the right of abode in the UK to residents of overseas territories after a 34-year hiatus from 1968 to 2002.
Defence of the overseas territories is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. Many of the overseas territories are used as military bases by the United Kingdom- and its allies:
Bermuda – became the primaryRoyal Navy base in North America, following US independence, and designated anImperial fortress. The naval establishment included an admiralty, adockyard, and a naval squadron. A considerablemilitary garrison was built up to protect it, and Bermuda, which the British government came to see as a base, rather than as a colony, was known asFortress Bermuda, and theGibraltar of the West (Bermudians, like Gibraltarians, also dub their territory "The Rock").[93] Canada and the United States also established bases in Bermuda during the Second World War, which were maintained through theCold War. Four air bases were located in Bermuda during the Second World War (operated by the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy,United States Navy andUnited States Army /United States Army Air Forces). Since 1995, thenaval and military force in Bermuda has been reduced to the localterritorial battalion, theRoyal Bermuda Regiment.
British Indian Ocean Territory – the island ofDiego Garcia is home to a large naval base and airbase leased to the United States by the United Kingdom until 2036 (unless renewed). There are British forces in small numbers in the BIOT for administrative and immigration purposes.
Gibraltar – Historically designated (along with Bermuda,Malta, andHalifax, Nova Scotia) as an Imperial fortress.British Forces Gibraltar included aRoyal Navy Dockyard, HM Dockyard, Gibraltar, nowGibdock (also used by the Royal Navy),RAF Gibraltar – used by the RAF and NATO and a local infantry garrison – theRoyal Gibraltar Regiment, which is part of the British Army. Spain, even though a member of NATO itself, has banned all visits to Gibraltar by non-UK craft. Even RAF UK fighter aircraft are banned and only transport planes permitted.
Cayman Islands – TheCayman Islands Regiment is the home defence unit of the Cayman Islands. It is a single territorial infantry battalion of the British Armed Forces that was formed in 2020.[95]
Turks and Caicos – TheTurks and Caicos Islands Regiment is the home defence unit of the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands. It is a single territorial infantry battalion of the British Armed Forces that was formed in 2020, similar to the Cayman Regiment.[96]
As overseas territories came under the administration of the British Empire, a number of towns and villages began to request formal recognition to validate their importance, and would be accorded a status if deemed to be deserving such as aborough or as a more prestigiouscity by the monarch. Many cities were designated over several centuries, and asAnglican dioceses began to be created internationally from the 18th century, the process of city creation became aligned to that used in England, being linked to the presence of acathedral. Later on, this process became untenable and other selection criteria and royal occasions were used instead. However, mainly from the 20th century onwards, increasing levels of states becoming fully independent caused the numbers of remaining cities to reduce substantially.[97]
Since the secondMillennium, competitions have been arranged by the UK government to grant city status to settlements. In 2021,submissions for city status were invited to mark thePlatinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II, with Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories being allowed to take part for the first time.[98] In the Overseas Territories, the applicants were George Town (in the Cayman Islands), Gibraltar and Stanley (in the Falkland Islands).[99] It was later discovered that Gibraltar had been previously named a city, researchers atThe National Archives confirming that Gibraltar's city status was still in effect, with the territory missing from the official list of cities for the past 140 years.[100] Stanley was later granted the honour, and alongsideHamilton, Bermuda, andJamestown, St Helena, making a present total of four cities.[101]
Most of the languages other than English spoken in the territories contain a large degree of English, either as a root language, or incode-switching, e.g. Yanito. They include:
Yanito (English and Spanish) or Spanish, Arabic, Hebrew, Hindi (Gibraltar)
The 14 British overseas territories use a varied assortment of currencies, including the Euro, British pound, United States dollar, New Zealand dollar, or their own currencies, which may be pegged to one of these.
Falkland Islands pound(parity with pound sterling) Pound sterling (widely circulated and accepted universally)[102] Euro (accepted unofficially in most establishments)[102] United States dollar (accepted unofficially in most establishments)[102]
Overseas Territories flags in Parliament Square in 2013
Each overseas territory has been granted its own flag and coat of arms by the British monarch. Traditionally, the flags follow theBlue Ensign design, with theUnion Flag in thecanton, and the territory's coat of arms in the fly. Exceptions to this are Bermuda which uses aRed Ensign; British Antarctic Territory which uses aWhite Ensign, but without the overall cross of St. George; British Indian Ocean Territory which uses a Blue Ensign with wavy lines to symbolise the sea; and Gibraltar which uses a banner of itscoat of arms (theflag of the city of Gibraltar).
TheGibraltar national football team was accepted intoUEFA in 2013 in time for the 2016 European Championships. It has been accepted byFIFA and went into the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying, where they achieved 0 points.[115][116]
Gibraltar has hosted and competed in theIsland Games, most recently in 2023.
The British Overseas Territories have more biodiversity than the entire UK mainland.[117] There are at least 180endemic plant species in the overseas territories as opposed to only 12 on the UK mainland. Responsibility for protection of biodiversity and meeting obligations under international environmental conventions is shared between the UK Government and the local governments of the territories.[118]
In January 2016, the UK government announced the intention to create a marine protected area aroundAscension Island. The protected area would be 234,291 square kilometres (90,460 sq mi), half of which would be closed to fishing.[125]
^"God Save the King" is thenational anthem by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events.[1] The wordsKing, he, him, his, used at present, are replaced byQueen, she, her when the monarch is female.
^"Supporting the Overseas Territories". UK Government.Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved8 November 2014.There are 14 Overseas Territories which retain a constitutional link with the UK. .... Most of the Territories are largely self-governing each with its own constitution and its own government, which enacts local laws. Although the relationship is rooted in four centuries of shared history, the UK government's relationship with its Territories today is a modern one, based on mutual benefits and responsibilities. The foundations of this relationship are partnership, shared values and the right of the people of each territory to choose to freely choose whether to remain a British Overseas Territory or to seek an alternative future.
^"British Overseas Territories Law".Hart Publishing.Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved19 June 2020.Most, if not all, of these territories are likely to remain British for the foreseeable future, and many have agreed modern constitutional arrangements with the British Government.
^"Representing the Overseas Territories in the UK Parliament and Government".UK Parliament (House of Commons Library). UK Government. 7 February 2023.Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved14 January 2024.All the Territories have a UK-appointed Governor, who generally holds responsibility for managing the Territory's external affairs, defence and internal security like the police, and often the power to make or veto laws.......As a matter of constitutional law, the UK Parliament has unlimited power to legislate for the Territories. However, passing legislation for the Territories is rare.
^Leonard, Tom (11 June 2009)."British anger over Bermuda decision to take Guantanamo detainees".The Telegraph.Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved22 April 2017.We've underlined to the Bermuda Government that they should have consulted with the United Kingdom as to whether this falls within their competence or is a security issue, for which the Bermuda Government do not have delegated responsibility. We have made clear to the Bermuda Government the need for a security assessment, which we are now helping them to carry out, and we will decide on further steps as appropriate.
^"What is the British Constitution: The Primary Structures of the British State". The Constitution Society. Archived fromthe original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved15 November 2014.The United Kingdom also manages a number of territories which, while mostly having their own forms of government, have the Queen as their head of state, and rely on the UK for defence and security, foreign affairs and representation at the international level. They do not form part of the UK, but have an ambiguous constitutional relationship with the UK.
^Jarvis, Michael J. (2012).In the eye of all trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the maritime Atlantic world, 1680–1783. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.ISBN978-0-8078-7284-0.
^Jarvis, Michael J. (17 August 2022)."In the Eye of All Trade".University of North Carolina Press.Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved1 December 2023.
^"Population".Census and Statistics Department. Hong Kong Statistics.Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved12 July 2013.
^British Overseas Territories Act 2002Archived 24 June 2010 at theWayback Machine (text online): S. 3: "Any person who, immediately before the commencement of this section, is a British overseas territories citizen shall, on the commencement of this section, become a British citizen."
^Clegg, Peter (2012). "The Turks and Caicos Islands: Why Does the Cloud Still Hang?".Social and Economic Studies.61 (1):23–47.ISSN0037-7651.JSTOR41803738.
^Bromby, M. The Cayman Islands: Paradoxes of Insularity in the Caribbean and Other British Overseas Territories. Liverpool Law Rev 42, 35–49 (2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-020-09261-0
^Bossano, Joseph J. (1994)."The Decolonization of Gibraltar".Fordham International Law Journal.18 (5): 1641.Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved31 May 2022 – via The Berkeley Electronic Press.
^[1]Archived 5 August 2012 atarchive.todayAny person who, immediately before the commencement of this section, is a British overseas territories citizen shall, on the commencement of this section, become a British citizen.
^Beckett, J.V. (2005).City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Historical urban studies. Aldershot, UK / Burlington, VT: Ashgate.ISBN978-0-7546-5067-6.
^Commemorative UK Pounds and Stamps issued in GBP have been issued. Sources:"Unusual Coins & Notes".Joels Coins.Archived from the original on 3 June 2012,"BIOT Post Office".biotpostoffice.com.Archived from the original on 27 April 2012.
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