Bremerhaven (German pronunciation:[ˌbʁeːmɐˈhaːfn̩]ⓘ;Low German:Bremerhoben) is a city on the east bank of theWeser estuary in northern Germany. It forms an exclave of thecity-state of Bremen. TheRiver Geeste flows through the city before emptying into the Weser.
Bremerhaven was founded in 1827 as a seaport forBremen, and it remains one of the busiest ports in the country. It was historically rivalled byGeestemünde [de] on the opposite side of the Geeste, which belonged toHanover (and laterPrussia). Geestemünde united with neighbouringLehe [de] to form the city ofWesermünde [de] in 1924, and Bremerhaven was itself annexed to Wesermünde in 1939, but the entire conurbation was restored to Bremen in 1947.
The town was founded in 1827, but neighboring settlements such as Lehe were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf was "mentioned in documents of the ninth century".[2] These tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city ofBremen establishedde facto rule over the lowerWeser stream, including Lehe, later therefore called Bremerlehe. Early in 1653,SwedishBremen-Verden's troops captured Bremerlehe by force.
TheEmperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassalChristina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, to restitute Bremerlehe to Bremen. However, SwedishBremen-Verden began theFirst Bremian War (March – July 1654). In the subsequent peace treaty (First Stade Recess [de]; November 1654) Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a fortified town on the site, and much later this location became the present-day city of Bremerhaven. In 1672, under the reign ofCharles XI of Sweden, inpersonal union Duke of Bremen-Verden—colonists tried unsuccessfully to erect a castle (namedCarlsburg after Charles XI) there; this fortified structure was meant to protect, as well as control shipping heading for Bremen.
Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen underBürgermeisterJohann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from theKingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germany's overseas trade, which was threatened by the silting up of the Weser around the old inland port of Bremen. Bremerhaven (literally in English:Bremer Haven/Harbour) was founded to be a haven for Bremen's merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being 50 km (31 mi) downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to, North America, the port and the town grew quickly. In 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of theGerman Confederation'sNavy underKarl Rudolf Brommy.
TheKingdom of Hanover founded a rival town next to Bremerhaven and called it Geestemünde (1845). Both towns grew and established the three economic pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhaven's boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoverian territory. In 1924, Geestemünde and the neighbouring municipality of Lehe were united to become the new city of Wesermünde, and in 1939 Bremerhaven (apart from the overseas port) was removed from the jurisdiction of Bremen and made a part of Wesermünde, then a part of the PrussianProvince of Hanover.
Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe.[3]
As possibly the most criticalNorth Sea base of theKriegsmarine, 79%[4] of the city was destroyed in the Allied airbombing of Bremen in World War II; however, key parts of the port were deliberately spared[citation needed] by theAllied forces to provide a usable harbour for supplying the Allies after the war. All of Wesermünde, including those parts which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, wasa postwar enclave run by the United States, separate to but within the British zone of northern Germany. Most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the city's Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest based US units at the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an "Amerikanischer Soldatensender",AFN Bremerhaven, which broadcast for 48 years. In 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government.
In 1947 the city became part of the federal stateFree Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is a city in its own right, but also part of thecity-state of Bremen, which is for all intents and purposes a state comprising two cities. In addition to being part of the federal state, the city of Bremen has owned the "overseas port" within Bremerhaven since 1927. This and other parts of Bremerhaven owned by the city of Bremen are known asstadtbremisch. To complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities (as mentioned in Section 8 of Bremerhaven's municipal constitution) makes Bremerhaven responsible for the municipal administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen.[5]
Frosta AG, a frozen food company which is a market leader in Germany[6] and one of the largest frozen food companies in Europe, as well asNordsee, one of Europe's leading fish restaurant chains, are headquartered in Bremerhaven.[7]BLG Logistics operates Europe's largest car transshipment center and car workshop in the city.[8]
The port of Bremerhaven is the sixteenth-largestcontainer port in the world and the fourth-largest in Europe with 4.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargo handled in 2007[9] and 5.5 million in 2015.[10] The container terminal is situated on the bank of the river Weser opening to the North Sea. In the wet dock parts, accessible by two large locks, more than 2 million cars are imported or exported every year with 2.3 million in 2014. Bremerhaven imports and exports more cars than any other city in Europe. Another million tons of "High-and-Heavy" goods are handled withro-ro ships. In 2011 a newpanamax-sized lock has replaced the 1897Kaiserschleuse, then the largest lock worldwide.
Bremerhaven has a temperatemaritime climate; severe frost and heat waves with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) are rare. On average, the city receives about 751 mm (29.6 in) of precipitation distributed throughout the year, with a slight peak in the summer months between June and August and a slightly drier season in late winter and early spring. Snow does fall in winter and early spring and, more rarely, in late autumn. However, it usually does not stay on the ground for long. The hottest temperature ever recorded was 35.9 °C (96.6 °F) on 20 July 2022, and the coldest was −18.6 °C (−1.5 °F) on 25 February 1956.[11]
Climate data for Bremerhaven (1991–2020 normals). Extremes 1949-2023
Due to its unique geographic situation,[clarification needed] Bremerhaven suffers from a few transportation difficulties. The city has been connected to theautobahn network since the late 1970s. TheA 27 runs north–south, east of the city, connecting Bremerhaven to Bremen andCuxhaven. Road connections toHamburg, however, are poor. TheBundesstraße 71 and secondary roads therefore carry most of the heavylorry traffic. A proposed solution is the construction of theA 22, the so-calledKüstenautobahn (or "coastal motorway"), which would link Bremerhaven to Hamburg andWilhelmshaven/Oldenburg (using theWeser tunnel). Roads leading to the overseas port are frequently overloaded with freight traffic, and solutions are presently[when?] being discussed, including a deep-cut road favoured by the city government and various interest groups.
Bus in Bremerhaven, Final stop Tiroler Str.Timetable Tram 1911
Bremerhaven has three active passenger rail stations:Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof in the city centre,Bremerhaven-Lehe north of the centre andBremerhaven-Wulsdorf in the southern part of the city. All three stations are served by hourlyBremen S-Bahn trains on the lineRS 2 as well as regional services toCuxhaven andBuxtehude on the lineRB 33. Additionally, Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof is served by regional express trains toHanover (RE 8) andOsnabrück (RE 9) and was reconnected to Deutsche Bahn'sIntercity network in late 2021, after nearly 20 years without long-distance rail services in the city.[16]
A fourth station,Bremerhaven-Speckenbüttel near the border withLangen, has been out of service since 1988. Apart from passenger traffic, the railways in Bremerhaven carry a heavy load of freight traffic from and to the seaport, mostly new cars,containers and food.
In 2020, Bremerhaven had a bus network with 19 bus routes operated by BREMERHAVEN BUS. Two of the bus routes are night routes that only run on weekends. In addition, there is theSchnellbus-Line S, which serves selected stops and is therefore faster.[17] BREMERHAVEN BUS operates up to 87 regular buses through the companyVerkehrsgesellschaft Bremerhaven AG (VGB).[18] There are numerous regional buses operated by other companies that depart from Bremerhaven Central Station, toBad Bederkesa,Beverstedt, Hagen,Nordholz andOtterndorf. In addition, Bremerhaven is also served by buses fromFlixbus.
Bremerhaven had a tram service from 1881 to 1982.[19]In its heyday, in 1949, there were six lines.[20] The last line was Line 2 from the north of the city to the main train station; but this was shut down on 30 July 1982.[21]
Panoramic view of Bremerhaven fromBremerhaven Radar Tower. On the left side the city including Columbus-Center are some tourist attractions and thede:Havenwelten just under construction.
Bremerhaven has only a few historical buildings, and thehigh street and city centre are almost entirely post-war. The main attractions for tourists are found at theHavenwelten and include an attraction about climate change, theKlimahaus Bremerhaven 8° Ost [de], theGerman Emigration Center (since 8 August 2005) and theGerman Maritime Museum (Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum) byHans Scharoun from 1975, featuring theHansekogge, a vintagecog dating from 1380, excavated in Bremen in 1962, and the historical harbour (Museumshafen) with a number ofmuseum ships, such as theType XXI U-boatWilhelm Bauer (a museum of its own), and the salvage tugSeefalke from 1924. TheBremerhaven Zoo reopened on 27 March 2004, after a lengthy renovation. It featuresArctic wildlife, both terrestrial and marine. The latest addition is theKlimahaus from 2009, simulating travel adventure along the 8th line oflongitude and dealing with climate issues. Two gazebos can be found on top of theAtlantic Hotel Sail City and theRadar Tower. Another tourist spot is theFischereihafen (fishing port) in Geestemünde which also houses an aquarium (the Atlanticum). TheLloyd Werftshipyard is renowned for building and renovating large cruise liners, for exampleNorway.
Every five yearsSail Bremerhaven is held, a large sailing convention that attractstall ships from all over the world. The last time it was held was in 2015 with over 270 vessels and 3,500 crew members.[22] In 2011 Bremerhaven set the record for the largest ever parade of boats, with 327 vessels in the parade. This record was broken in 2012 by theThames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, with 1,000 boats.[23]
The passenger terminalColumbuskaje, built at the Weser bank in 1927 to avoid time-absorbing locking, has been transferred into a cruise terminal (Columbus Cruise Center Bremerhaven/CCCB). Also threemarinas are available, the latest accessible through a new lock atNeuer Hafen.
TheFischtown Pinguins, also known as REV Bremerhaven, are a professional ice hockey team in theDEL, Germany's top ice hockey league.
Eisbären Bremerhaven (Polar Bears), founded 2001, is a basketball team playing in the German second-tier level leagueProA.
The American Football team is theBremerhaven Seahawks which play in the German Regio Nord of the 3rd League. The Seahawks are the second oldest team in Germany.
TheBremerhaven University of Applied Sciences [de] (Hochschule Bremerhaven) was founded in 1975 and is expanding since with more than 3.000 students in 2009. The university is attended by a large number of students from all over the world. Among the courses offered are Process Engineering, Information Technology and the BA Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Leadership programme, the first programme modelled after the Finnisch Team Academy format in a German language higher educational institution.[25]
^Dierks, August, Dr.; von Garvens, Eugenie (1954),Bremerhaven: Busy – Breezy – Booming – Town, Bremerhaven: The Chamber of Commerce and Industry{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) p. 8. Fourth revised edition. Translated into English from the original German edition titledBremerhaven – tätige Stadt im Noordseewind
^Verfassung für die Stadt Bremerhaven (VerfBrhvArchived May 18, 2006, at theWayback Machine); § 8(1) Zum Stadtgebiet gehören alle Grundstücke, Fluß- und Hafenanlagen der ehemaligen Stadt Wesermünde. Gemeindeverwaltungsmäßig wird die Stadt Bremerhaven im Gebiet des stadtbremischen Überseehafens aufgrund eines Vertrages zwischen den Städten Bremen und Bremerhaven zuständig.
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