 The Jubilee Trophy, awarded from 1935 onward. | |
| Founded | 1884 |
|---|---|
| Abolished | 1984 |
| Region | British Isles |
| Teams | 4 |
| Qualifier for | FIFA World Cup (1950–54) European Championship (1968) |
| Related competitions | Rous Cup 2011 Nations Cup |
| Last champions |  Northern Ireland (1983–84) |
| Most championships |  England (54 titles) |
TheBritish Home Championship[a] (historically known as theBritish International Championship or simply theInternational Championship) was an annualfootball competition contested between the United Kingdom's four national teams:England,Scotland,Wales, andIreland (the last of whom competed asNorthern Ireland starting from the late 1950s). Beginning during the 1883–84 season, it is the oldest international association football tournament in the world and it was contested until the 1983–84 season, when it was abolished after 100 years.
Thefirst international association football match, between Scotland and England, took place in November 1872. Following that contest, a schedule of international matches between the four home nations gradually developed, the games taking place between January and April of each year. In 1884, for the first time, all six possible matches were played. This schedule (the climax usually being theEngland v Scotland fixture, the outcome of which was often pivotal in determining the champion) continued without interruption until theFirst World War.
| Year | England v Scotland | Scotland v Wales | England v Wales | England v Ireland | Wales v Ireland | Scotland v Ireland |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1872 | November | |||||
| 1873 | March | |||||
| 1874 | March | |||||
| 1875 | March | |||||
| 1876 | March | March | ||||
| 1877 | March | March | ||||
| 1878 | March | March | ||||
| 1879 | April | April | January | |||
| 1880 | March | March | March | |||
| 1881 | March | March | February | |||
| 1882 | March | March | March | February | February | |
| 1883 | March | March | February | February | March | |
| 1884 | March | March | March | February | February | January |
| 1885 | March | March | March | February | April | March |
Recognition of the international season as constituting a single tournament came slowly. Early reports focused on the rivalries between the two teams in each match, rather than any overall title.[2] Talk of a "championship" began to emerge gradually during the 1890s,[3][4] with some writers suggesting the use of a league table between the nations, with 2 points for a win and 1 point for a draw (as had been in use for theFootball League since 1888).[5][6] By 1908 a list of "International Champions" extending all the way back to 1884 was published.[7]
The championship, although increasingly recognised as such, had no official prize until 1935 (see below), when a trophy for the "British International Championship" was created in honour of the silver jubilee of King George V.[8]
The dates of the fixtures varied, but they tended to bunch towards the end of the season (sometimes the entire competition was held in a few days at the end of the season), except between the World Wars, when some fixtures were played before Christmas. The rise of other international competitions, especially theWorld Cup andEuropean Championships, meant that the British Home Championship lost much of its prestige as the years went on.
However, the new international tournaments meant that the Championship took on added importance in certain years. The 1949–50 and 1953–54 Championships doubled up as qualifying groups for the1950 and1954 World Cups respectively, and the results of the 1966–67 and 1967–68 Championships were used to determine which team would progress to the second qualifying round ofEuro 1968.
The British Home Championship was discontinued after the 1983–84 competition. There were a number of reasons for the tournament's demise, including it being overshadowed by theWorld Cup andEuropean Championships, falling attendances at all but the England v Scotland games, fixture congestion, the rise ofhooliganism,the Troubles in Northern Ireland (civil unrest led to the 1980–81 competition being abandoned), and England's desire to play against "stronger" teams. The fate of the competition was settled when the (English) Football Association, swiftly followed by the Scottish Football Association, announced in 1983 that they would not be entering after the 1983–84 Championship. The British Home Championship trophy remains the property of the Irish FA, as Northern Ireland were the most recent champions.
The Championship was replaced by the smallerRous Cup, which involved just England, Scotland and, in later years, an invited guest team from South America. That competition, however, ended after just five years.
Since then, there have been many proposals to resurrect the British Home Championship, with advocates pointing to rising attendances and a significant downturn in football-related violence. The Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish football associations are keen on the idea, but the English association are less enthusiastic, claiming that they agree in principle, but that fixture congestion makes a revived tournament impractical.
Therefore, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales and the Irish Football Association, with the Republic of Ireland'sFootball Association of Ireland, pressed ahead and organised a tournament similar to the British Home Championship. TheNations Cup, between Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and theRepublic of Ireland, was launched inDublin in 2011. It was discontinued after one tournament because of poor attendance.[9]
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Each team played every other team once (making for a total of three matches per team and six matches in total). Generally, each team played either one or two matches at home and the remainder away, with home advantage between two teams alternating each year (so if England played Scotland at home one year, they played them away the next).
A team received two points for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. The team with the most points was declared the winner. If two or more teams were equal on points, that position in the league table was shared (as was the Championship if it occurred between the top teams). In 1956, uniquely, all teams finished with the same number of points, leading to the Championship being shared between all four home nations. From the 1978–79 Championship onwards, however, goal difference (total goals scored minus total goals conceded) was used to differentiate between teams level on points. If goal difference was equal, then total goals scored was used.
For over 50 years the tournament had no trophy. In 1935, a trophy was presented toKing George V by theFootball Association in recognition of the monarch's silver jubilee.[8] It was first awarded, as the "Jubilee Trophy", to Scotland, victors of the 1935–36 competition.[10] The trophy was of solidsilver, consisting of a pedestal supporting a football surmounted by a winged figure. It bore the words "British International Championship".[8]
As winners of the final tournament,Northern Ireland retained the trophy, but for many years had no suitable venue in which to display it. It was exhibited in theScottish Football Museum[11] and then theNational Football Museum in Manchester.[12] In 2018 it was finally put in display at theNorthern Ireland Education and Heritage Centre at theNational Stadium.[13]
The Scotland v England match of 5 April 1902 became known as theIbrox Disaster of 1902. The match took place at Ibrox Park (nowIbrox Stadium) inGlasgow. During the first half, a section of the terracing in the overcrowded West Stand collapsed, killing 25 and injuring over 500. Play was stopped, but was restarted after 20 minutes, with most of the crowd not knowing what had happened. The match was later declared void and replayed atVilla Park, Birmingham.
The1949–50 British Home Championship was used as a qualification group for the1950 FIFA World Cup, with the teams finishing both first and second qualifying. England and Scotland were guaranteed the top two places and World Cup qualification with one match to go, when the Scottish Football Association declared that it would only go to the 1950 World Cup if they were the British champions. Scotland played England atHampden Park on 15 April in the final game and lost 1–0 to a goal byChelsea'sRoy Bentley. Scotland finished second and withdrew from what would have been their first-ever World Cup appearance.
The1953–54 British Home Championship was used as a qualification group for the1954 FIFA World Cup, with England and Scotland both qualifying.
The 1966–67 British Home Championship was the first since England's victory at theWorld Cup 1966. Naturally, England were favourites for the Championship title. In the end, the outcome of the entire Championship rested on the final game: England v Scotland atWembley Stadium in London on 15 April. If England won or drew, they would win the Championship; if Scotland won, they would triumph. Scotland beat the World Cup winners 3–2. The match was followed by a large, but relatively harmless,pitch invasion by the jubilant Scottish fans, who were quick towaggishly declare Scotland the "World Champions", as the game was England's first defeat since winning the World Cup. The Scots' joke ultimately led to the conception of theUnofficial Football World Championships.
One of the qualifying groups for the1968 UEFA European Football Championship was formed by combining the results of the1966–67 and1967–68 editions of the British Home Championship. The group winners were England, who advanced to theUEFA Euro 1968 quarter-finals where they defeatedSpain to qualify for the final tournament, hosted by Italy.[14]
Again, the 1976–77 Championship came down to the final game between England and Scotland at Wembley on 4 June. Scotland won the game 2–1, making them champions. As in 1967, a pitch invasion by the overjoyed Scottish fans followed, but this time vandalism ensued: the pitch was ripped up and taken back to Scotland in small pieces,[15] along with one of the broken crossbars.[16]
The Troubles in Northern Ireland had affected the British Home Championship before, with things turning so hostile that Northern Ireland often had to play their "home" games inLiverpool orGlasgow. The entire 1980–81 Championship was held in May 1981, which coincided with a large amount of civil unrest in Northern Ireland surroundingthe hunger strike inthe Maze Prison. Northern Ireland's two home matches, against England and Wales, were not moved, so both teams refused to travel toBelfast to play. As not all the matches were completed, that year's competition was declared void with no winner; only Scotland completed all their matches. It was the only time in the Championship's history, apart from duringWorld War I andWorld War II, that it was not awarded.
The Home Championships came to an end, with England and Scotland announcing that the1983–84 British Home Championship would be their last. They cited waning interest in the games, crowded international fixture lists and a sharp rise inhooliganism for their decision. The final match of the competition was held atHampden Park between Scotland and England, with either able to take the title if they won the match; however, it ended in a 1–1 draw, allowing Northern Ireland to win the Championship on goal difference after all the teams ended on three points each; Wales came second on goals scored.
| Team | Wins total | Wins outright | Shared wins |
|---|---|---|---|
| England | 54 | 34 | 20 |
 Scotland | 41 | 24 | 17 |
 Wales | 12 | 7 | 5 |
 Ireland[c] | 8 | 3 | 5 |
Exclude1945–46 British Victory Home Championship and1980–81 British Home Championship.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | England | 54 | 22 | 6 | 82 |
| 2 | Scotland | 41 | 25 | 15 | 81 |
| 3 |  Wales | 12 | 15 | 33 | 60 |
| 4 | Northern Ireland | 8 | 7 | 31 | 46 |
| Totals (4 entries) | 115 | 69 | 85 | 269 | |
88 (+1 (1980–81)) editions But have many Shared Medals.
Exclude1945–46 British Victory Home Championship but Include1980–81 British Home Championship.
| Rank | Team | Part | M | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | England | 89 | 266 | 161 | 56 | 49 | 661 | 282 | +379 | 378 |
| 2 | Scotland | 89 | 267 | 141 | 57 | 69 | 574 | 342 | +232 | 339 |
| 3 | Wales | 89 | 266 | 70 | 62 | 134 | 360 | 545 | -185 | 202 |
| 4 | Northern Ireland | 89 | 265 | 48 | 49 | 168 | 284 | 710 | -426 | 145 |
Altogether England had an exceptionally successful season, winning all three matches, but especial care was taken that no chance of turning the tables on Scotland should be lost
[O]n the result of the match in question the championship depended
England and Scotland will meet on Saturday to play for the international championship
