| Brazilian Belle Époque | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1870–1922 | |||
| |||
.jpg) The Brazilian Centennial Exhibition of 1922 | |||
| Including | |||
| Leader(s) | Pedro II,Campos Sales,Rodrigues Alves,Afonso Pena,Epitácio Pessoa | ||
TheBrazilian Belle Époque, also known as theTropical Belle Époque orGolden Age, is the South American branch of the FrenchBelle Époque movement (1871-1914), based on theImpressionist andArt Nouveau artistic movements. It occurred between 1870 and February 1922 (between the last years of theBrazilian Empire and theModern Art Week) and involved a cosmopolitan culture, with changes in the arts, culture, technology and politics inBrazil.[1]
The Belle Époque in Brazil differs from other countries, both in the duration and the technological advance, and happened mainly in the country's most prosperous regions at the time: therubber cycle area (Amazonas andPará), thecoffee-growing area (São Paulo andMinas Gerais) and the three main colonial cities (Recife,Rio de Janeiro andSalvador).[1][2]
Financed by rubber, the Belle Époque of theNorthern region began in 1871, mainly centred on the cities ofBelém (capital of the state of Pará) andManaus (capital of the state of Amazonas), known as the Paris of the Tropics or Paris n'America, and was a period marked by intensive modernization of both cities.[3][4][5]
Between 1890 and 1920, Belém and Manaus were among the most developed and prosperous cities in the world, with technologies that other areas of the country did not yet have, including boulevards, squares, parks, markets, health policies, public transportation and lighting.[3][6][7]
Both had electricity, running water, a sewage system, electric streetcars and avenues over landfilled marshes. In Belém, great architectural works appeared, such as theSão Brás Market, theFrancisco Bolonha Market, theVer-o-Peso Market, theAntônio Lemos Palace, theCine Olympia (the oldest in Brazil in operation), the Grande Hotel, theBolonha Mansion and several residential palaces, built in large part by the intendantAntônio Lemos.[8] Another attraction in the city is theTheatro da Paz, which was the meeting place for Belém's elite who, dressed in Parisian fashion, attended the inauguration to the sound of musical chords in a splendid, refined and lively atmosphere.[9][7][3]
Manaus underwent a radical transformation: the local rulers and merchants brought hundreds of architects, urban planners, landscapers and artists fromEurope, whose mission was implementing an ambitious urban plan, which resulted in a city with a European-influenced architectural profile. The extraction of rubber financed the construction of buildings, electric streetcars, a telephone network, piped water and a large floating port.[10] Manaus was one of the first Brazilian cities to have electricity and water and sewage treatment services.[11] TheProvincial Palace was built in 1875, theMetropolitan Cathedral in 1877, theAdolpho Lisboa Municipal Market in 1883, theChurch of Saint Sebastian in 1888 and theBenjamin Constant Bridge in 1895, all designed by English engineers. In 1896, already equipped with electricity, Manaus inaugurated the luxuriousAmazon Theatre, designed by the elite of the city who wanted to bring Manaus culturally closer to the French capital (at the time, the city was nicknamed theParis of the Tropics).[4][12] ThePalace of Justice was built in 1900, theManaus Customs House in 1909, theAmazonas Public Library in 1910 and theRio Negro Palace in 1911, among others. At the time, it had around 50,000 inhabitants.[13]
The extraction of rubber, which accounted for 40% of Brazilian exports, gave Belém and Manaus an era of prosperity, making them among the richest cities in Brazil at the time. The currency used in rubber transactions, which circulated in Manaus and Belem during the BrazilianBelle Époque, was thepound sterling (currency of theUnited Kingdom).[14][6][15]
In theSoutheast, theBelle Époque reflects the golden age that coffee brought to the cities ofRio de Janeiro andSão Paulo, establishing themselves as a national economic center.[16]
At the end of the 19th century, there were profound social changes in Rio de Janeiro's urban landscape. The arrival of immigrants in 1875 after the construction of theCentral do Brasil, of several homeless soldiers from theCanudos War in 1897 and of former slaves from theParaíba Valley after theabolition of slavery in 1888, increased the city's population from 266,000 to 730,000 between 1872 and 1904. As a result,tenements andfavelas began to develop in the hills around the city center, leading to the creation of Rio de Janeiro's first favela, theMorro da Providência, in 1897. According to the IBGE, Rio de Janeiro's population reached 1,157,873 in 1920.[17][18][13]
Inspired byHaussmann's reforms, MayorPereira Passos conducted a radical urban reform in Rio de Janeiro with the purpose of sanitizing, urbanizing, embellishing and, consequently, giving the city a modern and cosmopolitan appearance. To increase air circulation in the center of Rio, many streets were widened or opened up, such as Floriano Peixoto Street andRio Branco Avenue, respectively. The historicMorro do Castelo, whereMem de Sá had re-founded the city in 1567 with the installation of theSão Sebastião Fortress, the town hall and jail, the governor's house and the warehouses-general, was dismantled. The city also gained numerous streetcar lines.[19] In 1908, the NationalExhibition of the 1st Centenary of the Opening of Brazil's Ports was held inUrca, for which several temporary buildings were constructed. Most of these structures were demolished after the end of the exhibition, with the exception of the States Pavilion building, now occupied by theEarth Sciences Museum.[20][21]
Another important element was the creation of middle-class areas in Rio, such as those in theGreater Méier region, and wealthy neighborhoods, such asGlória,Catete,Botafogo andCopacabana, which were permanently occupied with the opening of theAlaor Prata Tunnel.[22] TheSugarloaf Cable Car was also created during this period, in 1912.[23]
In 1897, José Roberto da Cunha Salles directedAncoradouro de Pescadores na Baía de Guanabara, considered to be the first film in the history ofBrazilian cinema.[24] In 1909, theMunicipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro, one of the greatest symbols of theBelle Époque in the city, was inaugurated. Later, the entireCinelândia complex, where the theater is located, was reconfigured with the installation of theMonroe Palace and several cinemas (Cine Odeon, Cineac Trianon, Parisiense, Império, Pathé, Capitólio, Rex, Rivoli, Vitória, Palácio, Metro Passeio, Plaza and Colonial).[25][26]
The new aesthetic also stimulated the remodeling of Rio's traditional leisure centers such asCasa Cavé andConfeitaria Colombo, still considered one of the ten most beautiful coffee houses in the world, as well as the flourishing of rhythms such aschoro andsamba.[27] Sophisticated hotels such as theCopacabana Palace Hotel, theGlória Hotel and the Balneário Hotel (which later became better known for housing the famousUrca Casino) were inaugurated for theIndependence Centenary International Exposition.[28][29] On September 7, 1929, theJoseph Gire Building, the first skyscraper in Brazil, was inaugurated. As a result of all these transformations, in 1928 the journalist and writer fromMaranhão,Coelho Neto, described the city in short stories as "A Cidade Maravilhosa" (English: The Marvelous City), a nickname that inspired the carnival march of the same name, composed in 1934 byAntônio André de Sá Filho.[30]InSão Paulo, during theFirst Brazilian Republic (1889-1930), the city industrialized and the population increased from around 70,000 in 1890 to 240,000 in 1900 and 580,000 in 1920. The peak of the coffee period is represented by the construction of the secondLuz Station (the current building) at the end of the 19th century and by thePaulista Avenue in 1900, where many mansions were built.[31][32]
TheAnhangabaú Valley was landscaped and the area on its left bank was renamedCentro Novo (English: New Center). At the beginning of the 20th century, the seat of the São Paulo government was moved from thePátio do Colégio toCampos Elísios. In 1922, São Paulo hosted the Modern Art Week, a milestone in the history of art in Brazil. In 1929, the city got its first skyscraper, theMartinelli Building.[33][34]The changes made to the city byAntônio da Silva Prado, the Baron of Duprat, andWashington Luís, who governed from 1899 to 1919, contributed to the feeling of development in São Paulo; some scholars consider that the entire city was demolished and rebuilt during that period.[16]
In the 20th century, with the industrial growth of São Paulo, which also contributed to the difficulties of access to imports during theWorld War I, the urbanized area of the city began to increase, and some residential neighborhoods were built in areas that used to be farmland.[16] From the 1920s onwards, with the straightening of the course of thePinheiros River and the conversion of its waters to supply theHenry Borden Hydroelectric Power Station, the flooding in the areas surrounding the river ceased, allowing the emergence of prestigious residential properties on the west side of São Paulo, known today as theJardins. The principal symbol of theBelle Époque in São Paulo and also in Brazil is theMunicipal Theatre of São Paulo.[35][36]
São Paulo developed due to its privileged location at the center of the coffee complex and its proximity to thePort of Santos.[37] The intensive immigration to the city is mainly due to the cultural diversity of the place, greatly influenced by Italians and the mixture of different Brazilian regions. The city also has neighborhoods that are home to immigrant colonies, such asLiberdade, which is the seat of the largest Japanese colony outsideJapan, andBixiga, a refuge ofItalian immigrants in the city.[38][39]
TheRepublic, installed in 1889, wanted to launch a new era in Brazil; to this end, it sought to minimize everything that was reminiscent of the Empire andPortuguese colonization. The arts took a new direction, moving closer toFrench andItalian cultures. This period witnessed the foundation ofBelo Horizonte, a planned city, and the major urban reforms implemented in Rio de Janeiro, then the Federal Capital, by Pereira Passos andRodrigues Alves.[40][41]
The period was also characterized by strong moralism and sexual repression, which were typical of theVictorian era.[42] The monetary unit in force in Brazil was still theréis, a standard instituted by the Portuguese in colonial times. In terms of the Portuguese language, the spelling rules obeyed the dictates of Greek and Latin. This way of writing only came to an end with thespelling reform of 1943, during theVargas era;farmácia (pharmacy) andcomércio (commerce), for example, were spelledpharmacia andcommercio.[43]
The ufanistic atmosphere of the time resulted in foreign words being translated into Portuguese. An example of this was withfutebol (soccer), a recent phenomenon in the country, where an attempt was made to rename itludopédio, whereludo =jogo (game) andpédio =pé (foot), orbola no pé (ball on foot).[44]
There were several revolts during the BrazilianBelle Époque:
The BrazilianBelle Époque ended in 1922, with theModern Art Week, the founding of thePCB and thetenentist rebellions. However, the presence of this style of culture didn't disappear all at once, but gradually. Its influence was felt until the early 30s.[1]
