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British Mauritius

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Coordinates:20°12′S57°30′E / 20.2°S 57.5°E /-20.2; 57.5

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British colony in Africa from 1810 to 1968

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20°12′S57°30′E / 20.2°S 57.5°E /-20.2; 57.5

Mauritius

1810–1968

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: Stella Clavisque Maris Indici (Latin)
("Star and Key of the Indian Ocean")

Anthem: God Save the Queen (1837–1901; 1952–1968)
God Save the King (1810–1837; 1901–1952)

Location of the Crown Colony of Mauritius

Status

Crown colony

Capital

Port Louis

Common languages

Mauritian Creoles,English,French,Bhojpuri

Religion

Hinduism
Christianity

Governor

• 1810–1823

Robert Townsend Farquhar

• 1962–1968

John Shaw Rennie

Chief Minister

• 1961–1968

Seewoosagur Ramgoolam

Legislature

Legislative Assembly

History

• Established

3 December 1810

• Treaty of Paris

30 May 1814

• Seychelles separated as aCrown colony

1903

• Agreement between the British and the French forTromelin Island

1954

• Detachment of theChagos Archipelago andBIOT formed

8 November 1965

• Independence

12 March 1968

Currency

Mauritian dollar (1820–1877)
Mauritian rupee (1877–1968)

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Isle de France

Crown Colony of Seychelles
British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius

Today part of

Mauritius
Seychelles
British Indian Ocean Territory
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Tromelin Island)

Mauritius was aCrown colony off the southeast coast of Africa. Formerly part of theFrench colonial empire, British rule in Mauritius was establishedde facto with theinvasion of Isle de France in November 1810, andde jure by the subsequentTreaty of Paris. British rule ended on 12 March 1968, whenMauritius became an independent country.

History

[edit]

Isle de France, which consisted of Mauritius and some other islands had been under French rule since 1715. However, during theNapoleonic Wars, despite the French naval victory in theBattle of Grand Port on 20–27 August 1810,Mauritius was captured on 3 December 1810 by the British under CommodoreJosias Rowley. British possession of the island was confirmed four years later by theTreaty of Paris in 1814. Nonetheless, French institutions, including theNapoleonic Code of law, were maintained, and the French language was still more widely used than English.

TheBritish administration, withRobert Townsend Farquhar as the first governor, brought about rapid social and economic changes. One of the most important was the abolition of slavery on 1 February 1835. Around 3,000Franco-Mauritian planters received their share of the British government's compensation of 20 million pounds sterling (£20m) for the liberation of about 20,000 slaves, who had been imported from Africa and Madagascar during the French occupation.^[1]^[2]

TheMauritian Creole people trace their origins to the plantation owners and slaves who worked in the sugar fields.Indo-Mauritians are descended from Indian immigrants who arrived in the 19th century via theAapravasi Ghat in order to work as indentured labourers after slavery was abolished. Included in the Indo-Mauritian community are Muslims (about 17% of the population) from the Indian subcontinent. In 1885,a new constitution was introduced. The1886 Mauritian general election was the first to be held under the new constitution, but with a strict property franchise that allowed just over one percent of the population to vote. The Franco-Mauritian elite controlled nearly all of the large sugar estates and was active in business and banking. As the Indian population became numerically dominant and the voting franchise was extended, political power shifted from theFranco-Mauritians and their Creole allies to the Indo-Mauritians.

Conflicts arose between the Indian community (mostly sugarcane labourers) and the Franco-Mauritians in the 1920s, leading to several (mainly Indian) deaths. Following this, theMauritius Labour Party was founded in 1936 byMaurice Curé to safeguard the interest of the labourers. Curé was succeeded a year later byEmmanuel Anquetil, who tried to gain the support of the port workers and was thus exiled to the island of Rodrigues in 1938.^[3] After his death,Guy Rozemont took over the leadership of the party. Following theUba riots of 1937 the local British government instituted significant reforms that un-banned labour unions, improved channels of arbitration between labourers and employers, and improved working conditions.^[4]^[5] However even deadlier riots broke out again in 1943 which became known as theBelle Vue Harel Massacre.^[6]

In the period just before the official declaration of independence and hand over of power to an independent government the island was rocked by a series of ethnic riots such as the1965 Mauritius race riots,August 1967 riots andten day period of violent riots (January 1968) that resulted from ethnic tensions.

References

[edit]

^D., M."The Ignominious Slave Trade". Mauritius Times. Retrieved2013-03-01.
^Manning, Sanchez."Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after abolition".The Independent. Retrieved2013-02-24.
^Napal, D."The Strikes of 1938". Mauritius Times. Retrieved2020-07-25.
^Storey, William Kelleher (1995). "Small-Scale Sugar Cane Farmers and Biotechnology in Mauritius: The "Uba" Riots of 1937".Agricultural History.69 (2):163–176.JSTOR 3744263.
^Croucher, Richard; Mcilroy, John (2013-07-01)."Mauritius 1937: The Origins of a Milestone in Colonial Trade Union Legislation".Labor History.54 (3):223–239.doi:10.1080/0023656X.2013.804268. Retrieved2018-08-18.
^Peerthum, Satteeanund."Tribute to the Martyrs of Belle Vue Harel". lexpress.mu. L'Express. Retrieved2003-09-03.

External links

[edit]

Media related toBritish Mauritius at Wikimedia Commons

FormerBritish Empire and currentBritish Overseas Territories

Legend: Former territory; Current territory; *CurrentCommonwealth realm; ^†Current member of theCommonwealth of Nations

Europe
Corsica 1794–1796 Gibraltar since 1713 Heligoland 1807–1890 Ionian Islands 1809–1864 Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800(integrated into the UK) Free State 1921–1931 ^†Malta Protectorate 1800–1813 Colony 1813–1964 Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

Basutoland (^†Lesotho) 1868–1966
Bechuanaland (^†Botswana) 1884–1966
Cameroons¹³ 1919–1961
Cape Colony 1795–1803
Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
Central Africa 1891–1907
East Africa 1895–1920
Egypt 1882–1922
^†The Gambia 1816–1965
Gold Coast (^†Ghana) 1874–1957
^†Kenya 1920–1963
Lagos 1862–1906
Madeira 1807–1808
^†Mauritius 1810–1968
Natal 1856–1910
Niger Coast 1884–1900
^†Nigeria 1914–1960
Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
Northern Rhodesia¹⁵ 1924–1964
Nyasaland 1891–1964
Orange River 1900–1910
^†Seychelles 1903–1976
^†Sierra Leone 1792–1961
Somaliland 1884–1960
^†South Africa 1910–1931
South-West Africa¹² 1915–1931
Southern Rhodesia¹⁴ 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
^†Swaziland 1893–1968
Sudan 1899–1956
Tanganyika¹³ 1922–1961
Transvaal 1900–1910
^†Uganda 1890–1962
Zanzibar 1890–1963
Zululand 1887–1897

¹²Now^†Namibia
¹³League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of^†Cameroon andNigeria, while Tanganyika is part of^†Tanzania.
¹⁴Self-governing Southern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared independence in 1965 (asRhodesia) and continued as anunrecognised state until the 1979Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
¹⁵Now^†Zambia

Asia

Aden Colony 1839–1967
Afghanistan 1839–1842
- Protectorate 1879–1919
Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part ofCyprus)
Bencoolen 1685–1824
Banka andBilliton 1812–1824
Bengal 1757–1947
Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
Borneo 1874–1963
British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part ofMauritius andSeychelles)²⁶
Burma 1824–1948
^†Brunei 1888–1984
^†Ceylon 1795–1948
^†Cyprus 1878–1960
Hong Kong 1841–1997
^†India¹⁸ 1858–1947
Java 1811–1816
Kuwait 1918–1961
Labuan 1848–1946
Malaya 1819–1826
- Federated States 1895–1946
- Unfederated States 1885–1946
- Union 1946–1948
- Federation 1948–1957
Malacca 1824–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
^†Maldives 1796–1965
Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
Mesopotamia¹⁹ 1920–1932
Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
North Borneo 1882–1963
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
Palestine¹⁹ 1923–1948
Penang 1786–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1957
Pulo Condore 1702–1705
Sarawak 1841–1946
- Crown Colony 1946–1963
^†Singapore 1946–1963
South Vietnam 1945–1946
Straits Settlements 1826–1946
Transjordan 1921–1946
Trucial States 1892–1971
Weihai 1898–1930

¹⁸Now^†India,^†Pakistan and^†Bangladesh
¹⁹League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by theAnglo-Iraqi Treaty
²⁶Legitimacy of territorial establishmentdisputed

North America

Anguilla since 1650
*Antigua 1632–1860
*Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
^†*Bahamas 1670–1973
^†Barbados 1624–1966
Bay Islands 1643–1860
^†*Belize 1871–1981
Bermuda since 1619
British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
British Columbia 1858–1866
- 1866–1871
Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
^†Dominica 1763–1978
East Florida 1763–1783
^†*Grenada 1762–1974
^†*Canada
- Lower 1791–1841
- Upper 1791–1841
- Province 1841–1867
- Dominion 1867–1931
Carolina 1663–1712
Cayman Islands since 1670
Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
Connecticut 1636–1776
Delaware 1701–1776
East Jersey 1674–1702
Georgia 1733–1776
^†*Jamaica 1655–1962
Leeward Islands 1671–1816, 1833–1960
Massachusetts Bay 1629–1691
- Province, 1691–1776
Maryland 1632–1776
Montserrat since 1632
Mosquito Coast 1655–1860
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New Albion 1579
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North-Western Territory 1859–1870
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Paulet affair 1843
Prince Edward Island 1763–1873
Pennsylvania 1681–1776
Plymouth 1620–1691
Quebec 1763–1791*Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
Rhode Island 1636–1776
Rupert's Land 1670–1870
Saint Croix 1625–1650
Saint Kitts 1623–1983
^†*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
^†*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
^†*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
Saybrook 1635–1644
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Stickeen 1862–1863
^†Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
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Vancouver Island 1849–1866
Virgin Islands since 1666
Virginia 1607–1776
West Florida 1763–1783
West Indies Federation 1958–1962
- Associated States 1967–1983
West Jersey 1674–1702
Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America
Providence Island 1631–1641 Willoughbyland 1651–1667 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands⁴ 1670–1688 ^†Guiana 1831–1966
⁴Now adepartment ofColombia

Oceania

New South Wales 1788–1901
Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
Auckland Islands²⁰ 1807–1863
New Hebrides²¹ 1824–1980
Queensland 1824–1901
Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
South Australia 1836–1901
Pitcairn Islands since 1838
New Zealand 1841–1907
North Australia 1846–1847
Victoria 1851–1901
^†Fiji 1874–1970
Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
Papua 1884–1902
Rarotonga/Cook Islands²⁰ 1888–1901
Union Islands²⁰ 1889–1948
Gilbert and Ellice Islands²² 1892–1979
^†*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
^†Tonga 1900–1970
Niue²⁰ 1900–1974
^†*Australia 1901–1942
^†*New Zealand 1907–1947
^†Samoa 1914–1962
^†Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

²⁰Now part of the^†Realm of New Zealand
²¹Now^†Vanuatu
²²Now^†Kiribati and^†*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

Saint Helena²³ since 1658
Ascension Island²³ since 1815
Tristan da Cunha²³ since 1816
Falkland Islands⁵ since 1833
^†Australian Antarctic Territory(transferred to theCommonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
^†Ross Dependency(transferred to theRealm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
British Antarctic Territory²⁴ since 1908
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands²⁵ since 1908

⁵Occupied by Argentina during theFalklands War of April–June 1982.
²³Since 2009 part ofSaint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
²⁴Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under theAntarctic Treaty.
²⁵Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

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References

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