 Provence in harbor | |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Builders | |
| Preceded by | Courbet class |
| Succeeded by |
|
| Built | 1912–1916 |
| In commission | 1916–1953 |
| Planned | 4 |
| Completed | 3 |
| Lost | 2 |
| Retired | 1 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Battleship |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | 166 m (544 ft 7 in) |
| Beam | 26.9 m (88 ft 3 in) |
| Draft | 9.8 m (32 ft 2 in) |
| Installed power | 18–24boilers; 29,000 shp (22,000 kW) |
| Propulsion | 4 shafts; steam turbines |
| Speed | 20knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Range | 4,600 nmi (8,500 km; 5,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Crew |
|
| Armament |
|
| Armor |
|
TheBretagne-class battleships were the first "super-dreadnoughts" built for theFrench Navy during theFirst World War. The class comprised three vessels:Bretagne, thelead ship,Provence, andLorraine. They were an improvement of the previousCourbet class, and mounted ten 340 mm (13.4 in) guns instead of twelve 305 mm (12 in) guns as on theCourbets. A fourth was ordered by theGreek Navy, though work was suspended due to the outbreak of the war. The three completed ships were named after French provinces.
The three ships saw limited service during World War I, and were primarily occupied with containing the Austro-Hungarian Navy in theAdriatic Sea. After the war, they conducted training cruises in the Mediterranean and participated innon-intervention patrols off Spain during theSpanish Civil War. After the outbreak ofWorld War II, the ships were tasked with convoy duties and anti-commerce raider patrols until the fall of France in June 1940.Bretagne andProvence were sunk by the BritishRoyal Navy during theAttack on Mers-el-Kébir the following month;Provence was later raised and towed toToulon, where she was againscuttled in November 1942.Lorraine was disarmed by the British in Alexandria and recommissioned in 1942 to serve with theFree French Naval Forces. She provided gunfire support duringOperation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France, and shelled German fortresses in northern France. She survived as a gunnery training ship and a floating barracks until the early 1950s, before being broken up for scrap in 1954.Bretagne andProvence were scrapped in 1952 and 1949, respectively.
By 1910, France had yet to lay down a singledreadnought battleship; Britain had by then completed ten dreadnoughts and fivebattlecruisers, with eight and three more of the two types, respectively, under construction. Germany had built eight dreadnoughts and one battlecruiser and the United States had six built and four more building. Late that year, the French Navy laid down the first of the fourCourbet class ships. To remedy the inferiority of the French fleet, the government passed theStatut Naval on 30 March 1912, authorizing a force of twenty-eight battleships, to be in service by 1920. The first three ships were to be laid down in 1912.[1]
TheBretagne class were replacements for the battleshipsCarnot,Charles Martel andLiberté. They were developed from theCourbet class, and were built with the samehulls.[2] The primary reason for the decision to use the same hull design as theCourbet class was limitations of French shipyards. TheCourbet-class ships were the largest possible ships that could fit in existing dockyards and refitting basins. The Superior Naval Council (Conseil supérieur de la Marine) ordered the construction department to prepare designs for a 23,500-metric-ton (23,100-long-ton; 25,900-short-ton) ship armed with twelve 340 mm (13.4 in) guns in six twingun turrets.[3]
The additional weight of the 340 mm turrets compared to the 305 mm (12 in) of theCourbet-class ships imposed insurmountable problems for the designers. To incorporate six turrets with the same arrangement of the earlier vessels, with four on thecenterline insuperfiring pairs and two wing turretsamidships would have required an additional 3,000 metric tons (3,000 long tons) displacement as well as a significant increase in the length of the hull. After several other proposals, the Superior Naval Council chose a design with five twin turrets, all mounted on the centerline.[3] This would achieve the same broadside of ten guns, despite the reduction in the number of guns.[4] The width of thearmored belt was reduced by 20 mm (0.79 in) to compensate for the increased weight of the main battery.[3]
Provence was the first ship of the class to be laid down, which she was on 21 May 1912 at theArsenal de Lorient.Bretagne was laid down at theArsenal de Brest shipyard inBrest on 22 July 1912.Lorraine followed at theAteliers et Chantiers de la Loire shipyard inSt. Nazaire almost six months later on 7 November 1912.[5] Due to the outbreak ofWorld War I in the summer of 1914, French industrial capacity was redirected to the army and work slowed on the ships.[6] TheGreek Navy ordered a battleship to be namedVasilefs Konstantinos to the same design from AC de St Nazaire Penhoet. Work began in June 1914 but ceased on the outbreak of war in August and never resumed. The contract dispute was settled in 1925.[7]
The ships were 164.9 meters (541 ft)long at the waterline and 166 m (545 ft)long overall. They had abeam of 26.9 m (88 ft) and adraft of between 8.9 m (29 ft) and 9.8 m (32 ft).[2] At the designed load, the ships displaced 23,936 metric tons (23,558 long tons), and at full combat load, this increased to 26,000 metric tons (26,000 long tons).[5] The crew included 34 officers, 139petty officers, and 1,020 enlisted men, for a total crew of 1,193. The vessels carried a number of smaller boats, including two 10 m (33 ft) steamboats, three 11 m (36 ft) patrol boats, one 13 m (43 ft) long boat, three 10.5 m (34 ft)dinghies, two 5 m (16 ft) dinghies, two 8.5 m (28 ft) whaleboats, and two 5.6 m (18 ft)lifeboats.[8]
The ships' propulsion systems consisted of fourParsonssteam turbines.Bretagne was equipped with twenty-fourNiclausse boilers;Lorraine had the same number ofGuyot du Templeboilers.Provence was equipped with eighteenBelleville boilers. All three ships were coal-fired. The turbines each drove a singlescrew and were rated at a total of 29,000shaft horsepower (22,000 kW).[9] This provided a top speed of 20knots (37 km/h; 23 mph).[2] The four ships could carry 900 t (890 long tons; 990 short tons) of coal, though additional spaces could be used for coal storage, for up to 2,680 t (2,640 long tons; 2,950 short tons). At maximum speed, the ships could steam for 600nautical miles (1,100 km; 690 mi); at 13 kn (24 km/h; 15 mph), the range increased significantly to 2,800 nmi (5,200 km; 3,200 mi) A further reduction in speed to 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) correspondingly increased the range to 4,600 nmi (8,500 km; 5,300 mi).[9]
The ships were modified several times in the interwar period. In 1919,Bretagne was equipped with a heavy tripod mast;Provence andLorraine were given tripod masts in the early 1920s. Four ofBretagne's boilers were converted to oil-firing in 1924, and half ofProvence's boilers in the rear boiler room were similarly converted in 1927.Bretagne subsequently had six new oil-fired boilers to replace the rest of the old coal-fired boilers, and her direct drive turbines were replaced with Parsons geared turbines.Provence was similarly modified in 1931–1934.Lorraine's propulsion system was improved in a similar pattern.[10] In 1935,Lorraine had her center main battery turret replaced with an aircraft catapult and a hangar for three aircraft. These were initiallyGourdou-Leseurre GL-819 andPotez 452seaplanes, though they were replaced with theLoire 130flying boat. In March–May 1944, the aircraft installation was removed.[11]
The ship's main battery consisted of ten340mm/45 Modèle 1912 guns in five twin gun turrets.[8] The turrets were mounted all on the centerline, with two in a superfiring pair forward of theconning tower, one amidships between the twofunnels, and two superfiring aft of the rearsuperstructure.[12] These guns had a maximum elevation of 12 degrees, with a range of 14,500 m (15,900 yd); this was a result of the Council's belief that the decisive battle range would only be 6,000 m (6,600 yd) and that fleets would not engage at ranges longer than 8,000 m (8,700 yd).[13]Lorraine was modified in 1917 to increase the elevation of the guns to 18 degrees, which correspondingly increased the range to 21,100 m (69,200 ft).Bretagne andProvence were similarly modified after the end of the war in 1919.[14] Each gun was supplied with 100 rounds of ammunition, stored in shell rooms located beneath thepropellant magazines.[15]
Asecondary battery of twenty-twoCanon de 138 mm Modèle 1910 guns were mounted incasemates along the length of the ship's hull. They were expected to be used offensively to attack the upper works of enemy battleships, as well as to defend againsttorpedo boat attacks.[16] The secondary battery fire control consisted of two central directors four rangefinders, which were located abreast of the superfiring turrets, fore and aft. The ships carried seven47 mm M1885 Hotchkiss quick-firing guns.[15] Two were placed on the conning tower and one was placed on each main battery turret. During World War I, a pair of 75 mm (3.0 in) guns were added. The ships' armament were rounded out by four 450 mm (18 in)torpedo tubes.[8] The tubes were submerged in the ships' hulls.[17]
In the interwar period, all three ships had their armament rearranged. In 1919–1920,Bretagne had the four forwardmost of her 138 mm guns removed, along with the 75 mm and two of the 47 mm guns. In their place, four75 mm mle 1897 guns were installed on the forward superstructure. Twenty-four 8 mm (0.31 in)Hotchkiss machine guns were installed on the forecastle deck in 1927. The four rearmost 138 mm guns were removed during this refit, along with the 75 mm guns, which were replaced with eight75 mm mle 1922 anti-aircraft guns. Sixteen13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine guns, in quadruple mounts, were also added.[10]Provence had her four forward 138 mm guns removed in 1919, and was equipped similarly toBretagne. In 1931–1934, she received the same eight 75 mm guns asBretagne did, and in 1940, three quadruple mounts of 13.2 mm guns were fitted.Lorraine followed a similar pattern, though in 1935, her center main battery turret was removed; an aircraft catapult was fitted in its place. At this time, four 100 mm (3.9 in) Model M1930 guns were added, along with two of the 13.2 mm quadruple mounts. In 1940, the 100 mm guns were removed to arm the new battleshipRichelieu, and eight 75 mm M1922 guns replaced them. In March–May 1944, fourteen 40 mm (1.6 in) and twenty-five 20 mm (0.79 in) guns in single mounts were added, and the quadruple 13.2 mm guns were removed.[11]
TheBretagnes were provided with 4.57-metre (15.0 ft)Barr and Stroudrangefinders. Each turret had 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) rangefinder under an armoured hood at the rear of the turret. Between the wars,fire-control directors were added for the main, secondary and anti-aircraft armament. The rangefinder on the forward superfiring turret was replaced by a 8.2-metre (27 ft) instrument.[18]
The ships' main armored belt was 270 mm (11 in) thick amidships and reduced to 160 mm (6.3 in) on either end of the ship. Above the belt, the secondary battery casemates were armored with 170 mm (6.7 in) thick steel plate. Horizontal protection consisted of three armored decks; the main deck was 30 to 40 mm (1.2 to 1.6 in) thick. The upper and lower decks were both 40 mm thick. Sloped armor 70 mm (2.8 in) thick connected the main deck to the armored belt. Each of the main batterybarbettes that housed the lower turret assemblies were armored with 248 mm (9.8 in) thick steel. The forward-most and rear-most turrets had 340 mm (13 in) thick sides. The superfiring turrets were less well protected, with 270 mm thick sides. The amidships turret was the most heavily armored, with 400 mm (16 in) thick sides. The conning tower was protected with 314 mm (12.4 in) thick armor plating.[2] The total weight of armor was 7,614 t (7,494 long tons; 8,393 short tons).[15]
| Ship | Builder[5] | Laid down[5] | Launched[5] | In Service[5] | Fate[19] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bretagne | Arsenal de Brest,Brest | 22 July 1912 | 21 April 1913 | 10 February 1916 | Sunk by theRoyal Navy atMers-el-Kébir, 4 July 1940 |
| Lorraine | Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire,Saint-Nazaire | 7 November 1912 | 30 September 1913 | 10 March 1916 | Scrapped beginning January 1954 |
| Provence | Arsenal de Lorient,Lorient | 21 May 1912 | 20 April 1913 | 1 March 1916 | |
| Vasilefs Konstantinos | Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Saint-Nazaire[7] | 12 June 1914[7] | Work halted, August 1914[7] |
All three ships of the class entered service with the French Navy in 1916.Bretagne andLorraine were assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Battle Squadron, whileProvence served as the fleetflagship for the entirety of the First World War. They were deployed to guard the southern end of theAdriatic Sea, based inArgostoli andCorfu, to block a possible sortie by the Austro-Hungarian fleet. The three ships largely remained in port, thoughProvence was repeatedly used to intimidate the government of Greece, which favored Germany during the war.[11] In January 1919, after the end of the war,Lorraine was sent toCattaro to guard the Austro-Hungarian fleet. She joined her sisters inToulon in June 1919; later that year the ships formed the Eastern Mediterranean Fleet until 1921.[20]
Financial problems forced the French Navy to reduce its battleship force to four active vessels.Lorraine andProvence were reduced to reserve status in 1922, and the latter went into drydock for a major overhaul.[20]Lorraine returned to service with the Mediterranean Squadron in 1923.[21]Bretagne remained in service and conducted training cruises in the Mediterranean and along the coast of North Africa during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1934,Bretagne andProvence were assigned to the 2nd Squadron, based on France's Atlantic coast. In 1936, they joined thenon-intervention patrols off Spain during theSpanish Civil War.[20] At the outbreak ofWorld War II in September 1939,Bretagne andProvence were based in Toulon with the 2nd Squadron, whileLorraine was assigned to the Atlantic Squadron.[22]
After undergoing a refit in the early months of the war,Provence conducted anti-raider patrols with Force Y, based inCasablanca.Bretagne was also overhauled early in the war; in March 1940 she escorted a convoy toHalifax and returned with another convoy loaded with aircraft for the French Air Force. She was then ordered to joinLorraine in Force X, to be based inAlexandria to operate in concert with the BritishMediterranean Fleet. Two weeks later,Bretagne was instead ordered to steam at high speed toBizerte, to join theForce de Raid withProvence. The ships put in atMers-el-Kébir and remained there until after the fall of France in June 1940.[21] To prevent the ships of the French Navy from falling into the hands of the occupying Germans, BritishPrime MinisterWinston Churchill ordered the neutralization of all French warships.Force H was to deliver an ultimatum to the ships based at Mers-el-Kébir; on 3 July, the British squadron arrived outside the harbor and demanded that the ships sail with them to Britain or they would be sunk.[23]
The British and French negotiated for several hours, and culminated in the Britishopening fire on the French fleet. In the span of ten minutes,Bretagne was sunk andProvence was badly damaged.[24]Bretagne was hit by at least four 15 in (380 mm) shells fromHMS Hood,Resolution andValiant and exploded, killing the vast majority of her crew.Provence was set on fire and sank to the bottom of the harbor,[21] though she was subsequently raised and transferred to Toulon, where she was laterscuttled in 1942 to prevent her from being seized by the Germans. They nevertheless salvaged the ship starting in July 1943.[25] Two of her main guns were emplaced as coastal batteries outside Toulon.Lorraine was disarmed in Alexandria until December 1942, when she joined theFree French Naval Forces. She served as a training ship for much of 1943 until a major refit at the end of the year to prepare her to participate inOperation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. She provided gunfire support during the landings before steaming to Britain for a minor refit. She remained in Britain until March 1945, when she bombarded German-held fortresses in northern France.[21]
After the end of the war,Lorraine served as a gunnery training ship in Toulon. She was then used as abarracks ship until February 1953, when she was stricken from thenaval register and sold for scrapping at the end of the year. She was broken up for scrap outside Toulon the following year.Bretagne remained at the bottom of Mers-el-Kébir until she was raised for scrapping in 1952 and broken up.Provence was raised in April 1949 and scrapped.[21]
